Wave-Induced Vertical Motions and Bending Momentsin Damaged Ships

The wave-induced vertical ship motions and bending moments of a double hull-oil tanker in realistic flooding conditions are studied. The scenarios investigated are represented by water ingress into the starboard ballast tanks for collision damage cases and both starboard and portside ballast tanks for grounding situations. Seakeeping computations are performed for eight damage scenarios and for the intact condition, each corresponding to different changes in displacement, trim, and heel. For each of the damage conditions, transfer functions of vertical motions and loads are calculated using a potential linear 3 D panel hydrodynamic code in the frequency domain that includes effect of the motion of the water in flooded tanks. A MATLAB code is developed to facilitate automated hydrodynamic simulation of many damage scenarios. Verification of seakeeping results is performed by comparing transfer functions with results of the previous study. Wave-induced vertical responses of damaged ship are then compared to those of intact ship using two spectral-based methods originating from uncertainty analysis of wave loads, which are convenient tools to assess consequences of damage on short-term ship responses. Generally, observed trend is that vertical wave-induced responses of damaged ship converge toward those of intact ship with increasing wave period. Fairly small differences between responses of asymmetrically damaged ship with respect to the symmetrical incoming wave directions are found. The results of the study are an efficient method for seakeeping assessment of damaged oil tankers and the framework for evaluating consequences of damage scenarios, heading angles, and sea conditions on seakeeping responses of damaged ships.The results can be used to decide if the intact ship model can be used instead of the damaged one for the emergency response procedure or for the risk assessment studies when modeling and computational time represent important limitations.

Strength performance of mortise and loose-tenon furniture joints under uniaxial bending moment

We determined the effects of adhesive type and loose tenon dimensions （length and thickness） on bending strength of T-shaped mor- tise and loose-tenon joints. Polyvinyl acetate （PVAc） and two-component polyurethane （PU） adhesives were used to construct joint specimens. The bending moment capacity of joints increased significantly with increased length and thickness of the loose tenon. Bending moment capacity of joints constructed with PU adhesive was approximately 13% higher than for joints constructed with PVAc adhesive. We developed a predictive equation as a function of adhesive type and loose tenon dimensions to estimate the strength of the joints constructed of oriental beech （Fagus orientalis L.） under uniaxial bending load.

Bending moment resistance of dowel corner joints in case-type furniture under diagonal compression load

We investigated bending moment resistance under diagonal compression load of comer doweled joints with plywood members. Joint members were made of ll-ply hardwood plywood of 19 mm thickness. Dowels were fabricated of Beech and Hornbeam species. Their diameters （6, 8 and 10 mm） and depths of penetration （9, 13 and 17 ram） in joint members were chosen variables in our experiment. By increasing the connector＇s diameter from 6 to 8 mm, the bending moment resistance under diagonal compressive load was increased, while it decreased when the diameter was increased from 8 to 10 mm. The bending moment re- sistance under diagonal compressive load was increased by increasing the dowel＇s depth of penetration. Joints made with dowels of Beech had higher resistance than dowels of Hornbeam. Highest resisting moment （45.18 N.m） was recorded for joints assembled with 8 mm Beech dowels penetrating 17 mm into joint members Lowest resisting moment （13.35 N.m） was recorded for joints assembled with 6 mm Hornbeam dowels and penetrating 9 mm into joint members.

Torque and bending moment acting on a flexible shaft agitated by disk turbines in a gas–liquid stirred vessel

The torque and bending moment acting on a flexible overhung shaft in a gas–liquid stirred vessel agitated by a Rushton turbine and three different curved-blade disk turbines(half circular blades disk turbine, half elliptical blades disk turbine, and parabolic blades disk turbine) were experimentally measured by a customized moment sensor. The results show that the amplitude distribution of torque can be fitted by a symmetric bimodal distribution for disk turbines, and generally the distribution is more dispersive as the blade curvature or the gas flow rate increases. The amplitude distribution of shaft bending moment can be fitted by an asymmetric Weibull distribution for disk turbines. The relative shaft bending moment manifests a "rising-falling-rising" trend over the gas flow number, which is a corporate contribution of the unstable gas–liquid flow around the impeller, the gas cavities behind the blades, and the direct impact of gas on the impeller. And the "falling" stage is greater and lasts wider over the gas flow number for Rushton turbine than for the curved-blade disk turbines.

