Wave-Induced Seepage Force Acting on Cylinder Groups

Wave-induced seepage force acting on cylinder groups is studied by using Biot consolidation theory in this paper. Both tandem arrangement and side by side arrangement are considered simultaneously. The variations of the coefficient of grouping effect with the distance between cylinders for different KD are discussed. In order to verify the numerical solution, several sets of experiments are conducted. The agreement between numerical and experimental solutions is satisfactory.

Effect mechanism of seepage force on the hydraulic fracture propagation

The flow of fluid through the porous matrix of a reservoir rock applies a seepage force to the solid rock matrix.Although the seepage force exerted by fluid flow through the porous matrix of a reservoir rock has a notable influence on rock deformation and failure,its effect on hydraulic fracture(HF)propagation remains ambiguous.Therefore,in this study,we improved a traditional fluid–solid coupling method by incorporating the role of seepage force during the fracturing fluid seepage,using the discrete element method.First,we validated the simulation results of the improved method by comparing them with an analytical solution of the seepage force and published experimental results.Next,we conducted numerical simulations in both homogeneous and heterogeneous sandstone formations to investigate the influence of seepage force on HF propagation.Our results indicate that fluid viscosity has a greater impact on the magnitude and extent of seepage force compared to injection rate,and that lower viscosity and injection rate correspond to shorter hydraulic fracture lengths.Furthermore,seepage force influences the direction of HF propagation,causing HFs to deflect towards the side of the reservoir with weaker cementation and higher permeability.

Limit analysis of roof collapse in tunnels under seepage forces condition with three-dimensional failure mechanism

The state of roof collapse in tunnels is actually three-dimensional, so constructing a three-dimensional failure collapse mechanism is crucial so as to reflect the realistic collapsing scopes more reasonably. According to Hoek-Brown failure criterion and the upper bound theorem of limit analysis, the solution for describing the shape of roof collapse in circular or rectangular tunnels subjected to seepage forces is derived by virtue of variational calculation. The seepage forces calculated from the gradient of excess pore pressure distribution are taken as external loading in the limit analysis, and it is of great convenience to compute the pore pressure with pore pressure coefficient. Consequently, the effect of seepage forces is taken as a work rate of external force and incorporated into the upper bound limit analysis. The numerical results of collapse dimensions with different rock parameters show great validity and agreement by comparing with the results of that with two-dimensional failure mechanism.

Upper bound limit analysis of roof collapse in shallow tunnels with arbitrary cross sections under condition of seepage force

The analytical solutions for predicting the exact shape of collapse mechanisms in shallow tunnels with arbitrary excavation profiles were obtained by virtue of the upper bound theorem of limit analysis and variation principle according to Hoek-Brown failure criterion. The seepage force was included in the upper bound limit analysis, and it was computed from the gradient of excess pore pressure distribution. The seepage was regarded as a work rate of external force. The numerical results of roof collapse in square and circular tunnels with different rock parameters were derived and discussed, which proves to be valid in comparison with the previous work. The influences of different parameters on the shape of collapsing blocks were also discussed.

Irregular wave－induced seepage action on cylinders resting on rubble mound foundation

In this paper, the irregular wave-induced seepage action on cylinders resting on rubble mound foundatoin (RMF) is studied by means of finite element method (FEM). The hydraulic resistance inside RMF is assumed to satisfy the nonlinear Forchheimer's equation and the seepage in the scabed is also considered. Model tests show good agreementwith the numerical results. The influence of several main parameters is discussed on the basis of vast calculations. In addition, the ratio of seepage forces, induced by regular and irregular waves respectively, is analyzed and thus a computaional method is put forward for practical engineering application to simplify the calculation of irregular wave-induced seepage forces.

