Analytical investigation on 3D non-Boussinesq mountain wave drag for wind profiles with vertical variations

A new analytical model was developed to predict the gravity wave drag （GWD） induced by an isolated 3-dimensional mountain, over which a stratified, nonrotating non-Boussinesq sheared flow is impinged. The model is confined to small amplitude motion and assumes the ambient velocity varying slowly with height. The modified Taylor-Goldstein equation with variable coefficients is solved with a Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin （WKB） approximation, formally valid at high Richardson numbers. With this WKB solution, generic formulae of second order accuracy, for the GWD and surface pressure perturbation （both for hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic flow） are presented, enabling a rigorous treatment on the effects by vertical variations in wind profiles. In an ideal test to the circular bell-shaped mountain, itwas found that when the wind is linearly sheared, that the GWD decreases as the Richardson number decreases. However, the GWD for a forward sheared wind （wind increases with height） decreases always faster than that for the backward sheared wind （wind deceases with height）. This difference is evident whenever the model is hydrostatic or not.

IMPROVED FORECASTING OF COLD AIR OUTBREAKS OVER SOUTHERN CHINA THROUGH OROGRAPHIC GRAVITY WAVE DRAG PARAMETERIZATION

The parameterization of gravity wave drag induced by sub-grid scale orography(GWDO), which has been used in the regional model based on the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System for Tropical Mesoscale Model(GRAPES_TMM), is extended to include the effect of mountain flow blocking drag(MBD). The extended scheme is evaluated against non-GWDO parameterization, including a cold air outbreak over southern China and a monthly verification in February 2012. The experiment results show that the GWDO and MBD parameterization both improves the forecasting of the cold air outbreaks over southern China, as well as alleviations of system bias of GRAPES_TMM.(1) The extended scheme alleviates the strong southerly wind and high surface temperature simulation during the cold air outbreak, especially over northern Guangxi and Guangdong(NGG) province, where local high surface temperature simulation reduces nearly 5 degree.(2) The MBD parameterization improves southerly wind simulations over NGG, as well as surface temperature forecasts improvement over Guangxi, Guizhou province and southern Yunnan-Guizhou plateau(YUP), and low level southerly wind simulation improvement over intertidal zone over south China.(3) The formation of MBD is mainly in the mountain area(Wuyi, Daba mountain, east of YUP) and coastal area. The MBD over plateau, which is mainly formed at the west of 105°E, is stronger and thicker than that over Nanling mountain.(4) The improvement of GWDO and MBD parameterization is stable in model physics. MBD parameterization demonstrates more overall improvements in the forecasts than GWDO, and the larger of the model forecast error is, the greater improvements of MBD contribute to. Overall, the extended GWDO scheme successfully improves the simulations of meteorological elements forecasting during cold air outbreaks.

A Two-Wave Scheme for Orographic Gravity Wave Drag Parameterization

When the magnitude of sub-scale ographic forcing is comparable with explicitly ordinary dynamic forcing, the drag effect reduced by ographic gravity wave is to be significant for maintaining dynamic balance of atmospheric circulation, as well as the momentum and energy transport. Such sub-scale ographic forcing should be introduced into numerically atmospheric model by means of drag being parameterized. Furthermore, the currently mature ographic gravity wave drag （OGWD） parameterization, i.e., the so-called first-generation （based on lineal single-wave theoretical framework） or the second-generation drag parameterization （including an important extra forcing by the contribution of critical level absorption）, cannot correctly and effectly describe the vertical profile of wave stress under the influence of ambient wind shearing. Based on aforementioned consideration, a new two-wave scheme was proposed to parameterize the ographic gravity wave drag by means of freely propagating gravity waves. It starts with a second order WKB approximation, and treats the wave stress attenuations caused by either the selective critical level absorption or the classical critical level absorption explicitly; while in the regions where critical levels are absent, it transports the wave stress vertically by two sinusoidal waves and deposits them and then damps them according to the wave saturation criteria. This scheme is thus used to conduct some sample computations over the Dabie Mountain region of East China, as an example. The results showed that the new two-wave scheme is able to model the vertical distribution of the wave stress more realistically.

On the parameterization scheme of gravity wave drag effect on the mean zonal flow of mesosphere

Based on McFarlane抯 parameterization scheme of gravity wave drag, a refined gravity-wave-drag scheme is presented. Both the drag effect of the momentum flux and the dissipation effect of gravity wave breaking on the mean zonal flow are included in the refined parameterization scheme. The dissipation effect can be formulated with the gravity wave numbers and the mean quantities. The refined parameterization scheme may represent a complete drag effect of stationary gravity wave breaking on the mean zonal flow.

