Analytically Derived Wind Wave Growth Relations

By the use of the 3/2 power law presented by Toba combined with the significant wave energy balance equation for wind wave, wind wave growth at a limited fetch is analytically investigated. The new wind wave growth relations (WWGRs) are analytically derived with sheltering coefficient and wind drag coefficient as parameters. The geometrical average of observational values of sheltering coefficient and the arithmetic average of observational values of wind drag coefficient are applied to determine the new WWGRs. Comparisons with existing empirical WWGRs are made.

Wave growth rate in a cylindrical metal waveguide with ion-channel guiding of a relativistic electron beam

This paper addresses the formulae and numerical issues related to the possibility that fast wave may be grown when a relativistic electron beam through an ion channel in a cylindrical metal waveguide. To derive the dispersion equations of the beam-wave interaction, it solves relativistic Lorentz equation and Maxwell＇s equations for appropriate boundary conditions. It has been found in this waveguide structure that the TM0m modes are the rational operating modes of coupling between the electromagnetic modes and the betatron modes. The interaction of the dispersion curves of the electromagnetic TM0m modes and the upper betatron modes is studied. The growth rates of the wave are obtained, and the effects of the beam radius, the beam energy, the plasma frequency, and the beam plasma frequency on the wave growth rate are numerically calculated and discussed.

A model for wave growth in fetch-limited conditions

In this paper, it is held that the universal relationships of wave growth in fetch-limited conditions , i. e., (f|~) p=A(x|~)-Band (m|~)0= C(x|~) Dshould satisfy the Toba 3/2 power law and the wave energy balance equation. In the ideal generation situation, theoretically it can be derived that the ideal fetch-limited wave growth relationship should have D=3B and D+B =1, (i.e., B = 0.25, D = 0.75 ) and A3C=2. 1×l(T4C^(1/2)_d , where Cd is the drag coefficient. The 3/2 power law, the wave energy balance equation and the decrease of wave steepness with increasing fetch have became three requirements which should be satisfied by fetch-limited wave growth algorithms. A semi-empirical and semi-theoretical model for fetch-limited wave growth is presented. In the application to the slanting wind situation an un(?)ersal relationship of dimensionless wave energy vs dimensionless peak frequency is presented and the comparisons show that the model is in good agreement with observations.

Wind Wave Growth

A recent formula for the lift force on a low speed wing of circular arc cross-section [1] is adapted to the upward pressure force on the crests of a surface gravity wave propagating in the wind. In both cases, the main feature is the utilization of the air’s compressibility. At and near a wave crest, it is predicted that the air density is increased over the ambient value and that the air density decreases inversely as the square of the upward distance from the radius of curvature of the crest. As a consequence, the air pressure also decreases upward inversely as the square of the same distance. Therefore, an upward pressure force on each crest occurs which presumably will make the crests grow. Growth rates are largest for small wavelengths and large mean slopes of the wave surface. Contrary winds should produce wave growth (not damping) as well as no wind at all.

The Fractional Power Law of Wind Wave Growth in Deep Water for Short Fetch

Combining the 3/2 power law proposed by Toba with the significant wave energy balance equation for wind waves, wave growth in deep water for short fetch is investigated. It is found that the variations of wave height and period with fetch have the form of power function with fractional exponents 3/8 and 1/4 respectively. Using these exponents in the power functions and through data fitting, the concise wind wave growth relations for short fetch are obtained.

NEW WIND WAVE GROWTH RELATIONS

In the present paper combining the relationship between wave steepness andwave age with the significant wave energy balance equation for wind wave, a new wind wave growthrelation is presented. Comparisons with the other existing wind wave growth relations show that theresults in present paper accord better with the wind wave growth process.

