Response of yield,quality,water and nitrogen use efficiency of tomato to different levels of water and nitrogen under drip irrigation in Northwestern China

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of applying different amounts of water and nitrogen on yield, fruit quality, water use efficiency （WUE）, irrigation water use efficiency （IWUE） and nitrogen use efficiency （NUE） of drip-irrigated greenhouse tomatoes in northwestern China. The plants were irrigated every seven days at various proportions of 20-cm pan evaporation （Ep）. The experiment consisted of three irrigation levels （11, 50% Ep; 12, 75% Ep; and 13, 100% Ep） and three N application levels （N1, 150 kg N ha^-1; N2, 250 kg N ha^-1;and N3, 350 kg N ha^-1）. Tomato yield increased with the amount of applied irrigation water in 12 and then decreased in 13. WUE and IWUE were the highest in Ii. WUE was 16.5% lower in 12 than that in I1, but yield was 26.6% higher in 12 than that in I1. Tomato yield, WUE, and IWUE were significantly higher in N2 than that in N1 and N3. NUIE decreased with increasing N levels but NUE increased with increase the amount of water applied. Increasing both water and N levels increased the foliar net photosynthetic rate. I1 and 12 treatments significantly increased the contents of total soluble solids （TSS）, vitamin C （VC）, lycopene, soluble sugars （SS）, and organic acids （OA） and the sugar：acid ratio in the fruit and decreased the nitrate content. TSS, VC, lycopene, and SS contents were the highest in N2. The harvest index （HI） was the highest in 12N2. 12N2 provided the optimal combination of tomato yield, fruit quality, and WUE. The irrigation and fertilisation regime of 75% Ep and 250 kg N ha^-1 was the best strategy of water and N management for the production of drip-irrigated greenhouse tomato.

Effects of extreme soil water stress on photosynthetic efficiency and water consumption characteristics of Tamarix chinensis in China's Yellow River Delta

Soil moisture is a major limiting factor for plant growth on shell ridge islands in the Yellow River Delta. However, it is difficult to carry out situ experiment to study dominant plant photosynthesis physiological on the shell ridge islands under extreme soil water stress. To evaluate the adaptability of plants to light and moisture variations under extreme soil moisture conditions present on these islands, we measured photosynthetic gas exchange process, chlorophyll fluorescence, and stem sap flow variables for 3-year-old trees of Tamarix chinensis Lour, a restoration species on these islands, subjected to three types of soil water levels： waterlogging stress （WS）, alternating dry-wet （WD）, and severe drought stress （SS） to inform decisions on its planting and management on shell ridge islands. Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and stem sap flow in T. chinensis were then measured. Net photosynthetic rate （PN）, transpiration rate （E）, and water use efficiency （WUE） were similar under WS and alternating dry-wet conditions, but their mean E and WUE differed significantly （P 〈 0.05）. Under SS, the PN, E and WErE of T. chinensis leaves varied slightly, and mean PN, E and WUE were all low. Apparent quantum efficiency （AQY）, light compensation point （LCP）, light saturation point （LSP）, and maximum net photosynthetic rate （PNmax） of leaves were not significantly different （P 〉 0.05） under WS and dry-wet conditions; however, under extreme drought stress, compared with the dry-wet conditions, LCP was higher, Lsp was lower, and AQy and PNmax were both at the lowest level. Therefore, drought stress weakened light adaptability of leaves, and the efficiency of light transformation was poorer. （3） Maximum photochemical efficiency （Fv/Fm） and the actual photochemical efficiency （ΦPSII） were similar under waterlogged stress and dry-wet conditions, indicating a similar healthy photosynthetic apparatus and photosynthetic reaction cen- ter activity, respectively. Under SS, Fv/Fm was 0.631, and the coefficient of non-photochemical quenching （NpQ） was 0.814, which indicated that while the photosynthetic mechanism was damaged, the absorbed light energy was mainly dissipated in the form of heat, and the potential photosynthetic productivity was significantly reduced. The daily cumulants of sap flow of T. chinensis under drywet alternation and severe drought stress were. 22.25 and 63.97% higher, respectively, than under waterlogging stress. Daily changes in sap flow velocity for T. chinensis differed under the three soil water levels. Stem sap flow was weak at night under severe drought stress. Under drywet alternation, daytime average stem sap flow velocity was the highest, and night stem flow accounted for 10.26% of the day cumulants, while under waterlogged stress, the average nightly stem flow velocity was the highest, accounting for 31.82% of the day cumulants. These results provide important information for regional vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction.

Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting with supplemental irrigation to improve seed yield and water use efficiency of winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)

Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting （RFRH） planting pattern can lessen the effect of water deficits throughout all crop growth stages, but water shortage would remain unavoidable during some stages of crop growth in arid and semiarid areas. Supplemental irrigation would still be needed to achieve a higher production. Field experiments were conducted for two growing seasons （2012-2013 and 2013-2014）to determine an appropriate amount of supplemental irrigation to be applied to winter oilseed rape at the stem-elongation stage with RFRH planting pattern. Four treatments, including supplemental irrigation amount of 0 （I1）, 60 mm （I2） and 120 mm （I3） with RFRH planting pattern and a control （CK） irrigated with 120 mm with flat planting pattern, were set up to evaluate the effects of supplemental irrigation on aboveground dry matter （ADM）, nitrogen nutrition index （NNI）, radiation use efficiency （RUE）, water use efficiency （WUE）, and seed yield and oil content of the oilseed rape. Results showed that supplemental irrigation improved NNI, RUE, seed yield and oil content, and WUE. However, the NNI, RUE, seed yield and oil content, and WUE did not increase significantly or even showed a downward trend with excessive irrigation. Seed yield was the highest in 13 for both growing seasons. Seed yield and WUE in 13 averaged 3235 kg ha^-1 and 8.85 kg ha^-1 mm-1, respectively. The highest WUE was occurred in 12 for both growing seasons. Seed yield and WUE in 12 averaged 3089 kg ha^-1 and 9.63 kg ha^-1 mm^-1, respectively. Compared to 13, 12 used 60 mm less irrigation amount, had an 8.9% higher WUE, but only 4.5 and 0.4% lower seed yield and oil content, respectively. 12 saved water without substantially sacrificing yield or oil content, so it is recommended as an appropriate cultivation and irrigation schedule for winter oilseed rape at the stem-elongation stage.

Effect of elevated ambient CO_2 concentration on water use efficiency of Pinus sylvestriformis

Pinus Syvestfiformis is an important species as an indicator of global climate changes in Changbai Mountain, China. The water use efficiency (WUE) of this species (11 -year old ) was studied on response to elevated Co, concentration at 500±μLL' L-1 by directly injecting CO2 into the canopy under natural condition in 1998-1999. The results showed that the elevated Co, concentration reduced averagely stomatal opening, stomatal conductance and stomatal density to 78%, 80% and 87% respectively, as compared to normal ambient. The elevated Co, reduced the transpiration and enhances the water use efficiency (WUE) of plant.

Photosynthetic Water Use Efficiency of Heritage and Modern Potatoes under Limited and Unlimited Water Environments

Photosynthetic capacity for heritage (Taewa) and modern potato cultivars were compared at different water and nitrogenregimes in the glasshouse and field. The glasshouse was 2*2*4 factorial design with two irrigation: 100% ET and 60% ET;two applied N: 50 kg N ha-1 and 200 kg N ha-1, two Taewa (Moe Moe, Tutaekuri) and two modern potatoes (Moonlight, Agria). The 2009/2010 field experiment was a split-plot, with irrigation and rain-fed regimes as the main treatments: four potatoes above were sub-treatments. The 2010/2011 field experiment was a split-split-plot, with three water regimes as the main treatments: three cultivars (Moe Moe, Tutaekuri, and Agria) were subplots;two N rates were sub-sub-treatments. Gaseous exchange was measured by CIRAS-2 at different days from emergence. Leaf water potential was measured using pressure chamber method. Taewa achieved high photosynthetic WUE in glasshouse and 2010/2011 experiment by maintaining high An, low gs and low Ci compared to modern cultivars (p The An, gs and T increased with irrigation and N increase while decreasing Ci (p < 0.01). Water stress significantly increased VPD resulting in low An and photosynthetic WUE in Moonlight in the glasshouse. The leaf water potential for Taewa was very tolerant while modern potatoes were weakened by water stress. The study indicated that Taewa can be scheduled at partial irrigation without more detrimental effects on photosynthetic capacity while modern potatoes need full irrigation to avoid detrimental effects on photosynthetic capacity.