The Influence of Wave State and Sea Spray on Drag Coefficient from Low to High Wind Speeds

Ocean waves alter the roughness of sea surface,and sea spray droplets redistribute the momentum flux at the air-sea interface.Hence,both wave state and sea spray influence sea surface drag coefficient.Based on the new sea spray generation function which depends on sea surface wave,a wave-dependent sea spray stress is obtained.According to the relationship between sea spray stress and the total wind stress on the sea surface,a new formula of drag coefficient at high wind speed is acquired.With the analysis of the new drag coefficient,it is shown that the drag coefficient reduces at high wind speed,indicating that the sea spray droplets can limit the increase of drag coefficient.However,the value of high wind speed corresponding to the initial reduced drag coefficient is not fixed,and it depends on the wave state,which means the influence of wave cannot be ignored.Comparisons between the theoretical and measured sea surface drag coefficients in field and laboratory show that under different wave ages,the theoretical result of drag coefficient could include the measured data,and it means that the new drag coefficient can be used properly from low to high wind speeds under any wave state condition.

Dependence of sea surface drag coefficient on wind-wave parameters

The relationships between sea surface roughness z 0 and wind-wave parameters are analyzed,and spurious self-correlations are found in all of the parameterization schemes.Sea surface drag coefficient C D is fitted by four wind-wave parameters that are wave age,wave steepness,windsea Reynolds number R B and R H ,and the analyzed data are divided into laboratory,field and combined data sets respectively.Comparison and analysis of dependence of C D on wind-wave parameters show that R B can fit the C D most appropriately.Wave age and wave steepness are not suitable to fit C D with a narrow range data set.When the value of wave age has a board range,R H is not suitable to fit C D either.Three relationships between C D and R B are integrated into the bulk algorithm COARE to calculate the observational friction velocity,and the results show that the relationship between C D and R B which is fitted with field data set can describe the momentum transfer in the open ocean,under low-moderate wind speed condition,most appropriately.

Effect of the drag coefficient on a typhoon wave model

The effect of the drag coefficient on a typhoon wave model is investigated.Drag coefficients for Pingtan Island are derived from the progress of nine typhoons using COARE 3.0 software.The wind parameters are obtained using the Weather Research and Forecasting model.The simulation of wind agrees well with observations.Typhoon wave fields are then simulated using the third-generation wave model SWAN.The wave model includes exponential and linear growths of the wind input,which determine the wave-growth mode.A triple triangular mesh is adopted with spatial resolution as fine as 100 m nearshore.The SWAN model performs better when using the new drag coefficient rather than the original coefficient.

WAVEWATCHⅢ第三代海浪数值模式在中国东海的应用和改进

利用东海的浮标观测数据,比较了WAVEWATCHⅢ第三代海浪数值模式的ST2、ST4和ST6三种源函数方案在东海的适用性。结果表明,三种源函数方案在波高小于3 m中低风速情形下,模拟波高与观测波高符合的很好,而在波高大于3 m的高风速情形下,模拟波高偏大。在此基础上,提出了以波龄和波陡为参数的海面粗糙度参数化公式,以此来计算拖曳系数。该方案可以自动满足拖曳系数在临界风速达到饱和的观测事实,将上述拖曳系数计算方案应用于最新的ST6源函数方案,在保持中低风速时的模拟精度的同时,可有效地改善高风速时模拟波高偏大问题,而且可使模拟周期与浮标观测结果更为一致。

Drag increment of internal waves generated by horizontally moving spheroid in supercritical regime

A theory on the drag increment of internal waves with a spheroid moving horizontally at a high velocity （or for large internal Froude number） in uniformly vertically stratified fluid （or ocean） is presented in the present paper. A surface source distribution is employed to model a hydrodynamic interaction between the spheroid and the stratified fluid. From theoretical results, it is shown that there exists an asymptote of zero-drag increment in supercritical regimes, where internal Froude numbers are larger than the critical internal Froude numbers. When the spheroid reduces to a sphere, the results in this paper is in good agreement with the previous theoretical and experimental results of the sphere.

