Wave-Particle Duality: Particle Always Remains Particle and Its Wave Function Always Remains Wave

On the question of wave-particle duality, from the historic Bohr-Einstein debates a century ago, to this day, the view expressed in Niels Bohr’s Complementarity Principle has become well established, confirmed by numerous experiments: If the observation is for wave nature, then the particle changes to wave, and if the observation is for particle nature, then the particle remains particle. However, recently this view has been challenged. With proof based on the definition of wave function, it has been shown that particle always remains particle and its wave function always remains wave, no mysterious change from particle to wave and vice versa.

Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Four Cobalt Supramolecular Architectures with Hmtyaa Ligand

Four cobalt supramolecular architectures with Hmtyaa（2-（5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylthio）acetic acid） ligand have been synthesized.[Co（mtyaa）2（H2O）4]·4（H2O）（1）：triclinic,space group P1 with a = 6.7537（18）,b = 8.591（2）,c = 10.615（3） ,α = 96.495（4）,β = 99.955（5）,γ = 103.615（5）°,V = 581.9（3） 3,Z = 1,Mr = 581.52,Dc = 1.659 g/m3,μ = 1.158 mm-1,F（000） = 301,Rint = 0.0557,R = 0.0377 and wR = 0.1056 for 1854 observed reflections with Ⅰ 〉 2σ（Ⅰ）;{[Co（4,4＇-bipy）（H2O）4]·2（mtyaa）·2（H2O）}n（2）：triclinic,space group P1 with a = 7.669（2）,b = 8.840（3）,c = 11.521（4） ,α = 79.912（5）,β = 73.954（5）,γ = 86.612（6）°,V = 738.9（4） 3,Z = 1,Mr = 701.67,Dc = 1.577 g/m3,μ = 0.924 mm-1,F（000） = 363,Rint = 0.0636,R = 0.0498 and wR = 0.1311 for 2155 observed reflections with Ⅰ 〉 2σ（Ⅰ）;{[Co（4,4＇-bipy）（mtyaa）（H2O）3]（mtyaa）·2（H2O）}（3）：monoclinic,space group Pc with a = 7.7832（17）,b = 11.527（3）,c = 31.483（7） ,β = 91.952（4）°,V = 2822.9（11） 3,Z = 4,Mr = 683.65,Dc = 1.609 g/m3,μ = 0.963 mm-1,F（000） = 1412,Rint = 0.0758,R = 0.0609 and wR = 0.1095 for 5841 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）;{[Co（bpe）（mtyaa）2（H2O）2]}n（4）：monoclinic,space group C2/c with a = 19.290（11）,b = 12.027（7）,c = 14.865（8） ,β = 125.648（8）°,V = 2802（3）3,Z = 4,Mr = 657.66,Dc = 1.559 g/m3,μ = 0.959 mm-1,F（000） = 1356,Rint = 0.0456,R = 0.0332 and wR = 0.0985 for 2299 observed reflections with Ⅰ 〉 2σ（Ⅰ）.

Syntheses,Structures,and Properties of Two New Coordination Polymers Based on Tetracarboxylate and 2,2′-Bipyridine Mixed Ligands

Two new coordination polymers {[Zn2L1（2,2＇-bpy）2（H2O）2]·4H2O}n（1） and [Zn2L2（2,2＇-bpy）2（H2O）2]n（2）（H4L1 = terphenyl-2,2＇,4,4＇-tetracarboxylic acid, H4L2 = quarterphenyl-2,2＇,4,4＇-tetracarboxylic acid, and 2,2＇-bpy = 2,2＇-bipyridine） have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and X-ray single-crystal diffraction studies. Complex 1 displays 2D wavelike networks, which are further joined together through O–H···O hydrogen bonds to give a 3D supramolecular network. Complex 2 exhibits 1D ladder-like chains, and they are further joined together by π-π stacking and O–H···O hydrogen bonding interactions to form a 3D supramolecular network. The results indicate that the backbone of carboxylate ligands has significant effects on the formation and structure of the resulting functional coordination polymers. Additionally, thermal stability and photoluminescent properties of 1 and 2 are also investigated in detail.

