Wave-Induced Loads on Very Large FPSOs at Restricted Water Depth

The effects of water depth on the wave-induced vertical bending moment and shearing force on a very large FPSO are studied by experiments and computations for regular and irregular waves. The restricted water depth composite Green function is employed to develop a program for the computation of the hydrodynamic coefficients of the very large FPSO at shallow water. A three-segment model with 1∶100 scale is tested in the State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University for the verification of the numerical method. The experimental and computational results show that the water depth has a substantial effect on wave-induced loads. The wave-induced vertical loads increase with the decrease of water depth for shallow water. Especially, for ultra-shallow water these loads increase very evidently with the decrease of water depth. The long-term prediction values of wave-induced vertical loads increase with the decrease of the ratio of water depth to draught. The long-term prediction values of wave-induced vertical loads are about 8% larger than those for deep water when the ratio of water depth to draught is 3.0. However, water depth hardly affects the long-term prediction values of wave-induced loads when the ratio of water depth to draught is larger than 5.0.

Wave-induced seepage and its possible contribution to the formation of pockmarks in the Huanghe(Yellow) River delta

Wave-induced seepage and its possible contribution to the formation of pockmarks in the Huanghe(Yellow) River delta were investigated experimentally and numerically. Laboratory experiments were carried out to explore the response of a layered silty seabed with various saturation conditions under cyclic wave loads,in which the pore pressure and seepage-related phenomena were particularly monitored. Numerical models to simulate wave-induced seepage in the seabed were presented and evaluated,then applied to the Huanghe River delta. The experimental results show that the excess pore pressure decreases more rapidly at the surface layer,while the seepage-related phenomena are more pronounced when large cyclic loads are applied and the underlying layer is less saturated. The proposed numerical models were verified by comparing with the experiments. The calculated seepage depth agreed well with the depth of the pockmarks in the Huanghe River delta. The experimental and numerical results and the existing insitu investigations indicate that the wave-induced seepage may be a direct cause of the pockmarks in the Huanghe River delta. Extreme storm waves and the dual-layered structure of hard surface layer and weak underlying layer are essential external and internal factors,respectively. Wave- or current-induced scour and transport are possible contributors to the reformation of pockmarks at a later stage.

Study on Seepage Characteristics of Composite Bucket Foundation Under Eccentric Load

Under the effect of eccentric loads,when the suction pressure of the composite bucket foundation is leveled,the seepage failure is very easy to occur.The seepage failure occurrence causes the foundation to settle unevenly and impairs the bearing performance.This study uses ABAQUS finite element software to establish a composite bucket foundation model for finite element analysis.The model simulates the seepage of the foundation penetrating process under eccentric load to reveal the induced seepage characteristics of the bucket foundation.The most vulnerable position of seepage failure under the eccentric loading is elucidated.Critical suction formulas for different offset eccentric moment strategies are derived and compared with existing literature formulas.Then the derived formula is supplemented and corrected according to the pressure difference between adjacent cabins.Conclusions can be drawn:(1)Under eccentric loads,the critical suction decreases about 7%−10%.(2)The pressure difference between adjacent cabins impacts significantly on the seepage field,and the critical suction,at most,can be reduced by 17.56%.(3)the offset strategies have little effect on the seepage field.Efficient and appropriate strategies can be selected to meet the requirement of leveling in engineering project.

Crack propagation mechanism of compression-shear rock under static-dynamic loading and seepage water pressure

To reveal the water inrush mechanics of underground deep rock mass subjected to dynamic disturbance such as blasting, compression-shear rock crack initiation rule and the evolution of crack tip stress intensity factor are analyzed under static-dynamic loading and seepage water pressure on the basis of theoretical deduction and experimental research. It is shown that the major influence factors of the crack tip stress intensity factor are seepage pressure, dynamic load, static stress and crack angle. The existence of seepage water pressure aggravates propagation of branch cracks. With the seepage pressure increasing, the branch crack experiences unstable extension from stable propagation. The dynamic load in the direction of maximum main stress increases type I crack tip stress intensity factor and its influence on type II crack intensity factor is related with crack angle and material property. Crack initiation angle changes with the dynamic load. The initial crack initiation angle of type I dynamic crack fracture is 70.5°. The compression-shear crack initial strength is related to seepage pressure, confining pressure, and dynamic load. Experimental results verify that the initial crack strength increases with the confining pressure increasing, and decreases with the seepage pressure increasing.

