A new model for film bulk acoustic wave resonators

Based on cavity resonance and sandwich composite plate （3D） theoretical model for frequency dispersion characterization theory, this paper presents a universal three-dimensional and displacement profile shapes of the film bulk acoustic resonator （FBARs）. This model provides results of FBAR excited thickness-extensional and flexure modes, and the result of frequency dispersion is proposed in which the thicknesses and impedance of the electrodes and the piezoelectric material are taken into consideration; its further simplification shows good agreement with the modified Butterworth-Van-Dyke （MBVD） model. The displacement profile reflects the vibration stress distribution of electrode shapes and the lateral resonance effect, which depends on the axis ratio of the electrode shapes a/b. The results are consistent with the 3D finite element method modeling and laser interferometry measurement in general.

Development of two-port surface acoustic wave resonator with Al/Au electrodes for gas sensing

Simple and efficient surface acoustic wave （SAW） two-port resonators with low insertion loss and high Q-values on ST-X quartz substrate using a corrosion-proof A1/Au-stripe electrode structure are developed for gas sensing. It was composed of two shorted grating reflectors and adjacent intedigital transducers （IDT）, and an active metal film in the cavity between the IDTs for the sensitive film coating. The devices are expected to provide good protection towards metal electrode for gas sensors application in chemically reactive environments. Excellent device performance as low insertion loss, high Q factor and single-mode are achieved by carefully selecting the metallic electrode thickness, cavity length and acoustic aperture. Prior to fabrication, the coupling of modes （COM） model was performed for device simulation to determine the optimal design parameters. The fabricated single-mode SAW resonator at operation frequency of 300 MHz range exhibits matched insertion loss of ~6.5 dB and loaded Q factor in the 3000 range. Using the fabricated resonator as the feedback element, a duaresonator-oscillator with excellent frequency stability （0.1 ppm） was developed and evaluated experimentally, and it is significant for performance improvement of SAW gas sensor.

Electromagnetic design and optimization of a superconducting quarter wave resonator

Superconducting （SC） cavities currently used for the acceleration of protons at a low velocity range are based on half wave resonators. Due to the rising demand on high current, the issue of beam loading and space charge problems has arisen. Qualities of low cost and high accelerating efficiency are required for SC cavities, which are properly fitted by using an SC quarter wave resonator （QWR）, We propose a concept of using QWRs with frequency 162.5 MHz to accelerate high current proton beams. The electromagnetic design and optimization of the prototype have been finished at Peking University. An analytical model derived by the transmission line theory is used to predict an optimal combination of the geometrical parameters, with which the calculation by Microwave Studio shows a good agreement. The thermal analysis to identify the temperature rise of the demountable bottom plate under various levels of thermal contact also has been done, and the maximum increment is less than 0.5 K even though the contact state is poor.

A preliminary study of the feasibility of using superconducting quarter-wave resonators for accelerating high intensity proton beams

The superconducting （SC） cavities currently used for the acceleration of protons at a low velocity range are based on half-wave resonators. Due to the rising demand on high current, the issue of beam loading and space-charge problems has arisen. Qualities of low cost and high accelerating efficiency are required for SC cavities, which are properly fitted by using SC quarter-wave resonators （QWR）. We propose a concept of using QWRs with frequency 162.5 MHz to accelerate high current proton beams. The main factor limiting SC QWRs being applied to high current proton beams is vertical beam steering, which is dominantly caused by the magnetic field on axis. In this paper, we intend to analyze steering and eliminate it to verify the qualification of using QWRs to accelerate high intensity proton beams.

Hydrodynamic Behavior of Fluid Resonance Between Twin Boxes in Moonpool with Various Edge Profiles Under Wave Actions

Fluid resonance in moonpool formed by twin boxes under wave actions is investigated by using a viscous numerical wave flume with ReNormalization Group(RNG)turbulent model.The accuracy of the numerical model is validated by available experimental data.Three types of edge profiles,the sharp edge,concave edge and convex edge are con-sidered.Numerical simulations show that the normalized resonant amplitude in moonpool decreases with the decrease of moonpool opening or increase of incident wave amplitude.The increased reflection coefficients are the major reason for the phenomena,implying less wave energy is able to support the wave resonance in moonpool.With the increase of incident wave height,the energy coefficients increase for convex edges around resonant fre-quency,which are oppositely with those of sharp and concave edges.Various flow patterns of the wave resonance in the vicinity of the moonpool entrance are also identified,which are mainly dependent on the edge profiles.