The Relationship between Water Resources Use Efficiency and Scientific and Technological Innovation Level: Case Study of Yangtze River Basin in China

The Yangtze River Basin’s water resource utilization efficiency(WUE)and scientific and technological innovation level(STI)are closely connected,and the comprehension of these relationships will help to improve WUE and promote local economic growth and conservation of water.This study uses 19 provinces and regions along the Yangtze River’s mainstream from 2009 to 2019 as its research objects and uses a Vector Auto Regression(VAR)model to quantitatively evaluate the spatiotemporal evolution of the coupling coordination degree(CCD)between the two subsystems of WUE and STI.The findings show that:(1)Both the WUE and STI in the Yangtze River Basin showed an upward trend during the study period,but the STI effectively lagged behind the WUE;(2)The CCD of the two subsystems generally showed an upward trend,and the CCD of each province was improved to varying degrees,but the majority of regions did not develop a high-quality coordination stage;(3)The CCD of the two systems displayed apparent positive spatial autocorrelation in the spatial correlation pattern,and there were only two types:high-high(H-H)urbanization areas and low-low(L-L)urbanization areas;(4)The STI showed no obvious response to the impact of the WUE,while the WUE responded greatly to the STI,and both of them were highly dependent on themselves.Optimizing their interaction mechanisms should be the primary focus of high-quality development in the basin of the Yangtze River in the future.These results give the government an empirical basis to enhance the WUE and promote regional sustainable development.

基于文献计量的植物WUE研究现状分析

全面了解植物水分利用效率(WUE)研究现状可为未来该领域研究方向的确立和发展趋势预测提供依据。为此,基于Web of Science(WoS)核心合集的科学引文索引数据库,采用VOSviewer文献计量分析软件对植物WUE研究2000-2021年发表的相关文献进行分析。结果表明,1)2000-2021年世界范围内该领域发文数量呈抛物线式增长趋势,载文量较多的期刊有Agricultural Water Management,Field Crops Research,Agricultural and Forest Meteorology等,发文量前3的国家为中国、美国和澳大利亚,发文量前3的机构为中国科学院、西北农林科技大学和中国农业大学,发文量前3的作者为Liu Fulai,Kang Shaozhong,H.Medrano,该领域大多数研究者之间合作关系较少;2)尽管中国学者发文数量最多,但有影响力和高被引用论文数量少;3)目前该领域主要的研究方向可分为3类,植物WUE种间或种内差异的生理或分子机制、灌溉和施肥等田间管理措施对作物WUE的影响与调控、气候变化对陆地生态系统WUE的影响;4)基于关键词热点分析和热点论文分析,给出了未来植物WUE研究需要加强的方面。

河西绿洲灌区不同灌溉模式下春小麦主要农艺性状与产量和WUE的灰色关联分析

为了给节水灌溉条件下春小麦的选育和栽培提供依据,选用15个春小麦品种(系),在冬灌1 800 m3.ha-1的基础上,在3次灌水处理(T1:拔节期、开花期、乳熟期)、2次灌水处理(T2:拔节期、开花期)和1次灌水处理(T3:拔节期)条件下,应用灰色系统理论对农艺性状与产量和水分利用效率的灰色关联度进行了分析。结果表明,春小麦产量和水分利用效率平均值都为T2>T1>T3,二者与主要性状的关联度顺序分别为T1模式下:千粒重>穗长>单位面积穗数>生育期>株高>穗粒数,生育期>千粒重>株高>穗长>穗数>穗粒数;T2均为:千粒重>株高>穗粒数>生育期>单位面积穗数>穗长,千粒重>穗粒数>株高>穗数>生育期>穗长;T3模式下相同:千粒重>穗长>单位面积穗数>株高>生育期>穗粒数。因此,河西绿洲灌区在T2灌溉模式下可能获得高产育种和高水分利用效率育种的同步实现,该模式下春小麦育种的主攻方向为:在选择大粒、大穗的同时,处理好对株高的选择与抗倒伏的关系。

