The S to P convert wave from the bottom of sediment basin in the near-field seismic records

From the near-field records of aftershock of Datong earthquakes in October 1989 and March 1991,an extra phase between P and S arrivals is found. High-precision epicenter location shows that some of these records are obtained with the incidental angle less than the critical angle. This excludes the possibility that the extra wave phase is a refractive wave from ground surface. Particle motion analysis shows that the characteristic of the extra wave is similar to that of wave, so it is possible that the extra phase is an S to P convert wave from the bottom of sediment basin. Suppose a low velocity layer covers a high velocity basement. Successful simulation by the synthetic seismogram confirms that the extra phase is an S-P convert wave from the interface of the basin bottom. Modifying the depth of interface at each ray path to match the waveform, we obtain an interface distribution in space. In this way, a brief bottom image could be shown, and the Datong basin has a 'V' shaped bottom.

Features and Origin of Turbidity Current Sediment Waves in the Huatung Basin off the Eastern Taiwan Island

Based on numerous high-resolution seismic profiles,sediment waves and their distribution,morphological characteristics,internal structure,and potential origins were revealed in the eastern waters of Taiwan.The sediment waves are located at the junction between the Taitung Canyon and other canyons in the slope.The wave length and the wave height of a single waveform ranged from 0.8 to 7.2 km and from 18 to 75 m,respectively(NE-SW direction).Sediment waves,located inside the bend of the Taitung Canyon,were characterized by an upward migration and showed mass transport deposits(MTDs)at the bottom,while the inner curve of the bend was subdivided into lower and upper wavy transition units.The sediment waves on the outer curve of the bend were characterized by vertical accumulation,and there was no mass flow deposit at the bottom.According to the geometry of the sediment waves,the calculated flow thicknesses across the entire wave field ranged from 196 to 356 m,and the current velocity ranged from 15 to 21 cm/s.The morphological characteristics,the internal structure,and the distribution of sediment waves,as well as the numerical calculations,evidenced that these sediment waves had formed by turbidity currents.The development of the sediment wave field in eastern Taiwan was found to be similar to that in southwestern Taiwan.It was the sedimentary response of the tectonic movement between 3 and^1 Ma which created the sedimentary systems where gravity flow processes predominated.Turbidity current sediments settled in the place of less topographical constraints or overflowed in the bend section of the Taitung Canyon,which resulted in the formation of sediment wave fields.

EFFECTS OF BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY ON THE STANDING WAVES IN CIRCULAR BASINS

Standing waves in the cylinder hasins with inhomogeneous bottom are considered in this paper. We assume that the inviscid, incompressible fluid is in irrotational undulatory motion. For convenience sake, cylindrical coordinates are chosen. The velocitv potentials, the wave profiles and the modified frequencies are determined (to the third order) as power series in terms of the amplitude divided by the wavelength. Axisymmetrical analytical solutions are worked out. When w=0 , the second order frequency are gained.As an example, we assume that cylinder bottom is an axisymmetricat paraboloid. We find out that the uneven bottom has influences on standing waves. In the end. we go into detail on geometric factors.

Sedimentary structure of the western Bohai Bay basin and other basins in North China revealed by frequency dependent P-wave particle motion

High-resolution seismic models of sediment basins are critical inputs for earthquake ground motion prediction and petroleum resource exploration.In this study we employed a newly developed technique that utilizes the frequency-dependent nonlinear P-wave particle motion to estimate sedimentary structure beneath the Bohai Bay basin.A recent study suggests that the delay of the P wave on the horizontal component relative the vertical component and its variations over frequency are caused by interference of the direct P wave with waves generated at the sediment base.The frequency-dependent delay time can be used to constrain sediment thickness and seismic velocity beneath recording stations.We measured the particle motions of teleseismic P waves recorded by 249 broadband stations of the North China Array,which covers the western Bohai Bay basin and its surrounding areas.We found that the P waves of 90 stations inside the Bohai Bay basin and other local basins within the Taihang and Yanshan mountain ranges exhibit significant frequency-dependent nonlinear particle motions,and used the particle motion data to invert the sediment thickness(Z0)and surface S-wave velocity(β0).The estimated sediment thickness inside the Bohai Bay Basin varies from 1.02 km to 3.72 km,with an average of 3.20 km,which roughly agrees with previous active source studies.