Mesoscale Predictability of Moist Baroclinic Waves: Variable and Scale-dependent Error Growth

This study seeks to quantify the predictability of different forecast variables at various scales through spectral analysis of the difference between perturbed and unperturbed cloud-permitting simulations of idealized moist baroclinic waves amplify- ing in a conditionally unstable atmosphere. The error growth of a forecast variable is found to be strongly associated with its reference-state （unperturbed） power spectrum and slope, which differ significantly from variable to variable. The shallower the reference state spectrum, the more spectral energy resides at smaller scales, and thus the less predictable the variable since the error grows faster at smaller scales before it saturates. In general, the variables with more small-scale components （such as vertical velocity） are less predictable, and vice versa （such as pressure）. In higher-resolution simulations in which more rigorous small-scale instabilities become better resolved, the error grows faster at smaller scales and spreads to larger scales more quickly before the error saturates at those small scales during the first few hours of the forecast. Based on the reference power spectrum, an index on the degree of lack （or loss） of predictability （LPI） is further defined to quantify the predictive time scale of each forecast variable. Future studies are needed to investigate the scale- and variable-dependent predictability under different background reference flows, including real case studies through ensemble experiments.

Spatial evolution equation of wind wave growth

Based on the dynamic essence of air-sea interactions, a feedback type of spatial evolu-tion equation is suggested to match reasonably the growing process of wind waves. This simple equation involving the dominant factors of wind wave growth is able to explain the transfer of en-ergy from high to low frequencies without introducing the concept of nonlinear wave-wave interac-tions, and the results agree well with observations. The rate of wave height growth derived in this dissertation is applicable to both laboratory and open sea, which solidifies the physical basis of using laboratory experiments to investigate the generation of wind waves. Thus the proposed spa-tial evolution equation provides a new approach for the research on dynamic mechanism of air-sea interactions and wind wave prediction.

Three-dimensional interfacial wave theory of dendritic growth: (Ⅱ). non-axi-symmetric global wave modes and selection criterion of pattern formation

This paper is ttie continuation of part （Ⅰ）, which completes the derivations of the 3D global wave modes solutions, yields the stability criterion and, on the basis of the results obtained, demonstrates the selection criterion of pattern formation.

Three-dimensional interfacial wave theory of dendritic growth: (Ⅰ). multiple variables expansion solutions

Dendritic pattern formation at the interface between liquid and solid is a commonly observed phenomenon in crystal growth and solidification process. The theoretical investigation of dendritic growth is one of the most profound and highly challenging subjects in the broad areas of interfacial pattern formation, condensed matter physics and materials science, preoccupying many researchers from various areas. Some longstanding key issues on this subject finally gained a breakthrough in the late of last century, via the ＇Interracial Wave （IFW） Theory＇ on the ground of systematical global stability analysis of the basic state of dendritic growth. The original form of the IFW theory mainly focus on the investigation of various axi-symmetric unsteady perturbed modes solutions around the axi-symmetrie basic state of system of dendritic growth. In reality, the system may allow various non-axi-symmetric, unsteady perturbed states. Whether or not the system of dendritic growth allows some growing non-axi-symmetric modes？ Will the stationary dendritic pattern be destroyed by some of such non-axi- symmetric modes？ Or, in one word, what is the stability property of the system, once the non-axi-symmetric modes can be evoked？ The answers for these questions are important for the solid foundation of IFW theory. The present work attempts to settle down these issues and develop a three-dimensional （3D） interfacial wave theory of dendritic growth. Our investigations verify that dendritic growth indeed allows a discrete set of non-axi-symmetric unstable global wave modes, which gives rise to a set of multiple arms spiral waves propagating along the Ivantsov＇s paraboloid.

卵巢良恶性肿瘤Notch1、Notch3和WAVE1的表达及与血清指标的关系

目的：研究Notch1、Notch3和WAVE1在卵巢良恶性肿瘤中的差异表达情况及其与血清指标的关系。方法：将2012年4月~2014年4月在我院就诊的60例卵巢癌患者纳入研究,同期在我院就诊的60例卵巢良性肿瘤患者纳入研究的对照组,采用Real-time PCR检测肿瘤组织中Notch1、Notch3和WAVE1的mRNA含量,采用Western-blot检测肿瘤组织中Notch1、Notch3和WAVE1的蛋白含量,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清中转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）、基质金属蛋白酶2、9（MMP2、MMP9）的含量。结果：卵巢癌组织中Notch1、Notch3和WAVE1的mRNA和蛋白水平均高于对照组（P〈0.05）;且FIGO分期越高,Notch1、Notch3和WAVE1的表达量越高（P〈0.05）;卵巢癌患者血清中TGF-β1、MMP2、MMP9的含量高于卵巢良性肿瘤患者（P〈0.05）,且TGF-β1、MMP2、MMP9含量均与Notch1、Notch3、WAVE1呈正相关。结论：卵巢癌组织中Notch1、Notch3和WAVE1表达量异常升高,且与血清中TGF-β1、MMP2、MMP9的含量具有良好的相关性。