干旱区河岸柽柳水分利用效率(WUE)对地下水位年内波动的响应

柽柳是中亚干旱区河岸林的重要建群种,同时也是美国西南半干旱区河岸林的主要入侵物种。随着国内外生态输水和流量自然化等旨在恢复受损河岸生态系统措施的实施,许多干旱、半干旱区河流沿岸的地下水呈现出显著的年内波动。在此背景下,作为兼性地下水湿生植物的河岸柽柳,其水分利用效率是保持相对稳定还是随水位波动而变化?该问题目前仍未得到解答。基于叶片δ13 C、河水位、河岸带地下水位及土壤水分的动态观测,分析了黑河中游典型河岸林内柽柳水分利用效率对地下水位波动的响应。研究表明:柽柳叶片的碳同位素分馏值具有显著的波动性变化特征,且与地下水涨落呈较好的正相关,通常随水位抬升而增大,在地下水回落一段时间后下降,表明河岸柽柳的水分利用效率对潜水埋深的变化有着显著响应,随地下水位的下降而增高。这可能是因为在高水位时段及低水位时段的初期,柽柳主要吸收上升到或滞留在根系吸水层内的地下水,水分来源充足,故水分利用效率总体上较低;在低水位时段的中后期,因重力释水和植物蒸腾,根系吸水层变得越来越干燥,为了从中吸收到足够的水分,柽柳叶片水势降低,导致部分叶片气孔闭合,水分利用效率增高。

Gene expression pattern of K transporter GhHAK5 gene of potassium efficient and in-efficient cotton cultivars based on morphological physiognomies as affected by potassium nutrition and reduced irrigation

Background Under K deficiency the uptake and distribution pattern in plant cells is mediated through different transport proteins and channels which were controlled by specific gene family.Therefore,a hydroponic experiment was conducted under control condition for testing the gene expression pattern of the K transporter under adequate and low K supply levels.After that,a 2-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate five selected cotton cultivars(four K-efficient cultivars,viz.,CIM-554,CYTO-124,FH-142,IUB-2013,and one K non-efficient,BH-212) screened from the initial hydroponics culture experiment and two levels of potassium(0 K_(2)O kg·ha^(-1) and 50 K_(2)O kg·ha^(-1)) were tested under reduced irrigation(50% available water content;50 AWC) and normal irrigation conditions(100% available water content;100 AWC).Result Results revealed that the transcript levels of GhHAK5aD in roots were significantly higher in K^(+) efficient cultivars than that in K^(+) non-efficient cultivars.The GhHAK5aD expression upon K^(+) deficiency was higher in roots but lower in shoots,indicating that GhHAK5aD could have a role in K^(+) uptake in roots,instead of transport of K^(+) from root to shoot.Similarly,under field conditions the cultivar FH-142 showed an increase of 22.3%,4.9%,2.4%,and 1.4% as compared with BH-212,IUB-2013,CYTO-124,and CIM-554,respectively,in seed cotton yield(SCY) with K application under reduced irrigation conditions.With applied K,the FH-142 showed an increase in net photosynthetic rate by 57.3% as compared with the rest of the cultivars under reduced irrigation over K control.However,the overall performance indicators of K-efficient cultivars like FH-142,CYTO-124,CIM-554,and IUB-2013 were better than BH-212(K in-efficient) under reduced irrigation conditions with applied K at 50 kg·ha^(-1).Fiber quality trait improved significantly with K application under water deficit.The increase in micronaire was 3.6%,4.7%,7.8%,3.4%,and 6.7% in BH-212,IUB-2013,CIM-554,CYTO-124,and FH-142,respectively,with K application at 50 kg·ha^(-1) over without K application under reduced irrigation conditions during the cotton growing season.Similarly,the cultivars FH-142 increased by 12% with K application under reduced irrigation as compared with other cultivars.The performance of K-efficient cultivars under reduced irrigation conditions was 30% better in SCY and quality traits with the application of K at 50 kg·ha^(-1) as compared with K-non-efficient cultivars.Similarly,water use efficiency(WUE)(40.1%) and potassium use efficiency(KUE)(20.2%) were also noted higher in case of FH-142 as compared with other cultivar with K application under reduced conditions.Conclusion Higher expression of GhHAK5aD gene was observed in K-efficient cultivars as compared with K-nonefficient cultivars in roots indicates that GhHAK5aD may be contributing to genotypic differences for K^(+) efficiency in cotton.K-efficient cotton cultivars can be used for the low-K environments and can also be recommended for general cultivars.