Wave-Enhanced Sediment-Gravity Flows in Bohai Bay Lacustrine Basin, Eastern China

Sequences of wave-enhanced sediment-gravity flows(WESGFs) have been widely recognized in the marine shelf environment. In this study, we show observations of WESGF deposits in lacustrine settings using well core and thin section data from the Paleogene in the Jiyang sub-basin, Bohai Bay basin, eastern China. The findings of this study include the following: 1) the sequence of WESGFs in the lacustrine basin is similar to that of marine; it consists of three units, MF1 unit: siltstone with basal erosion surface, MF2 unit: silt-streaked claystone, and MF3 unit: silty-mudstone; and 2) prodelta sand sheets are found in the lacustrine WESGF sequence and are classified as the MFd unit: clay-streaked siltstone. However, because the system size and variability in hydrodynamic conditions are different between the lacustrine and marine basins, lacustrine WESGFs do appear to have three distinguishable features: 1) the sediment grain size and sand content are slightly higher than those of the marine WESGFs; 2) lacustrine WESGFs may contain prodelta sediments or sedimentary sequences of other types of gravity flows, such as hyperpycnal flows; and 3) the scale of the sedimentary structures for lacustrine WESGFs is smaller. The WESGFs found in the continental lacustrine basin provide a new model for sediment dispersal processes in lake environments and may be helpful to explain and predict the distribution of sandy reservoirs for oil and gas exploration.

风机安装船动力定位数值模拟和模型试验研究

以某典型风机安装船为例,在GeniE软件中对该型船舶主船体和桩腿进行结构建模,运用软件HydroD进行频域运动响应计算,再将计算结果作为输入参数运用OrcaFlex软件对船舶进行动力定位定点作业数值仿真分析。数值计算结果表明,在150~180°环境力方向下船舶定位效果最理想,一组推进器失效的工况下船舶仍能保持动力定位效果。因此针对船舶装载三套风机设备时处于150°和165°环境力方向的工况开展水池模型试验,并将实验结果和数值结果进行对比,为实际海上工程作业提供理论指导。

Numerical Study of Wave Diffraction Effect Introduced in the SWAN Model

New version of SWAN model includes the wave diffraction effect which is the main improvement compared with the previous versions. Experimental data collected in the wave basin of the University of Delaware were used to test its performance. Wave heights were compared in the four cases （with different wave energies and directional spreading spectra）. The results agreed well with the measurements, especially for the broad directional spectra cases. The effect of wave diffraction was analyzed by switching on/off the corresponding tenn. By introducing the diffraction term, the distributions of wave height and wave direction were smoothed, especially obvious for the narrow spectrum cases. Compared with the calculations without diffraction, the model with diffraction effect gave better results.

2022年东台地震序列区域速度结构和精确定位

2022年江苏东台接连发生数十次小地震,其中,震级最大的M_(S)3.0地震导致震中附近震感明显。为探究该地区近期地震相对活跃的原因,文中收集了2008—2022年的地震走时资料,利用双差层析成像方法对苏北盆地的速度结构和地震位置进行了联合反演,获得了震中区P波三维速度结构和地震精确定位结果,并结合断裂分布、震源机制解和当地工业活动等资料,对地震序列可能的发震机制和发震构造进行了探讨。结果显示:1)重定位后,地震序列总体呈近SN向带状展布,发震优势深度在11~16km,与已探明的断裂带缺乏明显联系。结合震源机制结果推测,序列下方可能存在NNE-SSW向隐伏构造。2)震中区下方速度分布具有明显的非均匀性特征,15km深度处存在纺锤状P波高速异常体,地震序列的震源位置表现出从该异常体向远处扩散的发震特点。3)震中区附近现存多处工业活动,其中五烈—时堰—溱东作业点、地震序列和深部高速异常三者的位置存在一定的关联性,且作业时间和发震时间相近。由此推断,此次地震序列的发生与深部非均匀速度结构有关,震中附近的工业活动可能改变了区域应力状态,导致了能量的释放。