Wave-induced pore water pressure in marine cohesive soils

Cyclic triaxial tests and numerical analyses were undertaken, in order to evaluate the wave-induced pore water pressure in seabed sediments in the Hangzhou Bay. The cyclic triaxial tests indicate that the rate of pore water pressure generation in cohesive soils decreases with time, and the development of the pore water pressure can be represented by a hyperbolic curve. Numerical analyses, taking into account the generation and dissipation of pore water pressure simultaneously, suggest that the pore water pressure buildup in cohesive soils may increase with time continuously until the pore water pressure ratio approaches to 1, or it may decrease after a certain time, which is controlled by drain conditions. These phenomena are different from those in sands. For waves with a retum period of 100 a in the Hangzhou Bay, if the wave duration is more than 60 h, then the pore water pressure ratio will be close to 1 and soil fabric failure will take place.

Effect of damage on gas seepage behavior of sandstone specimens

In underground engineering,such as geological CO2 sequestration,unconventional oil and gas exploration,and radioactive waste storage,permeability of rock is important to evaluate the potential CO2 storage capacity,improve oil and gas production,and prevent leakage of radioactive waste.In this study,hydrostatic stress tests and triaxial compression tests with gas permeability measurements were carried out on intact and damaged sandstone specimens.Three series of experiment were designed to evaluate the permeability evolution laws of sandstone under different testing conditions.They included triaxial seepage tests on intact specimens under different confining pressures,triaxial seepage tests on damaged specimens with different extents of damage,and hydrostatic seepage tests on damaged specimens under increasing and decreasing gas pressures.Based on the experimental results,the effects of effective confining pressure,extent of damage and increasing and decreasing gas pressure on permeability of sandstone were investigated.It shows that the permeability of the intact sandstone specimens first decreased and then increased,followed by a constant value with increase in axial strain.The permeability of the sandstone specimens was observed to decrease with increase in effective confining pressure.The extent of damage affects the permeability evolution,but does not influence the failure patterns of damaged sandstone.As the gas pressure increased,the permeability of the damaged sandstone specimen increased.Under the same gas pressure condition,the permeability during the decreasing process is generally higher than that during the increasing process.These experiments are expected to enhance our understanding of seepage behavior in underground rock masses.

Experimental Study on Seepage Characteristics of a Soil-Rock Mixture in a Fault Zone

A mixture of fault gouge and rubble taken out from a fault zone is used to prepare a S-RM(Soil-Rock Mixture)sample with rock block proportions of 20%,30%,40%,50%,60%and 70%,respectively.A GDS triaxial test system is used accordingly to measure the seepage characteristics of such samples under different loading and unloading confining pressures in order to determine the variation law of the permeability coefficient.The test results show that:(1)The permeability coefficient of the S-RM samples decreases as the pressure increases,and the decrease rate of this coefficient in the initial stage of confining pressure loading is obviously higher than in the semi-late period;(2)The permeability coefficient at different confining pressure levels presents a common trend as the rock block proportion is increased,i.e.,it decreases first then it increases(the permeability coefficient of the sample with rock block proportion 40%being the smallest,70%the largest);(3)In the stage of confining pressure unloading,the recovery degree of the permeability coefficient grows with the increase of rock block proportion(the recovery rate of S-RM sample with rock block proportion 70%reaches 50.2%);(4)In the stage of confining pressure loading and unloading,the sensitivity of the permeability coefficient to the rock block proportion displays the inverse“Z”variation rule(when rock block proportion reaches 60%,the sensitivity is highest);(5)In the stage of confining pressure loading,the relationship between the permeability coefficient and confining pressure can be described by an exponential relationship.

Irregular wave－induced seepage action on cylinders resting on rubble mound foundation

In this paper, the irregular wave-induced seepage action on cylinders resting on rubble mound foundatoin (RMF) is studied by means of finite element method (FEM). The hydraulic resistance inside RMF is assumed to satisfy the nonlinear Forchheimer's equation and the seepage in the scabed is also considered. Model tests show good agreementwith the numerical results. The influence of several main parameters is discussed on the basis of vast calculations. In addition, the ratio of seepage forces, induced by regular and irregular waves respectively, is analyzed and thus a computaional method is put forward for practical engineering application to simplify the calculation of irregular wave-induced seepage forces.