广东湛江桉树人工林碳水通量季节格局及其环境生物控制

【目的】量化桉树人工林生态系统的碳水通量和组分并揭示其受环境生物因子的调控作用,为提高人工林碳汇评估准确性及深入认识气候变化背景下环境生物因子对人工林碳循环过程的影响提供依据。【方法】在雷州半岛北部,采用涡度相关法(EC)测定桉树人工林碳水通量,并同步监测空气温度(Tair)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)、光合光量子通量密度(PPFD)、土壤温度(Tsoil)、土壤湿度(SM)、降水量(Pre)和归一化植被指数(NDVI)等环境生物因子,分析碳水通量和组分的时间变化及其与环境生物因子的关系。【结果】桉树人工林生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)年均值为2907.87 g·m^(-2)a^(-1)、生态系统呼吸(RE)年均值为1509.77 g·m^(-2)a^(-1)、净生态系统碳交换(NEE)年均值为-1398.83 g·m^(-2)a^(-1)、生态系统蒸散(ET)年均值为1069.25 mm,表现为碳汇。GPP、RE、NEE、ET昼夜变化呈非对称单峰趋势,峰值和日均值的绝对值均表现为雨季高于旱季。雨季的GPP、RE、ET累积值高于旱季,NEE累积值在旱季和雨季无明显差异。日间NEE变化的主要影响因子为PPFD,当VPD≥15 hPa时NEE积累受到抑制,气温在中等水平(20℃air<27℃)时净碳吸收能力最强。夜间NEE变化主要受Tair影响,SM会影响NEE对Tair响应的敏感性。水分利用效率(WUE)在旱季(3.85 g·kg^(-1))高于雨季(2.61 g·kg^(-1)),年均值为3.22 g·kg^(-1),季节差异主要由ET主导,与Tair、VPD、PPFD存在显著负相关(P<0.05)。【结论】桉树人工林生态系统在旱季、雨季和全年均表现为碳汇,其碳汇状态和强度由GPP主导。NEE变化主要受PPFD调控,高VPD会抑制生态系统净碳吸收,中等水平温度时生态系统净碳吸收能力最强,SM会影响夜间NEE对Tair响应的敏感性。桉树人工林WUE旱季高于雨季,季节差异主要由ET主导,同时受到Tair、VPD、PPFD的共同影响。

不同灌水对黄淮冬小麦茎秆、产量及水分利用效率的影响

为了筛选节水品种,为品种生产种植提供管理指导,选取黄淮地区生产推广品种,在只施底肥(W_(0)),底肥+拔节水(W_(1))和底肥+拔节水+孕穗水(W_(2))3种模式下,分析不同品种的株高及茎秆结构变化,产量构成变化和水分利用效率变化。结果表明:(1)相对于W_(0),W_(1)处理下品种株高、穗下节、倒2节和倒3节增加显著,以穗下节增幅最大,而基部节间变化不显著,W_(2)较W_(1)株高增高,各节间有增加但不显著。相对于W_(0),W_(2)处理下‘周麦18’和‘洛麦28’株高增幅最大,分别增加36.49%和35.30%;W_(1)、W_(2)处理下‘郑麦129’基部节间长最大,生产上利用时应注意肥水管理防止倒伏;(2)相对于W_(0),W_(1)处理下品种单株成穗数和穗粒数增加显著,千粒重降低显著,产量增加显著。而相对于W_(1),W_(2)处理下千粒重和产量增加显著,其他差异不显著;(3)相对于W_(0),W_(1)处理下品种水分利用效率增加显著,且以‘丰德存12’和‘洛麦28’水分利用效率最高;相对于W_(1),W_(2)处理下品种水分利用效率显著低于W_(1),仍以‘丰德存12’和‘洛麦28’水分利用效率最高。