Developing Serpent-Type Wave Generators to Create Solitary Wave Simulations with BEM

Developing serpent-type wave generators to generate solitary waves in a 3D-basin was investigated in this study. Based on the Lagrangian description with time-marching procedures and finite differences of the time derivative, a 3D multiple directional wave basin with multidirectional piston wave generators was developed to simulate ocean waves by using BEM with quadrilateral elements, and to simulate wave-caused problems with fully nonlinear water surface conditions. The simulations of perpendicular solitary waves were conducted in the first instance to verify this scheme. Furthermore, the comparison of the waveform variations confirms that the estimation of 3D solitary waves is a feasible scheme.

考虑地震波输入差异的二维兰州盆地地震效应研究

利用谱元法和多次透射边界相结合的数值模拟方法,探讨了不同地震波输入时,具有大盆地内嵌小盆地特征的二维兰州盆地构造对地表地震波传播、地表峰值加速度(PGA)及其放大系数,以及频域放大特征等影响,分析了地表地震动的放大特征与盆地横向不均匀构造之间的关系。结果表明:1)当输入波的卓越频率接近小盆地最深处的一阶自振频率时,小盆地发生整体共振现象,进而显著改变地震动或放大系数的分布特征。大盆地边缘形成的次生面波在进入更为松散的小盆地时分化为波速差别显著的两阶面波,且盆地较陡一侧边缘形成的面波强度更大。2)无论何地震波入射,盆地内的最强烈地震动集中于小盆地边缘区域,大盆地较陡一侧边缘上方的区域是次强烈地震动放大区,而盆地基底倾角较缓的一侧边缘区域基本无边缘效应。3)兰州盆地基底形状对地震动的分布特征影响强烈,盆地地表地震动的放大系数受输入波的影响明显。4)水平和垂直分量的地震动及放大系数分布特征差别显著,垂直分量上在大盆地较陡一侧边缘及小盆地内形成两个显著放大区,最强烈放大效应区域靠近小盆地中心,而水平分量上的强烈放大区域主要出现在小盆地内的边缘区域。此外,地表不同位置处的频域放大特征也存在明显差别。

九分量横波三维地震在生物气区沉积储层研究中的应用——以柴达木盆地三湖坳陷台东地区更新统七个泉组为例

为解决疏松岩性含气区沉积相恢复及储层预测难题,基于中国首例九分量横波三维地震资料的地震沉积学分析,应用地震地貌学和地震岩性学建立四级等时地层格架,研究柴达木盆地台东地区更新统七个泉组沉积相和储层特征。研究方法和思路:首先,利用九分量横波地震相位旋转、分频融合和地层切片技术,在卫星影像揭示沉积模式的基础上恢复主要标准层沉积相;然后,利用地震属性提取、主因子分析和随机拟合技术计算重点砂体的储层厚度和物性参数,经盲测井检验效果较好。研究结果表明:研究区七个泉组的优势沉积相为三角洲前缘和浅湖,三原色融合切片揭示发育2个旋回,同期存在3套水下分流河道体系;其中七个泉组中下部分流河道砂体厚度大、分布广、物性最好,是研究区有利储层,其渗透率还受成岩作用影响;分流河道砂体储层向涩北一号气田以西延伸范围较广,为该区勘探向西侧外围区扩展提供了依据。