冲击载荷下含瓦斯煤动力学破坏特征与瓦斯渗流规律分析

为探究不同冲击载荷和瓦斯压力作用下的含瓦斯煤动力学特征、裂隙扩展及瓦斯渗流变化规律,采用含瓦斯煤岩冲击损伤-渗流试验系统开展含瓦斯煤冲击试验以及原位渗流测试,并结合工业CT扫描系统进行试样裂隙结构的三维重构,分析含瓦斯煤内部裂隙扩展特征及其对瓦斯渗流的影响规律。研究结果表明,冲击载荷和瓦斯压力对含瓦斯煤的动力学性质、变形过程、裂隙扩展和渗流规律均具有重要影响,具体表现在:①受围压和轴压的影响,冲击载荷耦合瓦斯压力条件下的含瓦斯煤应力-应变曲线无明显压密阶段;含瓦斯煤的变形过程主要经历了弹性变形阶段、应变强化阶段及破坏阶段。②冲击载荷的增加对含瓦斯煤动力学参数具有强化作用,气体压力的升高则劣化了含瓦斯煤动力学参数;冲击载荷越大,瓦斯压力越高,含瓦斯煤的裂隙扩展愈充分,所形成的裂隙结构愈复杂。③含瓦斯煤的渗流规律受控于裂隙扩展,冲击载荷耦合瓦斯压力作用下,含瓦斯煤中存在孔隙流动、孔隙流动-裂隙流动并存及裂隙流动等3种气体流动形式;含瓦斯煤冲击破坏后,随着气体压力增加以及气楔作用的增强,瓦斯流动形式可由孔隙流动依次转变为孔隙流动-裂隙流动并存和裂隙流动;裂隙扩展和流动形式共同影响含瓦斯煤渗流规律,含瓦斯煤渗透率随瓦斯压力的增大总体上符合先增大后减小的变化趋势。

潮汐波动带偏载超深基坑变形控制数值模拟分析及工程实践

随着我国地下空间的持续开发,穿江越河及邻江邻河的地下工程项目越来越多,这类项目往往伴随邻山且邻水的工程特定环境,其深基坑工程变形机制和影响效力尚不明确,相关控制手段亦少有研究。依托杭州市某紧邻钱塘江的市政隧道工程,考虑潮汐波动影响对36.4m超深大偏载基坑变形进行了三维数值模拟分析,提出相应变形控制方法并进行工程实践。研究表明:通过依托工程基坑内外水位监测数据的理论分析和数值求解,建立基坑渗流场时空演化模型,得知潮汐水流进入土层边界时的水头衰减较大,在渗流路径中,水头变化较稳定,基坑附近地下水对潮汐循环荷载的响应有明显滞后性,基坑周围产生较高孔隙水压力。运用有限元软件采用修正Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性本构模型,建立偏载深基坑开挖及周围环境影响的数值模拟三维模型,为模拟潮汐波动带的影响,简化在基坑河流底部分别施加25kPa和65kPa均布荷载,得出相较于普通环境,潮汐动力影响下的基坑变形控制更应引起重视,通过三维数值模拟及工程实践,验证了超深基坑采用“1 200mm地下连续墙+5道混凝土支撑+2道钢支撑”的联合支护形式是一种有效的临近钱塘江超深基坑的支护对策。

列车荷载作用下铁路路基填料渗透破坏机制

动载-渗流作用使铁路路基填料颗粒迁移,导致翻浆冒泥、沉陷或溜塌等工程问题频发。但目前鲜有关于动载作用下路基填料渗透特性及其劣化机制的研究,难以掌握复杂孕灾环境下路基结构服役性能演化特征。因此,通过自主研发设备开展路基填料渗流特征与渗透稳定性试验研究,揭示动载-渗流作用下路基填料劣化机制。研究表明:(1)振动荷载使土体的孔隙水压力、水力梯度呈振荡变化,使其处于不稳定渗流状态,加剧细颗粒迁移的可能。(2)存在使路基填料细颗粒迁移和渗透破坏的临界水力梯度J_(cr)和J_(F),级配碎石和砾砂土填料的J_(cr)分别为1.30、1.23,J_(F)分别为6.88、2.71。(3)动载-渗流作用下填料渗透破坏发展过程可分为稳定渗流、优势流发展、渗流破坏3个阶段,流速-水力梯度关系仅在水头较低的稳定渗流阶段符合达西定律。(4)基于试验结果对路基结构性能演化过程进行分析,总结了列车循环荷载下铁路水害致灾机制及可能发生的水害类型。该研究成果为铁路防灾措施科学设计以及养维提供理论支撑,具有重要的工程意义。