旱地小麦产量和水分利用对翻耕时间和降水量及其分布的响应

【目的】针对山西省麦区降水年际变化大,休闲期降水占比高、生育期降水少且分布不均,造成雨养旱地小麦年季间产量波动大、降水水分利用率(WUE)低等问题,探寻不同降水年型下旱地麦田休闲期翻耕时间对土壤蓄水量和产量的影响,为山西南部旱地小麦根据降水型“定产”提供理论依据。【方法】2010—2021年度,通过田间区组试验,设8月10日(P1)、8月20日(P2)和8月30日(P3)左右3个翻耕时间,研究翻耕时间、降水量及其分布对旱地小麦产量、休闲期土壤蓄水特性和生育期耗水及相关性的影响。【结果】(1)旱地小麦产量受降水年型、休闲期和生育期降水共同影响,且年型>休闲期>生育期。试验年度平均产量2400.0—6298.0 kg·hm^(-2),年季间变异系数为29.8%,其中丰水年(2012、2014和2015年度)、平水年(2011和2013年度)和枯水年(2010、2016、2019、2020和2021年度)平均产量分别为5524.6、3048.2和4088.7 kg·hm^(-2);休闲期降水量和生育期降水分布主要通过成穗数和穗粒数影响产量,年度和3—4月降水多则产量明显增加;翻耕时间对旱地小麦产量影响与休闲期降水分布密切相关,7—8月降水多,P1产量高,9月降水多,则P2或P3产量高。(2)降水量及其分布和翻耕时间共同影响播种前和收获期土壤蓄水特性。休闲期降水主要影响播种前和收获期下层(100—200 cm)土壤蓄水量;休闲期丰水型播前上层(0—100 cm)和下层土壤蓄水量相近或略低,平水型和枯水型则下层低于上层,分别比上层低6.17%和24.66%;7月降水多有利于下层土壤多蓄水,8—9月降水多有利于上层土壤多蓄水;生育期降水主要影响收获期上层土壤蓄水量,尤其是5月降水;播种前和收获期上层土壤平均蓄水量P2最高,收获期下层和0—200 cm土壤平均蓄水量P2或P3最高。(3)耕作时间和降水量对生育期耗水量和水分利用率影响相对较小,年度降水多则旱地小麦生育期耗水多,3月降水对生育期耗水量影响大。【结论】休闲期降水量及其分布影响旱地小麦播前0—200 cm土壤蓄水量,并与3—4月份降水量共同作用影响成穗数、穗粒数和旱地小麦产量,且水分利用率与旱地小麦产量间呈显著正相关。山西南部7—8月降水多旱地麦田于8月10日前后翻耕,降水少时则翻耕时间推迟10—20 d,可增加播种前土壤蓄水量使旱地小麦实现增产。