Simulation of thermoacoustic waves by a pressure-based algorithm for compressible flows

A modified SIMPLEC method which can solve compressible flows at low Mach number is introduced and used to study thermoacoustic waves induced by a rapid change of temperature at a solid wall and alternating- direction flows generated by thermoacoustic effects in a ta- pered resonator. The results indicate that the algorithm adopted in this paper can be used for calculating com- pressible flows and thermoacoustic waves. It is found that the pressure and velocity in the resonator behave as stand- ing waves, and the tapered resonator can suppress high- frequency harmonic waves as observed in a cylindrical res- onator.

Tunable Ba_(0.5) Sr_(0.5) TiO_3 film bulk acoustic resonators using SiO_2 /Mo Bragg reflectors

Tunable and switchable Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 TiO 3 film bulk acoustic resonators（FBARs） based on SiO 2 /Mo Bragg reflectors are explored,which can withstand high temperature for the deposition of Ba x Sr 1 x TiO 3（BST） films at 800 C.The dc bias-dependent resonance may be attributed to the piezoelectricity of the BST film induced by an electrostrictive effect.The series resonant frequency is strongly dc bias-dependent and shifts downwards with dc bias increasing,while the parallel resonant frequency is only weakly dc bias-dependent and slightly shifts upwards at low dc bias（ 45 V） while downwards at higher dc bias.The calculated relative tunability of shifts at series resonance frequency is around 2.3% and the electromechanical coupling coefficient is up to approximately 8.09% at 60-V dc bias,which can be comparable to AlN FBARs.This suggests that a high-quality tunable BST FBAR device can be achieved through the use of molybdenum（Mo） as the high acoustic impedance layer in a Bragg reflector,which not only provides excellent acoustic isolation from the substrate,but also improves the crystallinity of BST films withstanding higher deposition temperature.

Relationship of mode transitions and standing waves in helicon plasmas

Helicon wave plasma sources have the well-known advantages of high efficiency and high plasma density, with broad applications in many areas. The crucial mechanism lies with mode transitions, which has been an outstanding issue for years. We have built a fluid simulation model and further developed the Peking University Helicon Discharge code. The mode transitions, also known as density jumps, of a single-loop antenna discharge are reproduced in simulations for the first time. It is found that large-amplitude standing helicon waves(SHWs) are responsible for the mode transitions, similar to those of a resonant cavity for laser generation.This paper intends to give a complete and quantitative SHW resonance theory to explain the relationship of the mode transitions and the SHWs. The SHW resonance theory reasonably explains several key questions in helicon plasmas, such as mode transition and efficient power absorption, and helps to improve future plasma generation methods.

Plural interactions of space charge wave harmonics during the development of two-stream instability

We construct a cubically nonlinear theory of plural interactions between harmonics of the growing space charge wave（SCW） during the development of the two-stream instability. It is shown that the SCW with a wide frequency spectrum is formed when the frequency of the first SCW harmonic is much lower than the critical frequency of the two-stream instability.Such SCW has part of the spectrum in which higher harmonics have higher amplitudes. We analyze the dynamics of the plural harmonic interactions of the growing SCW and define the saturation harmonic levels. We find the mechanisms of forming the multiharmonic SCW for the waves with frequencies lower than the critical frequency and for the waves with frequencies that exceed the critical frequency.

ATTRACTOR FOR WEAKLY DAMPED DRIVEN LONG WAVE-SHORT WAVE RESONANCE EQUATION

Abstract The existence of solution and universal attractor for weakly damped driven long wave short wave resonance equation are obtained.

Nonlinear three-magnon scattering in low-damping La_(0.67)Sr_(0.33)MnO_(3)thin films

Three-magnon scattering,a nonlinear process in which a high-energy magnon splits into two low-energy magnons with energy and momentum conservation,has been widely studied in the magnonics community.Here,we report experimental observation of nonlinear three-magnon scattering in La_(0.67)Sr_(0.33)MnO_(3)thin films with low magnetic damping(~10^(-4))by all-electric and angle-resolved spin wave spectroscopy.The reflection spectra of the spin wave resonance with high-power excitation at Damon–Eshbach configuration demonstrate a scattering regime with gradual signal disappearance,where a magnon of Damon–Eshbach mode decays into two magnons of volume mode above the threshold power(-10 dBm)of the injected microwave.The nonlinear scattering is only allowed at low-field regime and the calculated dispersions of dipole-exchange spin wave claim the mechanism of allowed and forbidden three-magnon scattering.The films and heterostructures of La_(0.67)Sr_(0.33)MnO_(3)have been already demonstrated with rich physical phenomena and great versatility,in this work the nonlinear magnetic dynamics of La_(0.67)Sr_(0.33)MnO_(3)thin films is revealed,which offer more possibility for applications to oxide magnonics and nonlinear magnonic devices.