准噶尔盆地东南缘页岩油储层脆性预测与评价

准噶尔盆地东南缘二叠系中下部发育页岩油致密储层,脆性预测与评价对其勘探和开发有重要意义。本文利用岩石物理实验、测井资料和叠前地震资料计算了准噶尔盆地东南缘二叠系页岩油致密储层脆性指数,对Rickman经典公式法、杨氏模量与泊松比比值法、拉梅系数法和剪切模量法进行了比较、分析与评价。研究认为:1)杨氏模量相对泊松比对岩性有更好的区分度,由拉梅系数表征的泥岩分布率较高;2)根据文献所得测井多参数计算脆性指数的方法应用效果不佳,在Castagna经验公式换算横波速度基础上计算的脆性指数具有较好的应用效果;3)由YPD(Young's modulus-Poisson's ratio-density)式和LMR(拉梅系数-密度)式反演的弹性参数变化率也能较好地指示有利储层,尤以密度变化率为最佳,该属性在扇三角洲前缘及分流河道特征上得到很好的展示;4)岩石物理实验和实际资料应用均表明,ρE/σ为研究区脆性的最佳表征公式,效果好于Rickman经典公式与其他方法。

多波地震联合技术精细雕刻隐蔽河道砂体——以四川盆地西北部ZT地区沙溪庙组为例

四川盆地陆相致密砂岩气资源丰富,是目前天然气增储上产的重要领域,但侏罗系沙溪庙组沙一段河道砂体纵向多期叠置,横向同期交汇且河道砂体类型多样,隐蔽性强,形成了复杂多变的地震反射特征,准确刻画河道砂体难度极大。为了解决四川盆地西北部(以下简称川西北)ZT地区沙溪庙组一段(以下简称沙一段)多期河道砂体及储层刻画不清晰、精度低的问题,采用新采集的三维地震三分量转换横波(PS波)资料,结合PP波叠前数据和常规叠后地震资料,在正演模拟基础上,形成了多波地震联合雕刻河道砂体关键技术,并分析了河道砂体多波地震响应特征随砂体孔隙度的变化规律。研究结果表明:(1)砂体顶界PP波地震响应随孔隙度增大由强波峰转变为强波谷,而PS波地震响应不随物性变化发生极性反转,基于横波对岩性的刻画可有效识别多期隐蔽河道砂体;(2)相较反映横波阻抗变化率的叠前P-G属性,PS波振幅能量更聚焦,雕刻的河道砂体横向展布特征更清晰,边界更清楚;(3)叠前P-G属性具有更高的纵向分辨率,有利于区分叠置砂体,并落实砂体的发育期次。结论认为,多波地震技术联合充分发挥P-G的高分辨率优势确定纵向砂体发育期次,发挥PS波横向连续性优势刻画横向边界,实现了ZT地区沙一段河道砂体的完整精细雕刻,生产应用效果显著,并为该区井位部署和储量升级提供了有力技术支撑,为四川盆地陆相致密砂岩气规模效益开发奠定了坚实的基础,同时有力推进了多波地震勘探技术的发展。

Surf-zone dynamics derived from basin-scale experiments

Surf-zone hydrodynamics forced by oblique wave shoaling and breaking on beach slopes were investigated.The results showed that in wave-basin experiments with incident angles in the range of 15°-30°,wave breaking was initiated at a breaker coefficient of around 0.67,which was significantly less than that predicted from empirical relations based on normally incident waves for a given beach slope and deep-water wave steepness.The measurements also showed that subsequent saturated breaking occurred at a breaker coefficient of around 0.47 that was inde-pendent of beach slope in the range of 1∶10 to 1∶100.This result is likely applicable to both oblique and normally incident waves.It is shown that the measured wave heights and longshore velocity profiles in wave-basin studies can be reasonably well predicted by theory with proper ad-justments to the process parameters.Best-match formulations were identified for quantifying bottom friction,eddy viscosity,and energy loss due to surface rollers.