Metal-induced Coordination Networks Using a C2v-based Hexacarboxylate Ligand:Syntheses, Structures and Properties

Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs), consisting of metal, anion and organic ligands, have attracted much attention. The structure of MOFs is affected by various factors. To explore the effects of metal ions, we synthesized six complexes, namely {[Me2NH2][Zn4(H2L)(L)]·2 H2O·2 DMF}n(1), {[Me2NH2]2[Cd2(L)]·2H2O}n(2), {[Me2NH2]2[Ca3(L)(μ-OH)2(DMF)2]·2H2O}n(3) and {[Me2NH2]2[M2(L)(μ-OH)]· H2O·2DMF}n(M = Co, 4;Ni, 5;Mn, 6), from a C2v-based hexacarboxylate ligand([1,1’;4’,1’’]terphenyl-3,5,2’,5’,3’’,5’’-hexacarboxylic acid(H6L)) using metal-induced strategy. These MOFs were thoroughly characterized by single-crystal and X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectra(FTIR) and photoluminescence.

Syntheses,Crystal Structures,DFT Calculation and Optical Properties of a Schiff Base and Its Dinuclear Mercury(Ⅱ)Complex

A pyridine-contained Schiff base ligand L（L =（pyridine-2-vinyl）hydrazine） has been synthesized and fully characterized. By self-assembly of the ligand with HgI2, a binuclear complex Hg2I4L（C） was obtained. The structures of L and C were analyzed through single-crystal X-ray diffraction. L crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P21/n with a=11.286（5）, b=3.981（5）, c=23.865（5） , β=100.043（5）°, V=1056（1） 3, Z=4, Dc=1.323 g/m3, F（000）=440, Μr=210.24, μ=0.084 mm（-1）, the final R=0.0928 and w R=0.2867 for 6955 observed reflections with I ＆gt; 2（I）. The complex is of monoclinic system, space group P21/n with a=8.706（5）, b=17.468（5）, c=14.675（5） , β=93.922（5）°, V=2227（2） 3, Z=4, Dc=3.338 g/m3, F（000）=1928, Μr=1119.02, μ=19.321 mm（-1）, the final R=0.0366 and w R=0.1276 for 3920 observed reflections with I ＆gt; 2（I）. The structural analysis revealed that the molecule of L possesses a well planar structure. However, in the complex, the coordinated ligand distorts greatly. The absorption spectra of L and the complex in ethanol were experimentally and theoretically studied. The result indicates that the complex exhibits different absorption spectrum compared with the free ligand.

Three Nickel/maleonitriledithiolate Complexes Accompanied by Different Organic Molecules: Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Properties

Three complexes [AMP][Ni（mnt）2]·CH3CN （1, AMP = 1-（9-anthrylmethyl）pyri- dinium）, [DPI]2[Ni（nmt）2]I （2, DPI = diphenyliodonium） and [DD][Ni（mnt）2]2·2H2O （3, DD = dimethylenediamine） have been prepared and characterized by elemental analyses and IR spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction studies show that three complexes crystallize in the same triclinic space group Pi, and anionic accumulations are formed in a column shape. The results show that different counter-cations could induce versatile anionic stacks. The structures of three complexes exhibit rich hydrogen bonding interactions. In addition, UV-VIS properties of them are also investigated.

Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Characterization of Two New Cadmium(II) Arsonates

Two cadmium arsonate coordination polymers, Cd（HL1）2 （1, H2L1 = 4-aminophenylarsonatic acid） and Cd（H2L2）2·2H2O （2, H3L2 = 2-（4-arsonphenylamino）acetic acid）, have been synthesized and characterized by IR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystal data for 1： triclinic, space group P1 with a = 5.7559（12）, b = 7.0903（14）, c = 8.9925（18）, α = 89.04（3）, β = 80.79（3）, γ = 85.09（3）o, Dc = 2.496 g·cm-3, μ = 6.095 mm-1, F（000） = 260, Z = 1, the final R = 0.0574 and wR = 0.1376 for 1489 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）. And those for 2： monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 4.7595（10）, b = 9.925（2）, c = 22.609（5）, β = 91.81（3）°, Dc = 2.167 g·cm-3, μ = 4.168 mm-1, F（000） = 684, Z = 2, the final R = 0.0335 and wR = 0.0815 for 2340 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）. The structure of 1 shows a two-dimensional layer consisting of inorganic chains of {CdN2（AsO3）2} along the a axis linking with the phenyl groups. These layers are further linked through strong interlayer hydrogen bonding interaction to form a three-dimensional hydrogen bond supramolecular architecture. Compound 2 has inorganic chains of {CdO2（AsO3）2} similar to 1, which connect with four adjacent inorganic chains forming a three-dimensional framework.