Bending moment resistance of corner joints constructed with spline under diagonal tension and compression

We determined the effects of the penetration depth and spline material and composite material type as well as joining method on bending moment resistance under diagonal compression and tension in common wood panel structures. Composite materials were laminated medium density fiberboard （MDF） and particleboard. Joining methods were butt and miter types. Spline materials were high density fiberboard （HDF）. The penetration depths of plywood, wood （Carpinus betolus） and spline were 8, 11 and 14 mm. The results showed that in both diagonal com- pression and tension, MDF joints are stronger than particleboard joints, and the bending moment resistance under compression is higher compared with that in tension. The highest bending moment resistance under tension was shown in MDF, butt joined using plywood spline with 8 mm penetration depth, whereas under compression bending moment resistance was seen in MDF, miter joined with the HDF spline of 14 mm penetration depth.

Bending and Vibrations of a Thick Plate with Consideration of Bimoments

The paper is dedicated to the development of the theory of orthotropic thick plates with consideration of internal forces, moments and bimoments. The equations of motion of a plate are described by two systems of six equations. New equations of motion of the plate and the boundary conditions relative to displacements, forces, moments, and bimoments are given. As an example, the problems of free and forced oscillations of a thick plate are considered under the effect of sinusoidal periodic load. The problem is solved by Finite Difference Method. Eigenfrequencies of the plate are determined, numeric maximum values of displacements, forces and moments of the plate are obtained depending on the frequency of external force. It is shown that when the value of the frequency of external effect approaches the eigenfrequency, there occurs an increase in displacement, force and moment values;that testifies a gradual transition of the motion of plate points into the resonant mode.

NEW SOLUTION SYSTEM FOR CIRCULAR SECTOR PLATE BENDING AND ITS APPLICATION

Instead of the biharmonic type equation, a set of new governing equations and solving method for circular sector plate bending is presented based on the analogy between plate bending and plane elasticity problems. So the Hamiltonian system can also be applied to plate bending problems by introducing bending moment functions. The new method presents the analytical solution for the circular sector plate. The results show that the new method is effective.

Intra-trench variations in flexural bending of the subducting Pacific Plate along the Tonga-Kermadec Trench

We conducted a detailed analysis of along-trench variations in the flexural bending of the subducting Pacific Plate at the Tonga-Kermadec Trench.Inversions were conducted to obtain best-fitting solutions of trench-axis loadings and variations in the effective elastic plate thickness for the analyzed flexural bending profiles.Results of the analyses revealed significant along-trench variations in plate flexural bending:the trench relief(W0)of 1.9 to 5.1 km;trench-axis vertical loading(V0)of-0.5×10^12 to 2.2×10^12 N/m;axial bending moment(M0)of 0.1×10^17 to 2.2×10^17 N;effective elastic plate thickness seaward of the outer-rise region(Te^M)of 20 to 65 km,trench-ward of the outer-rise(Te^M)of 11 to 33 km,and the transition distance(Xr)of 20 to 95 km.The Horizon Deep,the second greatest trench depth in the world,has the greatest trench relief(W0 of 5.1km)and trench-axis loading(V0 of 2.2×10^12N/m);these values are only slightly smaller than that of the Challenger Deep(W0 of 5.7km and V0 of 2.9×10^12N/m)and similar to that of the Sirena Deep(W0 of 5.2 km and V0 of 2.0×10^12 N/m)of the Mariana Trench,suggesting that these deeps are linked to great flexural bending of the subducting plates.Analyses using three independent methods,i.e.,the/inversion,the flexural curvature/yield strength envelope analysis,and the elasto-plastic bending model with normal faults,all yielded similar average Te reduction of 28%-36% and average Te reduction area S△Te of 1195-1402 km^2 near the trench axis.The calculated brittle yield zone depth from the flexural curvature/yield strength envelope analysis is also consistent with the distribution of the observed normal faulting earthquakes.Comparisons of the Manila,Philippine,Tonga-Kermadec,Japan,and Mariana Trenches revealed that the average values Te^M of Te^M and both in general increase with the subducting plate age.

Nanoparticle Transport and Coagulation in Bends of Circular Cross Section via a New Moment Method

Transport of nanoparticles and coagulation is simulated with the combination of CFD in a circular bend. The Taylor-expansion moment method(TEMOM)is employed to study dynamics of nanoparticles with Brownian motion,based on the flow field from numerical simulation.A fully developed flow pattern in the present simulation is compared with previous numerical results for validating the model and computational code.It is found that for the simulated particulate flow system,the particle mass concentration,number concentration,particle polydispersity, mean particle diameter and geometric standard deviation over cross-section increase with time.The distribution of particle mass concentration at different time is independent of the initial particle size.More particles are concen-trated at outer edge of the bend.Coagulation plays more important role at initial stage than that in the subsequent period.The increase of Reynolds number and initial particle size leads to the increase of particle number concentration.The particle polydispersity,mean particle diameter and geometric standard deviation increase with decreasing Reynolds number and initial particle size.