Particle distributions in Lamb wave based acoustofluidics

Acoustic streaming enabled by a Lamb wave resonator(LWR)is efficient for particle trapping and enrichment in microfluidic channels.However,because Lamb waves combine the features of bulk acoustic waves and surface acoustic waves,the resulting acoustic streaming in the LWR occurs in multiple planes,and the particle flow behavior in this acoustofluidic system is largely unknown.Reported here are numerical simulations and laboratory experiments conducted to investigate the boundary conditions for particle motion inside a microvortex induced by an LWR.Upon dynamic capture,the particles’trajectories become orbital paths within an acoustic vortex.The suspended particles encounter two distinct acoustic phenomena,i.e.,the drag force resulting from acoustic streaming and the acoustic radiation force,which exert forces in various directions on the particles.When the acoustic radiation force and the fluid drag force are dominant for large and small particles in a mixed solution,respectively,the large particles reside within the vortex while the small particles remain at its periphery.Conversely,when the acoustic radiation force is dominant for both types of particles,the distribution pattern is reversed.

Manipulations of micro/nanoparticles using gigahertz acoustic streaming tweezers

Contactless acoustic manipulation of micro/nanoscale particles has attracted considerable attention owing to its near independence of the physical and chemical properties of the targets,making it universally applicable to almost all biological systems.Thin-film bulk acoustic wave(BAW)resonators operating at gigahertz(GHz)frequencies have been demonstrated to generate localized high-speed microvortices through acoustic streaming effects.Benefitting from the strong drag forces of the high-speed vortices,BAW-enabled GHz acoustic streaming tweezers(AST)have been applied to the trapping and enrichment of particles ranging in size from micrometers to less than 100 nm.However,the behavior of particles in such 3D microvortex systems is still largely unknown.In this work,the particle behavior(trapping,enrichment,and separation)in GHz AST is studied by theoretical analyses,3D simulations,and microparticle tracking experiments.It is found that the particle motion in the vortices is determined mainly by the balance between the acoustic streaming drag force and the acoustic radiation force.This work can provide basic design principles for AST-based lab-on-a-chip systems for a variety of applications.

Analytical and numerical studies for Seiches in a closed basin with bottom friction

A standing wave oscillation in a closed basin,known as a seiche,could cause destruction when its period matches the period of another wave generated by external forces such as wind,quakes,or abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure.It is due to the resonance phenomena that allow waves to have higher amplitude and greater energy,resulting in damages around the area.One condition that might restrict the resonance from occurring is when the bottom friction is present.Therefore,a modified mathematical model based on the shallow water equations will be used in this paper to investigate resonance phenomena in closed basins and to analyze the effects of bottom friction on the phenomena.The study will be conducted for several closed basin shapes.The model will be solved analytically and numerically in order to determine the natural resonant period of the basin,which is the period that can generate a resonance.The computational scheme proposed to solve the model is developed using the staggered grid finite volume method.The numerical scheme will be validated by comparing its results with the analytical solutions.As a result of the comparison,a rather excellent compatibility between the two results is achieved.Furthermore,the impacts that the friction coefficient has on the resonance phenomena are evaluated.It is observed that in the prevention of resonances,the bottom friction provides the best performance in the rectangular type while functioning the least efficient in the triangular basin.In addition,non-linearity effect as one of other factors that provide wave restriction is also considered and studied to compare its effect with the bottom friction effect on preventing resonance.

Harmonic Analyses of Hydrodynamic Characteristics for Gap Resonance Between Fixed Box and Vertical Wall

Two marine structures arranged side by side with a narrow gap may suffer from violent free-surface resonance,which would cause green water on deck,dramatically raise hydrodynamic loads on structures and seriously threaten the operation safety.The CFD-based open-sourced software,OpenFOAM?,is employed to simulate the twodimensional fluid resonance inside a narrow gap between a fixed box and a vertical wall induced by regular waves with different wave heights.The topographies with various plane slopes are placed in front of the wall.The focus of this article is on the influences of the incident wave height and the topographic slope on the nonlinear characteristics of various hydrodynamic parameters(including the wave height in the gap,the vertical wave force,and the horizontal wave force on the box)during gap resonance.The ratios of their high-order to the corresponding 1 st-order components under different sets of the incident wave height and the topographic slope are analyzed.It is found that the relative importance of all the high-order components increases gradually with the incident wave height for all the three parameters.The topographic influence on them closely depends on the type of the parameters and the incident wave height.In addition,the occurrence of the 2 nd-order gap resonance phenomenon can cause the 2 nd-order wave height and horizontal force to be significantly larger than the corresponding 1 st-order components.