德夯岩溶河谷异质生境中半蒴苣苔的水分生理生态适应性

以湘西世界地质公园德夯岩溶河谷内克隆植物半蒴苣苔(Hemiboea subcapitata)为材料,测定其生长、形态与光合水分生理指标,探究其对德夯岩溶台地河谷演化中形成的三类异质生境(峡谷岩壁表面、风化碎裂岩表和河岸有机质层)的水分生理生态适应性。结果显示:(1)异质生境中半蒴苣苔单(分)株叶片自然含水量仅有较小差异(<2%),而相对含水量和自然饱和亏则无显著差异;异质生境中叶片水分需求随基质含水量降低而明显增加,但叶片水势也随之显著降低。(2)单株生长差异大但群体累积生物量无明显差异。如峡谷岩壁表面单株的株高和叶面积均显著高于河岸有机质层单株,但群体累积株高、累积叶面积差异不显著。(3)单株外部形态变化显著,匍匐茎长度、直径和根着生密度均呈现峡谷岩壁表面>风化碎裂岩表>河岸有机质层的趋势;峡谷岩壁表面单株叶片比河岸有机质层单株平均增厚近60μm,比叶面积则降低至其78.2%,气孔密度则显著降低至其66%。(4)光合生理指标中,叶片气孔限制值随叶片水势降低而显著增加,同时气孔导度明显提升,故而胞间CO_(2)浓度并无明显变化,但峡谷岩壁表面单株叶片的净光合速率仅达到河岸有机质层单株叶片的69.6%。(5)水分亏缺最多的峡谷岩壁表面单株叶片水分利用效率却最低(3.029±0.461μmol CO_(2)·mmol^(-1)H_(2)O),仅为河岸有机质层单株的73%。表明,半蒴苣苔可通过自身水分维持机制来保证岩溶异质生境中单株水分的相对稳定,并以增加根系密度、匍匐茎长度、叶片厚度和重量,减少气孔密度等形态可塑性来适应干旱的岩溶岩壁生境,通过增加气孔导度保持蒸腾拉力来维持胞间CO_(2)浓度,以高耗水来维持生长状态相对稳定的方式达成对岩溶河谷水分异质性生境的适应。

黄土台原旱地小麦覆盖保水技术效果研究

针对黄土台原自然降水特点及农业生产实际情况 ,在已有研究基础上 ,以具有显著保水性能的地膜覆盖技术为中心 ,设计出旱地小麦自然降水高效利用新模式。研究表明 ,夏闲期采用地膜秸秆两元覆盖技术 ,可以把占小麦生产全年度 5 0 %的夏闲期降水最大限度地蓄积并保存于土壤之中 ,较传统耕法多蓄水 10 8.4mm ,蓄水率达73.2 % ;在此基础上 ,种麦时再应用起垄覆膜沟播技术 ,既可把夏闲期蓄积到土壤中的水分最大限度地保住 ,又可把小麦生育期的降水最大限度地蓄住 ,从而使旱地小麦的水分条件明显改善 ,增产效果显著 ,是黄土台原旱地小麦自然降水高效利用 ,实现高产、稳产的最佳模式选择。

小麦叶片蜡质含量与水分利用效率和产量的关系

为了进一步了解植物叶片蜡质含量与植物抗旱节水性的关系,本试验对6个小麦品种在灌浆后期的旗叶蜡质含量与抗旱生理指标进行了相关分析,结果表明,干旱条件下小麦灌浆后期叶片蜡质含量与光合速率、叶温、叶片水分利用效率和产量呈显著正相关。蜡质含量高的品种叶片温度高、蒸腾速率大,这与传统观点不同。分析认为蜡质含量高的品种在干旱胁迫条件下可能叶片细胞膜稳定性强,气孔不容易发生关闭,因此其叶片水分利用效率和产量较高。蜡质含量除了受遗传因素决定外,还受环境因素影响。

不同风沙条件对几种植物生态生理特征的影响

在野外风洞条件下 ,就不同风况的风沙胁迫对几种固沙植物生态生理特征的影响进行了实验研究。实验采用了沙坡头地区的野外植物和盆栽植物。在不同风速 (5 .9m·s-1,7.9m·s-1,9.9m·s-1,14m·s-1,10m·s-1,15m·s-1,2 0m·s-1)和吹袭时间间隔 (2d ,4d ,9d)下测定了植物 3个生理生态参数的变化。实验结果表明 :1)净风和风沙流胁迫均可使植物的净光合速率 (Pn)降低 ,蒸腾速率 (E)升高 ,从而导致水分利用效率 (WUE)下降。净风和风沙流对植物生理生态特征的影响显著不同。同样为 14m·s-1的风速时 ,风沙流使植物的Pn降低 40 .7% ,而净风使其降低了 35 .88%。 2 )吹袭的时间间隔越短 ,植物的净光合速率降幅越大 ;风沙流比净风的影响更大。在 2d ,4d ,9d为间隔的风沙流吹袭下 ,油蒿 (Artemisiaordosica)的Pn分别下降了 2 0 .13%、11.76 %、7.72 %。风沙胁迫强度越大 ,物质积累越少 ,植物的高生长越慢。 3)由于风沙流降低了水分利用率 ,从而增加了对植物的干燥作用。从总体来看 ,沙生植物对风沙流胁迫有一定的适应响应 ,实验所用灌木较草本植物有更强的抗风性。