Response Spectrum Method for Extreme Wave Loading With Higher Order Components of Drag Force

反应系列修理近海极端波浪影响的结构基于更高的顺序部件被调查非线性拖力量。这样，当一个团属于轻伸臂柱体，他们的相应变丑反应系列被利用自由系统的概括的单个度估计，钢夹克衫平台被简化。基于在波斯湾区域记录的波浪数据，相应于不同回来时期的极端波浪装载条件被施加在上近海结构。因此， drag 力量的更高的顺序部件的效果被考虑，与为不同的海的线性化的状态相比，表面铺平。什么时候基本时期近海结构是波浪装载的大约三分之一个主要时期，结果显示线性化拖学期不能够完成一个可靠变丑反应系列。

逆向射流对高超声速升力体构型的减阻特性研究

在高超声速飞行过程中,飞行器往往会面临巨大的阻力,严重限制了其飞行性能,并增加了飞行器表面的热负荷和材料应力。针对这一问题,通过数值模拟系统地分析了射流孔数量、位置和攻角对升力体减阻性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着射流孔数量的增加,整体减阻率显著提高,有效降低了升力体头部的高压区域,但也导致四周流场的不稳定性增强。射流孔位置对激波脱体距离和“气膜”厚度具有重要影响。此外,增大攻角会导致整体减阻率下降,但对局部减阻率影响较小,同时会增加上下壁面之间的压差。进一步比较研究发现,在20 km和55 km高空条件下,这3种因素对减阻性能的影响规律保持一致。研究结果为设计高效减阻方案提供了重要参考。

尺度适应重力波拖曳方案在高分辨率数值预报中的应用研究

随着数值模式分辨率越来越高,在复杂地形区域仅考虑高层重力波拖曳作用和地形阻塞作用具有局限性,WRFv4.3模式中新型重力波拖曳方案在原有大尺度重力波拖曳和地形阻塞作用基础上新加入了边界层小尺度重力波拖曳作用,且对湍流地形拖曳作用增加了描述,从而可以达到尺度适应。为了验证新的重力波拖曳方案的效果,本文基于华北区域3 km对流可分辨模式开展了2021年冬季重力波拖曳参数化方案应用试验,对比分析了三组试验方案:不开启重力波拖曳、原有的仅考虑大尺度重力波拖曳和阻塞作用的方案以及新型的尺度适应方案的模拟结果。试验结果表明:原有重力波拖曳方案仅考虑重力波拖曳和大尺度地形阻塞,在3 km模式中对复杂地形附近整层风场影响较大,但是正效果有限;新型尺度适应重力波拖曳方案在3 km分辨率模式中大尺度重力波拖曳和阻塞拖曳作用为0,仅由边界层内小尺度重力波拖曳和湍流地形拖曳起作用,能够达到尺度适应效果;由于高层重力波拖曳为0,开启新型重力波拖曳会降低低空尤其是边界层内风场预报正偏差,对高空风场无影响;对模拟区域的统计检验结果表明,新型重力波拖曳方案可以有效减少地形复杂区域近地面风场预报的误差,但对温度等其它要素的改善有限。

地心轨道引力波探测无拖曳系统平动控制策略

探讨了一种针对空间引力波探测任务的在轨无拖曳控制技术,基于未来可行的地心轨道探测任务背景进行分析设计,并对搭载两颗检验质量的在轨无拖曳系统进行航天器与质量块间相对运动动力学及耦合特性建模。同时,初步分析了任务中无拖曳系统指标和摄动,并设计了基于频域H_(∞)最优控制理论的系统相对平动控制律。数值仿真结果表明,当双检验质量在轨无拖曳系统各检验质量按激光测距呼吸角排列时,采用无固定追踪点策略且在非敏感轴无悬浮控制输入的情况下,可以实现航天器对基准点的追踪,并满足系统频域性能指标的要求。同时,每颗检验质量的时域偏移量可以控制在微米级别,从而获得任务所需的纯引力基准。

Spectral Analysis of Nonlinear Drag Forces

The spectral properties of nonlinear drag forces of random waves on vertical circular cylinders are analyzed in this paper by means of nonlinear spectral analysis. The analysis provides basic parameters for estimation of the characteristic drag forces. Numerical computation is also performed for the investigation of the effects of nonlinearity of the drag forces. The results indicate that the wave drag forces calculated by linear wave theory are larger than those calculated by the third order Stokes wave theory for given waves. The difference between them increases with wave height. The wave drag forces calculated by use of linear approximation are about 5% smaller than their actual values when measured in the peak values of spectral densities. This will result in a safety problem for the design of offshore structures. Therefore, the nonlinear effect of wave drag forces should be taken into consideration in design and application of important offshore structures.