降雨和水位变化条件下排涝河道岸坡稳定性的数值研究

为了研究降雨和水位变化对排涝河道岸坡稳定性的影响,结合温州市鹿城区丰门河的水文地质资料和现场取样试验结果,利用有限元软件建立河道岸坡的数值模型,计算分析在降雨和排涝过程中岸坡的稳定性变化规律。研究结果表明:当岸坡土体的渗透性较小且岸坡周围有建筑遮蔽时,降雨对岸坡渗流场的影响主要取决于降雨时间而非雨型,整个过程中岸坡并未发生大幅渗流,河道水位和河道周围的建筑是影响河道岸坡稳定性的主要原因。水位越高时的岸坡稳定性越大,建筑距离河道越近、荷载越大时,岸坡的稳定性越小。虽然密集分布的建筑会降低岸坡的稳定性,但同时也减小了岸坡稳定性对水位变化的敏感度。在所有工况下,丰门排涝河道岸坡的稳定安全系数均大于临界稳定安全系数1.20,说明当前的岸坡处于安全状态,无需额外支护措施。

Penetration Resistance of Composite Bucket Foundation with Eccentric Load for Offshore Wind Turbines

The penetration of the composite bucket foundation(CBF)is crucial in its construction process.In actual projects,the foundation is inevitably subjected to eccentric load caused by towers and turbines,as well as wind,wave,and flow,during the one-step installation.Moreover,the eccentric load is bound to affect the penetration method and penetration resistance of the foundation.To examine the above-mentioned issues,the penetration resistance of CBF with eccentric load was calculated and analyzed based on model tests,and the seepage field of the CBF under eccentric load was analyzed using ABAQUS.The influence of different magnitudes of eccentric load and various offset strategies on penetration resistance was analyzed,and the theoretical and measured values were compared.The result indicated that the negative pressure of the offset room was found to be smaller than that of other rooms when the CBF penetrated the soil under eccentric load.The penetration resistance of CBF under eccentric load was larger than that without eccentricity,and the larger the eccentric load is,the greater the penetration resistance.The influence of different eccentric load offset strategies on penetration resistance was found to be negligible.The calculated penetration resistance under eccentric load was in good agreement with the measured value.

不同围压下峰后循环载荷对砂岩力学及渗流特性的影响研究

开采扰动导致煤层底板一定范围内岩体处于峰后状态,受相邻巷道开挖及煤层开采作用促使峰后岩体经历循环加−卸载过程,为探究不同地应力环境下峰后循环载荷作用对岩体结构的影响,明晰煤层底板突水等灾害的孕育过程,基于Rock Top多场耦合试验仪对砂岩开展了5、10、15、20、25 MPa围压峰后循环载荷试验研究。研究结果表明:①峰后循环载荷作用之前,岩石单位渗透率均呈快速下降—趋于平稳—突然上升—突然下降—趋于平稳的变化规律,峰后循环阶段,岩石单位渗透率则与轴向载荷近乎呈倒置关系;②岩石弹性模量、裂隙闭合应力、起裂应力、损伤应力、峰值应力、残余应力均与围压呈正相关,泊松比则随围压增大呈先增大后减小的变化特点;③5、10 MPa围压下,岩石出现间歇性破坏,脆性破坏特征有所减弱,15、20、25 MPa围压下,岩石脆性破坏特征明显,岩石破坏特征由岩石本身性质所决定;④峰后轴向载荷主要对岩石渗透率增大起促进作用,但该促进作用较围压对岩石渗透率的抑制作用弱,围压为影响岩石峰后渗透率变化的主导因素;⑤不同围压下,岩石均产生了一条贯穿剪切裂纹,但随围压增大,岩石破坏程度逐渐减弱,破坏模式趋于简单。

围压和渗压加卸载作用下石灰岩裂隙渗流特性试验研究

裂隙面粗糙程度和加卸载环境对裂隙渗流特性的影响不可忽视。为研究不同裂隙面节理粗糙度系数(JRC)和围压、渗透压力(渗压)加卸载对石灰岩粗糙单裂隙渗流演化规律的影响,制备5组不同JRC石灰岩单裂隙试样,利用自研岩体裂隙渗流试验系统,开展了不同JRC裂隙试样在围压、渗压加卸载作用下的渗流试验研究。结果表明:不同JRC裂隙试样的渗流量和渗透率随围压增大而减小,加载时各试样渗透率均与围压呈幂函数关系,R^(2)最小为0.9583,围压卸荷时存在明显滞回效应,卸载时JRC对滞回程度影响较大,与下降量和回升量呈对数关系;渗压加卸载过程,裂隙渗流量变化同渗压正相关,渗透率持续下降;一次渗压加卸载循环后的裂隙渗流量下降值与JRC相关性良好,提出了渗压加卸载后的裂隙渗流量预测模型。