电磁波导入人表皮生长因子联合氨甲环酸治疗黄褐斑的疗效观察

目的:观察电磁波导入人表皮生长因子联合氨甲环酸注射液治疗黄褐斑的疗效。方法:将2021年1月-2022年4月就诊于笔者医院的90例女性黄褐斑患者随机分为三组,A组电磁波导入人表皮生长因子,B组电磁波导入氨甲环酸,C组电磁波导入人表皮生长因子联合氨甲环酸,各30例,每周治疗1次,共3个月。比较治疗前后黄褐斑MASI评分,VISIA皮肤检测仪斑点、紫外线色斑、棕色斑、红色区的特征计数,并对患者进行满意度调查。结果:三组患者治疗后,MASI评分均降低,三组组间比较差异有统计学意义,且C组MASI评分低于A组和B组(P<0.001)。治疗前后三组疗效比较差异有统计学意义,C组疗效明显优于其他两组(P<0.05)。C组VISIA皮肤检测仪斑点、紫外线色斑、棕色斑、红色区的特征计数治疗后均降低(均P<0.05)。C组治疗后满意率最高,为96.67%,三组间满意率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:电磁波导入人表皮生长因子联合氨甲环酸治疗黄褐斑安全有效。

Analysis of ERS-2 scatterometer winds and wind-wave calculation for eastern China seas

在中国海上的风系在在那里的气候变化起一个重要作用。在这篇论文，盖住 1998 的时期的 ERS-2 scatterometer 风和 25-41 °N 的区域， 117-13O °E 被分析并且在一样的时期和地点与 NCEP 风和浮标相比弯屈，到估计多好 ERS-2 数据反映真实的风政体，至少为这个区域。结果显示 ERS-2 scatterometer 风比 NCEPwinds 接近浮标观察。另外，一种新风波浪生长关系被使用计算波浪参数。

Advances in Effects of Sound Waves on Plants

Sound waves technology has been applied to different plants. It has been found that sound waves were at different frequencies, sound pressure levels （SPLs）, exposure periods, and distances from the source of sound influence plant growth. Experiments have been conducted in the open field and under greenhouse growing conditions with different levels of audible sound frequencies and sound pressure levels. Sound waves at 1 kHz and 100 dB for 1 h within a distance of 0.20 m could significantly promote the division and cell wall fluidity of callus cells and also significantly enhance the activity of protective enzymes and endogenous hormones. Sound waves stimulation could increase the plant plasma-membrane IT-ATPase activity, the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and amylase activity of callus. Moreover, sound waves could increase the content of RNA and the level of transcription. Stress-induced genes could switch on under sound stimulation. Sound waves at 0.1-1 kHz and SPL of （70＋5） dB for 3 h from plant acoustic frequency technology （PAFT） generator within a distance ranged from 30 to 60 m every other day significantly increased the yield of sweet pepper, cucumber and tomato by 30.05, 37.1 and 13.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the yield of lettuce, spinach, cotton, rice, and wheat were increased by 19.6, 22.7, 11.4, 5.7, and 17.0%, respectively. Sound waves may also strengthen plant immune systems. It has been proved that spider mite, aphids, gray mold, late blight and virus disease of tomatoes in the greenhouses decreased by 6.0, 8.0, 9.0, 11.0, and 8.0%, respectively, and the sheath blight office was reduced by 50%. This paper provides an overview of literature for the effects of sound waves on various growth parameters of plant at different growth stages.