波浪中KCS船气泡减阻效能计算分析

随着世界范围内对节能减排问题越来越重视,如何高效减少船舶阻力成为我国航运业重点关注的问题之一,为解决船舶在波浪中航行时能耗大,摩擦阻力大的问题,针对波浪中的船舶气泡减阻效能进行分析。以韩国船舶与海洋工程研究所研制的KCS集装箱船船模为研究对象,基于欧拉多相流,对船底通入微气泡,考虑气体和液体之间的相互作用力,保持船舶航速和通气孔的直径不变的情况下,通过研究不同通气量下波高波长变化对气体体积分数和船舶总阻力变化影响。结果表明,浪高越高,船舶运动越剧烈,阻力越大;在一定通气量下,波长船长比变化亦会对船舶阻力产生影响。根据实验结果用曲线和云图的形式,论述了波浪增阻与气泡润滑减阻相互耦合作用的机理并且从能量守恒的角度分析了通气量的变化对减阻效果的影响。

空间引力波探测无拖曳技术现状与趋势

航天器无拖曳控制是实现引力波空间探测科学平台超静超稳运行的核心关键技术之一。目前,国内外各研究机构对航天器系统的动力学与控制进行了深入研究,并针对不同的探测频段需求提出了不同的探测任务。根据探测任务进行了航天器编队设计与控制的详细介绍和分析,对涉及的无拖曳与姿态控制、高精度惯性传感器与执行机构等原理和理论方法进行了深入的剖析。针对现已开展的空间引力波探测无拖曳航天器在轨飞行的演示验证整体情况进行详述和分析。在此基础上,提出后续开展相关研究中亟待解决的关键问题,指出未来无拖曳航天器系统动力学与控制的研究热点和趋势。

Wind speed scaling and the drag coefficient

Wind speed scaling in similarity law in wind-generated waves and the drag coefficient are studied. In analyzing the data in the wind wave channel, it is found that the u＊ scaling greatly reduces the scatter in the U10 scaling. The u＊ scaling has much less scatter than the scaling using other wind speeds. The friction velocity seems to play a distinctive role in wave growth. The result is important in the applications of the similarity law and in wave modeling. In theory it gives an insight into the mechanism of wind wave interaction. It is found that wave steepness is important in influencing the drag coefficient. The variability of the coefficients in the currently widely used drag form can be explained by the differences in wave steepness in the observations. A drag coefficient model with wind speed and wave steepness as parameters is proposed. An explanation for Kahma＇s result that the u, scaling does not reduce the scatter in the U10 scaling is given.

Wave-current interaction with a vertical square cylinder at different Reynolds numbers

Large eddy simulation is performed to study three-dimensional wave-current interaction with a square cylinder at different Reynolds numbers, ranging from 1,000 to 600,000. The Keulegan-Carpenter number is relevantly a constant of 0.6 for all cases. The Strouhal number, the mean and the RMS values of the effective drag coefficient in the streamwise and transverse directions are computed for various Reynolds numbers, and the velocity of a rep- resentative point in the turbulent zone is simulated to find the turbulent feature. It is found that the wave-current interaction should be considered as three-dimensional flow when the Reynolds number is high; under wave-current effect, there exists a critical Reynolds number, and when the Reynolds number is smaller than the critical one, current effect on wave can be nearly neglected; conversely, with the Reynolds number increasing, wave-currentstructure interaction is sensitive to the Reynolds number.

New Interpretation of Dependence of Wind Stress on Wave State

Based on observations from buoys, it is found that the wave age is well correlated with the nondimensional wave height, and this correlation is best described by a 3/5-power law. This similarity law is valid in the cases of wind waves as well as swells under natural sea states. On the basis of the 3/5-power law combined with the well-known 3/2-power law I it is shown that the wave-induced wind stress increases rapidly with wave age, indicating that the traditional observations or analytic techniques have only given the turbulent Reynolds stress induced by short wind waves, but excluded the long-wave-induced wind stress. The latter constitutes a small fraction to the total wind stress when the wave age is smaller than 1.0. The increase of sea-surface roughness with wave age can be attributed to wave breaking.

On the parameterization of drag coefficient over sea surface

Six parameterization schemes of roughness or drag coefficient are evaluated on the basis of the data from six experiments. They present great consistency with measurement when friction velocity u＊〈0.5 m/s （ap- proximately corresponding to 10 m wind speed U10〈 12 m/s） and large deviation from measurement when u＊≥0.5 m/s （approximately U10 ≥ 12 m/s）. In order to improve the deviation, a new parameterization of drag coefficient is derived on the basis of the similarity theory, Charnock relationship and Toba 3/2 power law. Wave steepness and wind-sea Reynolds number are considered in the new parameterization. Then it is test- ed on the basis of the measurements and shows significant improvement when u＊≥0.5 m/s. Its standard errors are much smaller than the ones of the other six parameterizations. However, the new parameteriza- tion still needs more tests especially for high winds.