固液双相作用下多孔自润滑表面渗流行为分析

以多孔自润滑材料为研究对象,分析载荷作用下多孔基体变形和润滑液在孔隙中的流动特性,探讨多孔表面渗流速度随加载时间变化,分析固-液双相作用下多孔表面渗流与润滑行为.结果表明,多孔基体变形后,孔隙内储存的润滑液受迫流动,在多孔表面发生渗入和析出的流动现象.润滑液在接触区向多孔基体渗入,在接触区入口向多孔表面析出.恒定载荷下,入口两侧润滑液不能保持稳定的渗流现象,而随加载时间呈现出扩散和波动的变化过程.在竖直方向上,多孔材料内的最大流体压力发生在上表面,最大固相应力发生在靠近上表面的次表面位置.随加载时间延长,磨擦界面的液相承载力先增大后降低,固相承载力先降低后增大,最终液相承载力降低为零,外载荷全部由固相材料承担.适当增加载荷能提高润滑液在多孔表面上的渗流速度,改善润滑状态,但也使得润滑液的渗流速度波动更为剧烈.

不同预制温度煤岩冻融损伤及渗流特性研究

为探究温度对煤岩冻融损伤及渗流特性的影响规律,采用煤岩三轴伺服实验系统对煤样进行加温、加温液氮冻融、加温饱水液氮冻融3种预处理方法开展煤岩细观损伤演化及力学、渗流特征实验。研究结果表明:预热温度越高结构损伤越严重,同一温度下饱水液氮冻融煤样的损伤大于液氮冻融煤样和仅加温煤样,损伤程度与波速呈负相关,与端面损伤合维数呈正相关;不同预处理方法下,三轴抗压强度大的煤样,破坏前变形程度小;3种预处理方法都会导致煤样内部孔裂隙增多易破碎,形成裂隙网络,煤样增透效果为加温饱水液氮冻融大于仅加温和加温液氮冻融。因此,工程实践中可探索使用预热-注水-注液氮冻融的技术实现煤层高效增透,提高瓦斯抽采效果。

不同水力荷载路径下煤体微观渗流特征及宏观破坏研究

为探究煤体在不同水力荷载路径下的微观渗流特征,通过CT三维重建技术,建立了基于煤体微观结构的双介质渗流模型,并设计了恒定速度加载(LP1)、常规脉动加载(LP2)和强加载缓卸载加载(LP3)3种水力荷载路径,进行了在不同循环荷载路径下的煤体注水渗流数值模拟试验。另外利用自行搭建的煤体注水装置,探究了3种荷载路径下的宏观损伤情况。结果表明:联通裂隙占孔裂隙结构的73.49%,是影响煤体渗流的主要因素,而孔径为9~23μm的孔隙是孤立孔隙中的主要部分,数量和体积占比均超过了50%;煤体内部孔裂隙结构和荷载路径对渗流速度和压力的分布特征具有重要影响。LP1沿注入方向平均渗流速度的波动较大,LP3则抑制效果明显,且LP3路径较LP1和LP2随时间有较大跨度。LP3的荷载路径相对于LP1具有脉动荷载的疲劳损伤效果,并且造成的损伤程度强于LP2。该研究可为煤体微观结构研究和煤层注水技术参数优化提供方向。

青岛地铁浅埋隧道动力增载位移响应比围岩稳定性分析

为防止地表沉降引起隧道事故的发生,以青岛地铁4号线福州路车站为研究对象,运用现场施工的监测数据与MIDAS/GTS NX模拟软件,对青岛地铁浅埋隧道施工沉降规律及围岩稳定性进行了系统研究。在分析地质勘察资料、众多沉降数据和超前地质预报的基础上,分别建立了不同水位环境下的渗流-应力耦合模型,分析了其在地表和拱顶的沉降规律,确定了最大沉降位置即最不利位置。最后,运用动力增载位移响应比对隧道开挖引起的围岩稳定性进行了评价,为今后该类地下工程设计与施工提供了借鉴。

煤层中瓦斯渗流规律的技术研究

针对目前煤炭开采逐步转化为深部开采,瓦斯问题也日趋严重的现状,以预制裂隙煤体为研究对象,进行了三轴加载压缩试验和三轴渗流试验,研究了不同裂隙面积煤体在应力作用下的力学特性与渗流规律。试验结果表明:不同裂隙面积煤体在应力加载下的应力变化曲线基本趋于一致,试样在加载压缩阶段、压密阶段与弹性阶段几乎密不可分,在围压加载阶段已经完成试样的压密;根据测得的压力梯度与流速拟合结果发现,裂隙渗流有明显的非线性特征;随着有效围压的增大,渗透率K逐渐减小,非达西渗流因子β增大;随着裂隙面积的增加,渗透率K逐渐减小,非达西渗流因子β也逐渐减小。