Kinematic analysis of shallow tunnel in layered strata considering joined effects of settlement and seepage

The purpose of this work is to predict the state of collapse in shallow tunnel in layered strata by using a new curved failure mechanism within the framework of upper bound theorem.Particular emphasis is first given to consider the effects of seepage forces and surface settlement.Furthermore,the Hoek-Brown nonlinear failure criterion is adopted to analyze the influence of different factors on the collapsing shape.Two different curve functions which describe two different rock layers are obtained by virtual work equations under the variational principle.According to the numerical results,the parameter B in Hoek-Brown failure criterion and the unit weights in different rock layers have a positive relationship with the size of collapsing block while pore pressure coefficient and the parameter A in Hoek-Brown failure criterion present a reverse tend.

Seepage Mitigation in Hydropower Dams by Optimization in Roller Compacted Concrete Interlayer (Monoliths) Joint Bonding Technology

Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) has gained favorable recognition in hydropower and water resource dam construction. With optimization in construction technology and materials used for RCC Dams, cost is no longer a major disadvantage as compared to environmental impact, that is, wildlife habitat disruption. In as much as it has become optimal for investment in hydropower dam construction, the scourge for dam failure is still eminent, which is as a result of excessive seepage compromising the integrity of the mechanical properties of the dam. The aim of the paper is to highlight successful application methods in joint bonding to avoid excessive seepage and reduce the autogenous healing to a few years of operation. In view of optimization, this paper presents a comprehensive study on the influences of interlayer joints bonding quality from RCC mix performances and how it consolidates the RCC layers to withstand the shear strength along the interface, especially on the high dams. The case study is the RCC dam at the 750 MW Kafue Gorge Lower Hydropower Station. The scope of the study reviews the joint type judged by Modified Maturity Factor (MMF) with joint surface long time exposed in regions with dry and high temperature, technical measures of layer bonding quality control under condition of long time joint surface exposure, effects of joints shear strength and impermeability of the RCC layers when under the conditions of plastic and elasticity. The subtle observations made during the dam construction phases were with respect to the optimal use of materials in relation to RCC mix designs and the basis for equipment calibration for monitoring important data that can be referenced during analysis of shear forces acting on the RCC dam over time.

鄂尔多斯盆地长7_(3)亚段储层微观孔隙结构和固液作用力

针对鄂尔多斯盆地长7_(3)亚段页岩储层孔隙结构和固液作用力问题,首先,通过聚焦离子束电子显微镜、计算机断层扫描技术和原子力显微镜对纯页岩储层样品开展研究;其次,结合Avizo软件建立页岩多尺度三维重构模型,定量分析页岩孔隙结构特征;最后,提出页岩储层固液相互作用黏附力测试方法,测定原油与孔隙壁面之间的黏附力。研究结果表明:长7_(3)储层发育有粒间孔、粒内孔和有机质孔隙,有机质孔隙形状主要有条状、弯月状和椭圆状;在微米尺度下,可以清晰看到层理缝;在纳米尺度下,不同页岩结构的样品孔隙结构特征无明显差异,孔喉形态多为片状和条状;有机质与原油之间的黏附力最大,长英质与原油之间的黏附力次之,层理面与原油之间的黏附力最小,3种平均黏附力分别为0.098、0.063和0.041μN,长7_(3)页岩储层中壁面原油启动难度较大,这从力学角度解释了该区为原位转化重点区域的原因。

基于Pasternak海床模型的椭圆余弦波浪荷载作用下埋置管线动力响应解析解

通过两阶段分析方法,针对椭圆余弦波作用下埋置管线的动力响应进行了探究。基于椭圆余弦波理论,采用Biot固结方程推导了非线性波浪作用下浅水区埋置管线所受的周期波浪压力;将管线考虑为动力Pasternak海床模型上的Euler-Bernoulli梁,将波浪动荷载施加到管线上获得无限长管线的动力响应偏微分控制方程;利用Fourier变换和Laplace变换并借助卷积定理得到管线挠度、速度、加速度、转角、弯矩和剪力的动力响应解。通过与三维有限元数值算例及既有试验结果对比验证了解析解的正确性与适用性。对椭圆余弦波作用下埋置管线的动力响应特性进行了敏感参数分析,结果表明:波浪高度H显著影响了波面形状与海床内波浪力大小,不同浪高下管线转角、弯矩和剪力的变化更明显,而挠度、速度和加速度响应敏感性则较低。