基于气候因子的淮河流域桑拿天日数变化特征及区划

揭示桑拿天的时空演变规律,可为应对极端气候事件提供依据。基于1960—2020年淮河流域40个气象站逐日最高气温和相对湿度资料,采用线性回归、Morlet小波分析、EOF和REOF分解等方法,统计分析了淮河流域桑拿天日数的时空变化特征。结果表明:1960—2020年淮河流域桑拿天总日数为32 906 d,桑拿天日数最多(19 730 d, 59.96%),极端桑拿天日数最少(2 021 d, 6.14%);1960—2020年淮河流域桑拿天总日数、桑拿天和强桑拿天日数分别以-24.63 d/10a、-13.38 d/10a和-12.94 d/10a的倾向率呈减少趋势,极端桑拿天则以1.69 d/10a的倾向率波动增加,21世纪以来桑拿天和强桑拿天日数持续减少,21世纪10年代极端桑拿天日数显著增加;61年来淮河流域桑拿天主周期变化为28 a,次周期为17 a、8 a和4 a;EOF分析表明,第1模态为决定性模态,反映了淮河流域桑拿天变化趋势的整体一致性;REOF展开表明可将淮河流域桑拿天划分为5个气候分区,各分区桑拿天变化差异明显。

鄂尔多斯盆地深层中元古界地震波组及构造—地层层序特征

本文利用最新的测井及地震资料,制作并分析对比了20口井的合成记录,对鄂尔多斯盆地中元古界的地震波组特征展开研究,识别出7个反射界面。其中,T0、T1和T3界面反射波振幅强、连续性好,有着稳定的波形特征,为中元古界主要的区域性不整合面,可作为标志层进行对比。在此基础上,总结了本区中元古界7套地震地层的波组特征,并结合野外露头资料,将研究区中元古界划分为7套构造层,即底部古元古界或太古界片麻岩之上的陆源碎屑沉积岩层Pt2-1(大古石组)、中基性火山岩层Pt2-2(许山组)、酸性火山岩层Pt2-3(鸡蛋坪组)、安山岩夹火山碎屑岩层Pt2-4(马家河组)、碎屑岩层Pt2-5(汝阳群)、泥岩—粉砂岩层Pt2-6(洛峪群)、碳酸盐岩层Pt2-7(蓟县系)。研究发现,鄂尔多斯盆地古元古代末期到新元古代发生了多期裂谷活动,影响了中元古代地层及不整合面的发育。熊耳群为华北克拉通裂谷发育初期,在结晶基底之上沉积的第一套盖层,底部大古石组接受陆源碎屑沉积,此后至熊耳群晚期之间发生的火山活动形成安山岩。裂谷作用晚期,汝阳群粗碎屑岩角度不整合于其上,而后海侵最大,洛峪群泥岩平行不整合于其上。至中元古代末期,海水循环良好,蓟县系碳酸盐岩形成,平行不整合于下伏长城系地层之上。

基于广义反演法的不同位置地震引起盆地放大效应的研究——以仙台盆地为例

基于强震观测记录,采用广义反演法和HVSR法分析日本仙台盆地48个强震台站以及场地v S30和盆地深度对放大效应的影响。研究表明,相比于广义反演法,HVSR法能够较好地给出场地主频,但会明显低估放大效应的幅值;处于盆地外不同位置的浅源地震引起的盆地放大效应差异明显,仙台盆地南部海域地震引起的放大效应最大,盆地北部陆地地震引起的放大效应最小;盆地南部和东部地震引起的S波的放大效应与v S30的相关性较强,北部地震的放大效应与v S30基本不相关;盆地S波的放大效应与盆地深度在0.5~5 Hz频段内的相关性较强,在0.25~0.5 Hz和5~10 Hz频段内基本不相关。

昆明盆地常规土类剪切波速与埋深的关系研究

依据昆明盆地地震安全性评价中场地钻孔剪切波速资料,用最小二乘法和非线性回归法探讨了昆明盆地6种常规土类的剪切波速与埋深的关系;推荐给出常规土类剪切波速与埋深的线性模型、幂函数模型、一元二次多项式模型和复杂函数模型的统计经验公式,最后利用新建工程的钻孔剪切波速实测值检验上述推荐模型。结果表明:昆明盆地常规土类剪切波速与埋深存在较强的相关性,且随埋深的增大,样本离散程度也随之增大;文中各个模型的拟合值非常接近实测值,误差百分比很低,模型合理可靠。研究结果可为昆明盆地地区钻孔剪切波速的相关工作提供参考。

基于HVSR法的震源深度引起放大效应的研究——以关东盆地为例

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