具有能量临界增长的非线性薛定谔方程驻波的存在性

提出一类具有能量临界增长的非线性薛定谔方程,满足非线性项均为聚焦状态。通过解决一个在给定的条件下变分问题,得到该类方程基态驻波解的存在性。结果表明,当空间维数大于4时,基态驻波解对于所有的正频率都是存在的。

EFFECT OF A WEAK LONGITUDINAL ELECTRIC FIELD ON WHISTLER WAVES

The effect of a longitudinal electric field on whistler waves is studied based onkinetic theory.A local Maxwellian distribution is taken as stationary distribution function ofelectrons which departs from thermodynamic equilibrium due to the applied electric field.Thedielectric tensor is derived by integrating along orbit of the particle in the unperturbed field.Dispersion relation and growth rate are analysed from Hermitian and anti-Hermitian parts ofthis tensor respectively.It is found that the waves are growing when the angle between the wavevector and the electric field is in range of θ【2θ_c, otherwise the whistler waves are damping.Thegrowth rate increases with wave frequency and decreases with the angle between the wave vectorand the applied field.In the case of ω_e(?)Ω the maximum of growth rate,which is at θ=O_l isproportional to the plasma density and anti-proportional to the magnetic field.Some computedresults for parameters at top of the F layer are given.

Review on second-harmonic generation of ultrasonic guided waves in solid media(Ⅰ): Theoretical analyses

Considering the high sensitivity of the nonlinear ultrasonic measurement technique and great advantages of the guided wave testing method, the use of nonlinear ultrasonic guided waves provides a promising means for evaluating and characterizing the hidden and/or inaccessible damage/degradation in solid media. Increasing attention on the development of the testing method based on nonlinear ultrasonic guided waves is largely attributed to the theoretical advances of nonlinear guided waves propagation in solid media. One of the typical acoustic nonlinear responses is the generation of second harmonics that can be used to effectively evaluate damage/degradation in materials/structures. In this paper, the theoretical progress of second-harmonic generation（SHG） of ultrasonic guided wave propagation in solid media is reviewed. The advances and developments of theoretical investigations on the effect of SHG of ultrasonic guided wave propagation in different structures are addressed. Some obscure understandings and the ideas in dispute are also discussed.

Mg_(2)Sn-induced whisker growth on the surfaces of Mg/Sn/Mg ultrasonic-assisted soldering joints

In this paper,the phenomena of Mg_(2)Sn-induced Sn whisker growth were explored on the surfaces of Mg/Sn/Mg ultrasonic-assisted soldering joints after aging treatment.The in-situ observation and thermal analysis confirmed that the formation and the corrosion of Mg_(2)Sn nanoparticles were the dominant reason of Sn whisker growth.The Mg_(2)Sn accumulation at the grain boundaries would pin the dislocation slip and affect the continuity of whisker growth,and the boundary angle would thus play a decisive role in the growth shape of Sn whiskers due to the pining effect of Mg_(2)Sn.This study might be conducive to elucidating the growth behavior of Sn whiskers and provide the exploration strategy to further improve the bonding strength of Mg/Sn/Mg ultrasonic-assisted soldering joints.

Terahertz Wave Generation via Nonlinear Parametric Process from <i>ε</i>-GaSe Single Crystals Grown by Liquid Phase Solution Method

Terahertz (THz)-wave generation has been conducted based on difference frequency mixing (DFM) process with phonon-polariton excitation of ε-GaSe single crystals implemented with liquid-phase solution growth using the temperature difference method under controlled vapour pressure for the first time. The type-eoo phase matching condition for the DFM process at around 10 THz is satisfied by changing the incident angle into the crystal. The maximum conversion efficiency in the present DFG process is about 10-6?J-1?using a 0.1-mm-thick GaSe single crystal with the only ε- phase polytype, which can be greater than that of the commercially available Bridgman grown GaSe crystal including both ε- and γ-phase polytypes.

Stability of Nonlinear Te Surface Waves along the Boundary of Left-Handed Material

This paper is concerned with the stability characteristics of nonlinear surface waves propagating along a left-handed substrate (LHM) and a non-linear dielectric cover. These characteristics have been simulated numerically by using the perturbation method. The growth rate of perturbation is computed by solving the dispersion equation of perturbation. I found that the stability of nonlinear surface waves is affected by the frequency dependence of the electric permittivity εh and magnetic permeability μh of the LHM. The spatial evolution of the steady state field amplitude is determined by using computer simulation method. The calculations show that with increasing the effective refractive index nx at fixed saturation parameter μp, the field distribution is sharpened and concentrated in the nonlinear medium. The waves are stable of forward and backward behavior. At higher values of nx, attenuated backward waves are observed.