水位变化下浅埋盾构隧道开挖面渗透力与稳定性研究

为分析临江地区透水地层浅埋盾构开挖面渗流作用下的稳定性,结合安庆市沿江东路管廊盾构段典型断面,建立浅埋盾构三维流固耦合数值模型,分析水位变化、土体力学性质对开挖面稳定性影响以及渗透力的变化规律,明确浅埋盾构渗透作用下开挖面的失稳形式,建立区别于传统破坏模型的圆台-弧转体数学模型,提出一种基于极限分析上限法且考虑渗透力作用的极限支护压力的计算方法,并与已有研究结果相对比,验证该方法的可行性;根据该方法分析水位、土体力学参数、盾构掘进参数对极限支护压力的影响。研究结果表明:黏聚力及内摩擦角增加会导致破坏区高度显著减小,而水位增加会导致破坏区高度及长度显著增加;开挖面上渗透力随开挖面与拱顶的距离增大而增大,渗透力随水位变化呈线性变化,平均渗透力随水位变化率为2.75 kN·m^(-3);极限支护压力随黏聚力、水位呈线性变化,随摩擦角呈非线性变化;结合开挖面前方土层土体力学性质,极限支护压力随水位变化率为5.11~5.75 kPa,与实测土仓压力变化率6.38 kPa较吻合,控制土仓压力在80 kPa以上时能有效保证开挖面稳定。

渗流条件下曲线盾构隧道开挖面稳定性分析

为研究渗流条件下曲线盾构隧道开挖面稳定性,在筒仓理论和极限平衡法的基础上,对传统楔形体模型进行改进,建立了斜梯台-楔形棱柱体模型,推导出受渗流作用影响的浅埋曲线盾构隧道开挖面极限支护力的解析式,通过数值模拟及工程实例对模型结果进行了验证,并进行了参数影响分析。研究发现:在渗流条件作用下,渗流力构成了浅埋盾构隧道开挖面极限支护力的重要部分,本工程地质情况下,渗流力最高可占极限支护力的46%,且渗流力受地下水位的影响较大。本研究模型理论计算结果与数值模拟结果较为接近且误差在5%以内,证明本研究所提出的三维计算模型的合理性,实际施工中为保障工程安全,盾构隧道实际支护力大于极限支护力理论值,本研究公式解可为实际工程施工提供支护力参考值。曲线隧道极限支护力与土体内摩擦角、黏聚力及线路半径均呈负相关趋势,当隧道线路半径小于300 m时,隧道极限支护力波动幅度较大,而当线路半径大于600 m时,开挖面极限支护力逐渐接近直线隧道。在急曲线盾构隧道及不良地质情况下施工时需注意及时调整盾构参数来维持隧道开挖面稳定。

渗流管涌作用下松散堆积层结构演化规律

为揭示渗流管涌作用下松散堆积层结构演化规律,基于颗粒-孔隙尺度流固耦合方法,分别对密实、中密和疏松结构的松散堆积层开展渗流管涌仿真试验,从细观层面分析渗流管涌作用下松散堆积层颗粒迁移特征、颗粒流失量、颗粒间接触力链演化和骨架变形的结构演化特征。结果表明:渗流管涌主要以细颗粒迁移为主,存在局部“堵塞”现象,块石颗粒仅会在细颗粒迁移脱空后自由堆积。细颗粒迁移具有明显的“颗粒堆积”现象,主要集中在出口处,呈“上多下少”的特点。同时,渗流管涌发展过程中相同部位的孔隙率变化具有高度相似性,且结构越疏松越显著。管涌发展过程中,块石颗粒间接触承担主要的应力传递,力链演化的本质是堆积填料内部应力传递结构的改变。此外,下沉量和体应变均随时步增加,呈先急剧增加,后趋于平稳的态势,且随初始渗流速度越大,平稳时刻逐步提前。该研究成果可为从细观角度认识松散堆积层渗流管涌结构演化规律提供一定借鉴。