Equivalent bending stiffness of simply supported preflex beam bridge with variable cross-section

In order to understand mechanical characters and find out a calculating method for preflex beams used in particular bridge engineering projects, two types of simply supported preflex beams with variable cross-section, preflex beam with alterative web depth and preflex beam with alterative steel flange thickness, are discussed on how to achieve the equivalent moment of inertia and Young’s modulus. Additionally, methods of calculating the equivalent bending stiffness and post-cracking deflection are proposed. Results of the experiments on 6 beams agree well with the theoretical analysis, which proves the correctness of the proposed formulas.

基于弯矩修正法的浅水区海底直铺管道允许悬跨长度计算

海底管道悬空问题是管道工程建设中经常遇到的重要问题,当管道的悬跨长度达到一定值时,管道较容易失稳,而悬空油气管道失稳破坏导致的后果往往非常严重,因此需要对悬空的海底管道进行定期的维护和处理,但由于海上作业难度大,针对悬空管道的治理成本非常高,因此可考虑对处于悬空但在安全允许悬空范围内的管道暂时不进行加固,此时就需要计算管道的允许悬跨长度,为管道的治理提供依据。由于我国油田大多建设在近海地区,因此在考虑管道的悬空问题时需考虑浅水区波浪的特点。本文考虑浅水区波浪的非线性影响,推导得到浅水区波浪场内任意一水质点的水平流速和竖向流速计算公式,并根据该公式和Morison方程,进一步建立了管道悬跨水动力载荷的表达式,最后基于弯矩修正法,提出浅水区平铺海底管道允许悬跨长度计算公式。根据工程实例,结合本文研究,计算得到该工程所在海区平铺管道允许悬跨长度。

砂土中冲刷条件下三筒基础水平承载特性研究

通过开展小比尺三筒基础承载力模型试验,研究冲刷条件下三筒基础水平承载特性,建立数值模型对模型试验结果进行验证与扩展,分析水平和弯矩荷载下,冲刷率e和相对筒间距S/D对极限承载力的影响,提出三筒基础极限承载力的冲刷修正系数dhe、dme的计算方法;采用固定荷载比方法,通过数值模型计算M-H加载条件下三筒基础的破坏包络线,分析冲刷率e和相对筒间距S/D对复合加载特性的影响,提出冲刷条件下三筒基础M-H破坏包络线公式。研究结果表明:冲刷条件下的三筒基础受水平和弯矩作用直至破坏的过程,经历弹性变形—塑性变形—失稳破坏3个阶段;三筒基础的水平极限承载力随冲刷率e的增大而下降,且下降速率逐渐增大,相同长径比的三筒基础的水平极限承载力随相对筒间距的减小而降低;随着冲刷率e的提高,三筒基础的M-H破坏包络线向内移动,随着相对筒间距S/D增大,归一化破坏包络线呈上凸的趋势。

考虑结合面影响的弯矩载荷下法兰螺栓载荷计算方法

针对法兰结构的结合面和螺栓共同承受外部弯矩载荷,基于梁的纯弯理论,依据梁的弯曲平面假设及单向受力假设,提出一种基于法兰整体惯性矩的螺栓载荷分析方法。该方法通过计算法兰结构在弯矩载荷下法兰结合面、螺栓的整体惯性矩,再根据弯矩载荷计算最大螺栓载荷。该方法根据法兰结合面尺寸、螺栓分布计算螺栓载荷,不受法兰结构形式的影响。采用该方法、有限元法、中心回转计算法、偏心回转计算法对典型法兰结构在弯矩载荷下的螺栓受力进行分析,该方法与有限元分析方法计算结果一致,相对于其他方法具有更高的精度。将该方法、中心回转计算法、偏心回转计算法应用于带有翼板的法兰结构,该方法得到的螺栓载荷相对较小。

