Estimation and Prediction of Typhoons and Wave Overtopping in Qingdao, China

This study aims to estimate and predict the impact of climate change on typhoons and wave overtopping during typhoon progresses in Qingdao, China. The SWAN wave model is used to simulate wave elements. The scale coefficients of wave overtopping are estimated using an empirical prediction formula. A total of 75 tropical cyclones affected Qingdao from 1949 to 2019. These tropical cyclones can be grouped into eight categories according to typhoon tracks. Typhoon wind speed during Track G is projected to decrease, and those of the other seven typhoon progresses will increase by 0.35% – 0.75% in 2025, 0.69% – 1.5% in 2035, and 1.38% – 3.0% in 2055. The significant wave height and wave overtopping outside the bay are greater than those inside the bay. Among the 506 typical points selected, the maximum values of the significant wave height and wave overtopping inside the bay are mainly distributed in the range of 0 – 2 m and 0 – 60 m^3 km^(-1) s^(-1), respectively. The increments of the significant wave height and wave overtopping of Track F are most obvious. The significant wave height of Track F will increase by 50.5% in 2025, 51.8% in 2035, and 53.4% in 2055. In the 2℃ scenario, the maximum value of wave overtopping of Track F will increase by 21.9% in 2025, 24.3% in 2035, and 29.5% in 2055. In the 4℃ scenario, the maximum value of wave overtopping of Track F will increase by 21.9% in 2025, 24.3% in 2035, and 29.5% in 2055.

Probabilistic Assessment of Wave Overtopping of Nampo Dikein the West Coast of Korea

The Nampo dike, which is located at the west coast of Korea, was destroyed by wave overtopping during the storms on 30 August and 17 September in 1959. In this paper, is performed the probabilistic assessment of wave overtopping of Nampo dike by use of Owen model, Van der Meer ＆ Janssen model and Hedges ＆ Reis model for wave overtopping of seawall. Based on the available tidal and wave data for storm surges in 1989, the risk assessment of wave overtopping of the Nampo dike has been carried out by both Level Ⅱ and Level Ⅲ reliability methods. The calculated resuhs show the general agreement of failure probability between the two methods. By utilizing the rehabilitated cross section of Nampo dike, the failure probability of wave overtopping for the Nampo dike after rehabilitation will be rapidly reduced to that of initial design at crest level of 9.0 m with the improved slope from 1 ： 2 to 1 ： 4 at seaside. Since the sea level may only rise 1.0 m in the next few decades, the failure probability of Nampo dike will be still in the safe range.

Numerical Modelling Investigation of Wave Interaction on Composite Berm Breakwater

The breakwaters have experienced many changes during their construction history.These changes have been considered to improve their performance,depending on their environmental conditions and applications.Numerical modelling was conducted using FLOW-3 D software.In this study,the wave overtopping from composite berm breakwater as new conceptual structure and the pressure imposed on the composite berm breakwater are considered and investigated.The results show a decrease of 84.01,70.88 and 61.42 percent of the wave overtopping in the composite berm breakwater,in comparison to the rubble mound breakwater,horizontally caisson breakwater and caisson breakwater,respectively.Also,the pressure applied to the composite berm breakwater with the pressure applied to the horizontally caisson breakwater was compared and evaluated.Composite berm breakwater compared with horizontally caisson breakwater in P1,the amount of the obtained pressure decreased by 52.09%,in P2 the amount of the obtained pressure decreased by 63.07%,in P3 decreased by 76.09%and in Pu,this pressure reduced by53.92%.For the composite berm breakwater,the impact of three types of berms,homogenous berm(Type 1),a berm consisting of armor-filter(Type 2)and multi-layer berm(Type 3)with the aim of optimizing the hydraulic responses and wave interaction on the caisson of the breakwater was examined and evaluated.In total,Type 3 will be recommended with a significant reduction in the overtopping values and maximum pressure.