纳夜水库工程挡水建筑物设计及渗流分析

针对纳夜水库工程的挡水坝,采用ABAQUS数值模拟软件,对坝体的孔隙比、饱和度和孔压等渗流参数进行分析,提出具有针对性的防渗处理方案,并借助有限元软件对加固效果进行数值分析。结果表明:当坝体浸水后,坝体的孔隙比、饱和度和孔压等均增大;隔渗墙布设后,隔渗墙前后孔隙比和饱和度等出现突变,隔渗效果明显,满足工程正常运行的要求。

ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF WAVE-INDUCED SEEPAGE PRESSURE ACTING ON THE BASE OF BREAKWATER

The wave loads acting on a breakwater resting on seabed include not only the wave force from the wave field around the structure but also the wave-induced seepage pressure acting on the base of breakwater.The latter is also a circumstance load which can not be neglected in engineering design.This paper presents a closed-form analytical solution of wave-induced seep- age pressure acting on the base of breakwater resting on an infinite-depth porous elastic seabed. Based on the Biot's consolidation theory,the soil deformation and the compressibility of pore wa- ter are considered.The water wave pressure on sea bottom is determined by the linear water wave theory.The numerical results of uplifting force and moment caused by the wave-induced seepage pressure are given and the influences of soil deformation and pore water compressibility on the calculation results are discussed.

THE COMPUTATION OF SEEPAGE FORCE ON MARINE STRUCTURES WITH FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

The wave-induced seepage force is investigated on marine structures resting on or buried in the seabed.The bed is modelled as a poroelastic medium containing a nearly saturated water.The governing equations are solved with Finite Element Method.For a pipeline buried in the seabed,agreement between the present numerical results and that of Cheng H.D.(1986)is quite satisfactory.

波浪作用下含气海床内盾构隧道水力及位移响应分析

海底沉积物中气体通常以不连续的气相存在于海床土体中,既有理论研究较少考虑含气海床环境,波浪动压力引起的渗透力导致隧道衬砌附加变形也较少见之于文献。首先,通过Biot固结方程获得了气-水混合流控制方程,结合适用于浅水区的Stokes二阶非线性波浪理论获得了隧道衬砌周围的孔隙水压响应;其次,采用叠加法分别考虑了由波浪引起的海床土体内振荡孔压和累积孔压,并以衬砌周围可能出现的最大孔隙水压及渗透力作为最不利荷载工况,结合指数衰减模型描述衬砌劣化效应,获得了考虑波浪渗透力作用下隧道衬砌服役期间位移变化规律;最后,通过试验监测数据及数值模拟验证了本研究理论解析的准确性,通过对波浪周期、水深,海床剪切模量、海床含气量,隧道半径、埋深、衬砌劣化系数进行分析。结果表明:海床含气量增大能降低波浪压力向海床内部传播,并减弱超静孔压的累积效应;随着海床含气量逐渐增大,隧道衬砌周围孔压极值不断减小且出现相位滞后,隧道外渗透力、衬砌径向位移均随着海床含气量增加而明显降低;波浪周期增大、海水深度降低均能明显使海床表面的波浪压力增大,诱发隧道衬砌周围产生较大的渗透力,从而发生较大径向位移,小半径、浅埋深能够有效降低累积孔压造成的渗透力影响;当衬砌劣化系数相同时,含气量越低的海床内波浪引起的超静孔隙水压影响越显著,衬砌产生较大径向位移,不利于隧道的正常服役。

考虑群井效应下的预降水引发地表沉降计算与分析

潜水层基坑开挖前预降水处理会引起地表沉降,提前预测地表沉降数值对于实际工程具有重要意义。对于预降水处理引起的地表沉降值,采用理论计算和数值模拟的方法分别进行求解。理论计算考虑群井效应,提出预测水位降深曲线,以原地下水位和预测水位降深曲线为分界,分区计算沉降量,叠加后得最终沉降量;数值模拟采用PLAXIS 3D建模,用井单元模拟降水井,流固耦合对预降水期间周围地表沉降求解,并揭示群井效应下抽水流量和孔压变化规律。为验证理论计算方法可行性,用规范法计算结果和工程实测数据加以验证分析,结果表明,所用理论计算和数值模拟值方法能较好地接近实测值,具有一定的工程实用价值。