Development of plasma sources for Dipole Research EXperiment(DREX)

Dipole Research EXperiment（DREX） is a new terrella device as part of the Space Plasma Environment Research Facility（SPERF） for laboratory studies of space physics relevant to the inner magnetospheric plasmas. Adequate plasma sources are very important for DREX to achieve its scientific goals. According to different research requirements, there are two density regimes for DREX. The low density regime will be achieved by an electron cyclotron resonance（ECR） system for the ‘whistler/chorus＇ wave investigation, while the high density regime will be achieved by biased cold cathode discharge for the desired ‘Alfvén＇ wave study. The parameters of ‘whistler/chorus＇ waves and ‘Alfvén＇ waves are determined by the scaling law between space and laboratory plasmas in the current device. In this paper, the initial design of these two plasma sources for DREX is described. Focus is placed on the chosen frequency and operation mode of the ECR system which will produce relatively low density ‘artificial radiation belt＇ plasmas and the seed electrons, followed by the design of biased cold cathode discharge to generate plasma with high density.

200 MW S-band traveling wave resonant ring development at IHEP

The resonant-ring is a traveling wave circuit, which is used to produce high peak power with comparatively smaller stored energy. The application to be considered is its use as a high power simulator mainly for testing the klystron ceramic output window, as well as for high power microwave transmission devices. This paper describes the principle of a resonant ring and introduces the structure and property of the newly constructed traveling wave resonant ring at IHEP. Our goal is to produce a 200 MW class resonant ring at 2.856 GHz with a pulse length of 2μs and repetition rate of 25 Hz. The installation, commissioning and testing of the ring have been completed and a peak power of 200 MW at 3 μs has been achieved. The conditioning results show that all the parameters of the resonant ring reach the design goals.

Theoretical and numerical investigations of wave resonance between two floating bodies in close proximity

A simple theoretical dynamic model with a linearized damping coefficient is proposed for the gap resonance problem, as often referred to as the piston mode wave motion in a narrow gap formed by floating bodies. The relationship among the resonant response amplitude and frequency, the reflection and transmission coefficients, the gap width, and the damping coefficient is obtained. A quantitative link between the damping coefficient of the theoretical dynamic model（ε） and that devised for the modified potential flow model（μ_p） is established, namely, μ_p=3πεω_n/8 （where ω_n is the natural frequency）. This link clarifies the physical meaning of the damping term introduced into the modified potential flow model. A new explicit approach to determine the damping coefficient for the modified potential model is proposed, without resorting to numerically tuning the damping coefficient by trial and error tests. The effects of the body breadth ratio on the characteristics of the gap resonance are numerically investigated by using both the modified potential flow model and the viscous RNG turbulent model. It is found that the body breadth ratio has a significant nonlinear influence on the resonant wave amplitude and the resonant frequency. With the modified potential flow model with the explicit damping coefficient, reasonable predictions are made in good agreement with the numerical solutions of the viscous fluid model.

Room temperature continuous wave operation of quantum cascade laser atλ~9.4μm

Continuous wave（CW） operation of long wave infrared（LWIR） quantum cascade lasers（QCLs） is achieved up to a temperature of 303 K. For room temperature CW operation, the wafer with 35 stages was processed into buried heterostructure lasers. For a 2-mm-long and 10-μm-wide laser with high-reflectivity（HR） coating on the rear facet, CW output power of 45 m W at 283 K and 9 m W at 303 K is obtained. The lasing wavelength is around 9.4 μm locating in the LWIR spectrum range.

A study on nonlinear steady-state waves at resonance in water of finite depth by the amplitude-based homotopy analysis method

Nonlinear steady-state waves are obtained by the amplitude-based homotopy analysis method(AHAM)when resonances among surface gravity waves are considered in water of finite depth.AHAM,newly proposed in this paper within the context of homotopy analysis method(HAM)and well validated in various ways,is able to deal with nonlinear wave interactions.In waves with small propagation angles,it is confirmed that more components share the wave energy if the wave field has a greater steepness.However,in waves with larger propagation angles,it is newly found that wave energy may also concentrate in some specific components.In such wave fields,off-resonance detuning is also considered.Bifurcation and symmetrical properties are discovered in some wave fields.Our results may provide a deeper understanding on nonlinear wave interactions at resonance in water of finite depth.