Experimental Study of Irregular Wave Reflection by a Perforated Caisson Breakwater Under Wave Overtopping Conditions

The characteristics of irregular wave reflection by a perforated caisson breakwater under wave overtopping conditions were investigated using physical model tests.The effects of various parameters,especially the mean overtopping discharge that was mainly determined by the relative crest freeboard,on the reflection coefficient of perforated caisson breakwater were analyzed using experimental data.The results showed that the wave overtopping occurrence had no appreciable effect on the reflection coefficient when the mean overtopping discharge was less than 0.2 m^(3)(m s)^(−1).Under the wave overtopping condition,the reflection coefficient of the perforated caisson breakwater in this study was reduced by 20%-50% compared with that of the non-perforated caisson breakwater.A predictive formula of the reflection coefficient for perforated caisson breakwaters in terms of relative water depth,relative chamber width,and porosity of the caisson front wall,was developed for practical engineering design.

Experimental Study of Overtopping on Sea Dikes and Coastal Flooding Under the Coupled Processes of Tides and Waves

Storm surges are cataclysmic natural disasters that occur along the coasts and are usually accompanied by large waves.The effects of coupled storm surges and waves can pose a significant threat to coastal security.Previous labo-ratory studies on the effects of storm surges and waves on coastal structures have typically utilized steady water levels and constant wave elements.An indoor simulation of the coupled processes of tides and waves is developed by adding a tide generation system to an existing laboratory wave basin to model continuous dynamic tide levels so that tide generation and wave-making occur synchronously in the pool.Specific experimental methods are given,which are applied to further study waves overtopping on artificial sea dikes and coastal flooding evolution under the coupled actions of tides and waves.The results of the overtopping discharge obtained by the test with a dynamic water level are compared with those obtained from steady water level tests and the existing empirical formula.In addition,the impacts of ecological coastal shelterbelts and structures on coastal flood processes and distributions are also investi-gated.The proposed simulation methods provide a new approach for studying the effects of storm surges and waves on coastal areas.The study also aims to provide a reference for coastal protective engineering.

Numerical Simulation of Spatial Distribution of Wave Overtopping on Non-reshaping Berm Breakwaters

This study presents the results of a 2D numerical modeling investigation on the performance of non-reshaping berm breakwaters with a special look at the spatial distribution of irregular wave overtopping using FLOW-3D CFD code.The numerical model is based on Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes solver(RANS)and volume of fluid(VOF)surface capturing scheme(RANS-VOF).The numerical model has been validated using experimental data.The armor and core porosities have been used as calibration factors to reproduce the wave overtopping distribution.The computed distributions of wave overtopping behind the structure agree well with the measurements for a non-reshaping berm breakwater.A formula is derived to relate the spatial distribution of wave overtopping water behind non-reshaping berm breakwaters to non-dimensional forms of wave height,wave period,berm width,berm height,and armor freeboard based on numerical results.This formula model agreed reasonably well with numerical model results.

Field observation of wave overtopping at sea dike using shore-based video images

Wave overtopping at a sea dike was observed using video images during a storm in July 2018 at Rizhao Coast,China.A shore-based video monitoring system was mounted to collect coastal images with a sample frequency of 1 Hz in the beginning 10 min of each hour during daylight.A method to extract the frequency,location,width and duration of individual overtopping events based on the shore-based video monitoring system was developed.A total of 6252 individual overtopping events were detected over a 360m long sea dike during the storm of 10 h in a safe and labor-saving way,enabling a detailed analysis of the temporal and spatial variation of wave overtopping.The temporal variation of overtopping duration,frequency and volume is basically in sync with the change of tidal level(R=0.87,0.82 and 0.76,respectively).The increase of wave height increases the overtopping frequency significantly.We found a high correlation between the hourly observed data and the predicted results of two commonly used formulae.Unlike the previous field measurements of overtopping that were limited in a single location,significant spatial variation of overtopping in the alongshore direction is found.The overtopping volume varies with a factor of 6 within the range of several wave lengths.It is further revealed that the spatial variation of overtopping is highly correlated with the alongshore variation of surf zone width with a correlation coefficient of 0.895.The present study suggests the feasibility of shore-based video monitoring technique to capture the main features of wave overtopping at coastal dikes,providing new possibilities to monitor wave overtopping in the field and to improve prediction tools.