Ⅱ型截面双层组合梁摩擦型螺栓连接节点弯矩分配系数

为探究Ⅱ型截面双层组合梁摩擦型螺栓连接节点翼缘和腹板的弯矩比,通过对3种腹板螺栓布置形式的Ⅱ型截面双层组合梁连接节点接触面滑移特征和力学传递机理的分析,进行Ⅱ型截面组合梁螺栓连接节点弯矩分配系数研究。结果表明:组合梁摩擦型螺栓连接节点滑移和力学传力过程可分为翼缘外接触面未完全滑移和完全滑移以及翼缘内接触面完全滑移3个阶段;组合梁摩擦型螺栓连接节点接触面承担弯矩与无连接板截面弯矩之和等于该梁截面处的理论弯矩,腹板接触面承担的弯矩主要由其上的水平摩擦力承担;摩擦型螺栓连接节点接触面上的摩擦力随节点滑移而重新分配,腹板螺栓布置形式对连接节点弯矩分配系数影响明显;根据推出的组合梁摩擦型螺栓连接节点的弯矩分配系数计算式所得结果与数值模拟结果吻合良好,最大误差为7.13%,该计算可用于优化螺栓连接设计。

含引气剂海工混凝土的抗冻性能及其梁受弯承载力

为了研究引气剂对海工混凝土抗冻性能及其梁受弯承载力的影响,对2种配合比6根海工混凝土梁及相应的冻损试件进行总计100次快速冻融试验;采用质量损失率、动弹性模量损伤度和抗压强度损失率对混凝土冻融损伤程度进行有效评价;考虑混凝土抗压强度退化以及等效矩形应力图系数的变化,提出了冻融作用下海工混凝土梁正截面受弯承载力计算公式。结果表明:加入引气剂可以增强海工混凝土的抗冻性能,降低梁的开裂弯矩退化速率,但会降低混凝土强度和梁的极限弯矩;在150次冻融循环内,提出的模型能够较好地预测冻融作用下海工混凝土梁的正截面受弯承载力。

简支变结构连续小箱梁桥负弯矩区UHPC-NC组合桥面板抗裂性研究

针对当前简支变结构连续小箱梁桥负弯矩区钢束易堵孔、运营中桥面开裂病害等问题,提出一种无负弯矩钢束的UHPC-NC组合桥面板结构。以一座3×30 m简支变结构连续小箱梁桥为研究对象,以正常使用极限状态梁体不开裂为控制准则确定UHPC合理构造尺寸,对所提出的负弯矩组合桥面板结构进行1∶2的缩尺模型试验。试验显示:裂缝首先出现于UHPC-NC交界面处的普通混凝土部分,随后逐渐向UHPC层沿伸,且C50混凝土开裂、梁体破坏对应的截面弯矩分别为3 520,9 152 kN·m(考虑1∶8弯矩缩尺比),大于正常使用极限状态、承载能力极限状态梁体截面弯矩3 300,5 838 kN·m,即该组合桥面板结构满足小箱梁的抗裂与承载能力要求。基于试验结果建立精细化有限元模型,采用参数分析法研究UHPC厚度对梁体开裂荷载、极限承载力等方面的影响。结果表明:梁体开裂弯矩主要由UHPC上覆层厚度决定,相较于普通钢筋混凝土梁,5 cm厚的UHPC上覆层可将梁体开裂弯矩提高28.9%,7.5 cm厚的UHPC上覆层可将梁体开裂弯矩提高41.6%;在配筋率不变的情况下,增大UHPC层厚度对梁体承载力无显著提升。综合考虑梁体受力性能以及施工便利性,建议背景工程UHPC厚度取10 cm。

全铁尾矿混凝土梁受弯性能试验研究

为了充分利用铁尾矿,对铁尾矿混凝土结构的力学性能进行探究,以铁尾矿粉为掺合料,铁尾矿碎石和铁尾矿砂分别作为粗、细骨料,制备成全铁尾矿混凝土(FITC)梁,并与以粉煤灰作掺合料,普通碎石及河砂作粗、细骨料的常规混凝土(CC)梁进行弯曲试验对比。首先,测试铁尾矿的各项参数,验证其作为混凝土原材料的可行性;其次,基于现行规范公式计算梁各阶段的承载力和挠度;最后,将FITC梁和CC梁的实测数值和计算数值对比分析。结果表明:FITC的强度比CC略低,弹性模量显著降低;FITC梁的开裂弯矩和极限弯矩与CC梁相当,梁的抗裂能力与承载力并未因FITC的强度和弹性模量比CC低而明显降低;在裂缝出现之前,FITC梁的混凝土应变与平截面假定基本一致;在荷载作用下,FITC梁受拉区混凝土应变比CC梁的大;FITC梁的延性、裂缝开裂间距均与CC梁接近,FITC梁弯剪区斜裂缝比CC梁更接近梁的顶部;在同等弯矩下,FITC梁的挠度大于CC梁的挠度,FITC梁的受拉纵筋应变也大于CC梁;中国现行设计规范对FITC梁的承载力计算是安全的,但挠度计算公式需要修正。