不同植物叶片水分利用效率对光和CO2的响应与模拟

植物叶片水分利用效率的高低取决于气孔控制的光合作用和蒸腾作用两个相互耦合的过程,模拟水分利用效率对环境变化的响应特征和机制是理解生态系统碳循环和水循环及其耦合关系的基础。研究通过人工控制光强和CO2浓度,对叶片水分利用效率进行了研究。提出了植物水分利用效率在光强和CO2浓度共同作用下的估算模型。数据分析表明,该模型在包括C3和C4植物、草本和木本植物在内的9种植物上能很好地模拟水分利用效率对光强和CO2浓度共同作用的响应。该模型可以用于估算CO2浓度升高条件下光合速率的提高和蒸腾速率的降低对水分利用效率提高的贡献量。CO2浓度变化条件下,水分利用效率在不同植物之间有巨大差异,研究区域尺度植物的水分利用效率时至少需要将植物区分为C4植物和C3植物,其中C3植物区分为草本和木本植物3种生态功能型才能较为准确地估算植物的整体水分利用效率。应用本研究提出的水分利用效率估算模型和植物水分利用效率生态功能型分类标准,可以为建立以植物的水分利用效率为基本参数的陆地生态系统水循环模型和陆地生态系统生产力模型提供重要依据。

水肥组合对日光温室黄瓜叶片生长和产量的影响

在陕北黄土高原具隔水小区的日光温室内,设计完全随机区组试验,研究了不同水肥组合对结瓜期黄瓜叶片生长和产量的影响。结果表明,在结瓜期,所有处理黄瓜叶面积逐渐增加,而叶片扩展速率、叶片组织含水率、叶片中游离脯氨酸(PRO)和丙二醛(MDA)含量、黄瓜产量和水分利用效率(WUE)均先增加后降低;当土壤含水率一致时,高肥处理(N:600kg/hm2,P2O5:420kg/hm2)叶面积、叶片扩展速率、产量和WUE显著高于低肥处理(N:420kg/hm2,P2O5:294kg/hm2);低肥处理产量随土壤含水率增加而增加,高肥处理随土壤含水率增加先增加后降低,WUE随土壤含水率增加而降低。中水高肥处理(WmFh)的叶片净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化均高于其他处理。表明,中水高肥处理(田间持水率>75%～90%,施用N:600kg/hm2,P2O5:420kg/hm2)黄瓜在结瓜期叶片生长健壮、光合作用强、产量较高,节约了水资源。

密肥互作对全膜双垄沟播玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

为进一步完善全膜双垄沟播玉米栽培技术体系,采用大田随机区组试验法,研究了不同密度和施肥水平对全膜双垄沟播玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:6.75×104株·hm-2种植密度下玉米产量和水分利用效率显著高于4.50×104株·hm-2密度处理。不同施肥处理条件下,玉米穗行数和产量均以施纯氮180kg·hm-2,施过磷酸钙144 kg·hm-2处理最高;玉米百粒重和水分利用效率均以施纯氮210 kg·hm-2,施过磷酸钙168kg·hm-2最高;6.75×104株·hm-2密度下施纯氮210 kg·hm-2,施过磷酸钙168 kg·hm-2处理互作效应显著,玉米百粒重、产量和水分利用效率均高于其他处理。说明6.75×104株·hm-2密度下施纯氮210 kg·hm-2,施过磷酸钙168kg·hm-2是当地全膜双垄沟播玉米生产中比较理想的种植密度和施肥水平。