富水软岩隧道破碎带围岩稳定性及预留变形量优化研究

为了掌握穿越富水断层破碎带隧道围岩大变形规律及改善支护参数。首先推导渗流力作用下圆形洞室弹塑性解析表达式,并且引入Caquot公式和Kastner公式,得到考虑渗流力条件下的围岩形变压力和松动压力与围岩变形之间的关系,确定围岩特征曲线。根据隧道支护方式,得到隧道支护特征曲线。并通过现场监测,验证理论分析正确性,优化破碎带围岩预留变形量值。研究结果表明:考虑渗流力、围岩塑性形变压力和松动压力共同作用下围岩变形规律与现场监测结果比较接近。考虑渗流力、围岩形变和松动压力求出的围岩压力大于不考虑渗流时得到的结果,考虑渗流力、围岩形变和松动压力时地层与支护结构达到平衡时的变形量比不考虑渗流时大0.15 m。根据围岩-支护相互作用全过程规律曲线,通过曲线交点,得到预留变形量理论值,对比隧道大变形段的监测结果,确定破碎带围岩最优预留变形量为300 mm。研究结果能准确表征渗流效应、围岩形变和松动压力对富水软弱破碎带围岩大变形影响规律,对类似工程的支护设计优化有明确的指导意义。

富水砂层过河明挖隧道基坑围堰方案比选及结构稳定性分析

明挖基坑是基坑工程中的一种常见形式,而围堰是基坑工程中常用的封闭方式,选择合适的围堰施工方案能够降低施工措施费用、简化施工程序、提高施工进度。依托安徽省亳州市某过河隧道工程,利用连续介质有限元软件Plaxis建立计算模型,数值模拟分析结果表明:由于过河隧道穿越砂层深厚、渗透系数大,导致钢板桩围堰受到较大的渗流力作用,容易发生偏移,因此适宜采用充砂模袋作为基坑围堰,延长渗流路径从而有效降低渗流力对基坑开挖的影响。数值模拟所得到的计算结果与实际监测结果差别较小,趋势一致,采用充砂模袋围堰方案可以有效保证基坑开挖的渗流和变形稳定。

渗流力对裸眼井筒周围应力场及地层破裂压力影响机理研究

流体渗流进入储层岩石的孔隙喉道时会给岩石骨架施加渗流力作用,该力会打破储层岩石原有的应力平衡状态,影响岩石的变形与破坏.尽管大量实验与数值模拟研究已经证实渗流力对岩土破坏有显著影响,但在石油工程领域有关渗流力的研究鲜有报道.渗流力对水力压裂裂缝起裂与扩展的影响机理仍不清楚.基于此,文章首先基于土力学渗流力定义式和Biot固结理论对压裂液渗流进入岩石孔隙时渗流力的作用机理进行了研究.然后以裸眼井为例分析了渗流力作用形成的应力场,推导了考虑渗流力作用的地层破裂压力解析解公式,揭示了渗流力作用对裸眼井地层破裂压力的影响规律.研究结果表明:孔隙压差等于一个大气压时,单位立方厘米岩样所受体积力渗流力的大小远超同等大小岩样所受体积力重力的大小,渗流力对储层岩石的作用不可忽视.压裂液渗流进入储层岩石孔隙时,渗流力作用可以显著降低裸眼井筒周围的有效周向应力,增大井壁发生拉伸破坏的可能. Biot有效应力系数越大,渗流力作用越强,井筒周围应力场被渗流力作用影响的范围越大.相比较不可渗透的储层,渗流力作用显著降低了裸眼井的地层破裂压力.地层深度越大,两向应力差越小时渗流力作用对裸眼井地层破裂压力的影响越显著.