Mannich Base Derivatives of 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one: Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Bioactivities

Twelve Mannich base derivatives of 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one were synthesized by the reaction of 1,2-benzisothiazol-3（2H）-one （BIT） with different amines and formaldehyde. All the compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, MS and 1H NMR. The crystal structure for 2,2＇-methylenebis（benzo[d]isothiazol-3（2H）-one） （3） has been determined by X-ray single-crystal structure analysis. Compound 3 （C15HIoN202S2） crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a = 25.052（8）, b = 4.510（1）, c = 11.948（4） A, β = 100.992（4）°, V= 1325.2（7） A3, Mr = 314.37, Dc = 1.576 Mg.m-3, p = 0.25 mm-1, F（000） = 648, Z = 4, R = 0.034 and wR = 0.087. The preliminary biological test indicated that the compounds （2b, 2c） showed growth inhibitory activity against the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

The Wave-Particle Duality—Does the Concept of Particle Make Sense in Quantum Mechanics? Should We Ask the Second Quantization?

The quantum object is in general considered as displaying both wave and particle nature. By particle is understood an item localized in a very small volume of the space, and which cannot be simultaneously in two disjoint regions of the space. By wave, to the contrary, is understood a distributed item, occupying in some cases two or more disjoint regions of the space. The quantum formalism did not explain until today the so-called “collapse” of the wave-function, i.e. the shrinking of the wave-function to one small region of the space, when a macroscopic object is encountered. This seems to happen in “which-way” experiments. A very appealing explanation for this behavior is the idea of a particle, localized in some limited part of the wave-function. The present article challenges the concept of particle. It proves in the base of a variant of the Tan, Walls and Collett experiment, that this concept leads to a situation in which the particle has to be simultaneously in two places distant from one another—situation that contradicts the very definition of a particle. Another argument is based on a modified version of the Afshar experiment, showing that the concept of particle is problematic. The concept of particle makes additional difficulties when the wave-function passes through fields. An unexpected possibility to solve these difficulties seems to arise from the cavity quantum electrodynamics studies done recently by S. Savasta and his collaborators. It involves virtual particles. One of these studies is briefly described here. Though, experimental results are needed, so that it is too soon to conclude whether it speaks in favor, or against the concept of particle.

Storm-Time Evolution of Energetic Electron Pitch Angle Distributions by Wave-Particle Interaction

The quasi-pure pitch-angle scattering of energetic electrons driven by field-aligned propagating whistler mode waves during the 9～15 October 1990 magnetic storm at L≈ 3 ～ 4 is studied, and numerical calculations for energetic electrons in gyroresonance with a band of frequency of whistler mode waves distributed over a standard Gaussian spectrum is performed. It is found that the whistler mode waves can efficiently drive energetic electrons from the larger pitchangles into the loss cone, and lead to a flat-top distribution during the main phase of geomagnetic storms. This result perhaps presents a feasible interpretation for observation of time evolution of the quasi-isotropic pitch-angle distribution by Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite （CRRES） spacecraft at L ≈ 3 ～ 4.

Syntheses,challenges and modifications of single-crystal cathodes for lithium-ion battery

Single-crystal cathodes(SCCs)are promising substitute materials for polycrystal cathodes(PCCs)in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),because of their unique ordered structure,excellent cycling stability and high safety performance.Cathode materials with layered(LiCoO_(2),LiNi_xCo_yMnzO_(2),LiNi_xCo_yAl_(2)O_(2))and spinel structure(LiMn_(2)O_(4),LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_(4))show a relatively stable electrochemical performance,but still lack of sufficient attention in research field.In this review,we begin with the definition,structural features and electrochemical advantages of SCCs.Common SCCs synthesis methods and the thermodynamic growth mechanism of SCCs with oriented facet exposure are summarized in the following part.Then we introduce the problems and challenges of SCCs faced and the corresponding modification strategies.Finally,the industrialization progress of SCCs is brifly outlined.We intend to tease out the difficulties and advances of SCCs to provide insights for future development of high-performance SCCs for practical LIBs.

STUDIES ON THE SYNTHESES AND BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF ACYLAMINOETHYL GLYCINES AND OF THEIR CYCLO-CONDENSATION PRODUCTS

Two series of new compounds:the aliphatic acylaminoethyl glycines (Ⅰ) and their cyclo-condensation products-allphatic acylaminoethyl plperazlnones (Ⅱ) were synthesized.The results of bactericidal and bacteriostatic tests show that the two series of compounds are good bactericldal agents.

SYNTHESES AND SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF PORPHYRIN-PHTHALOCYANINE MITH FLEXIBLE POLYATONIC CHAINS

The syntheses of porphyrin-phthalocyanine heterodimers with flexible polyatomic chains especially designed for the studies of intramolecular photoinduced processes are presented along with the effect of mutual orientation of the chromophore subunits on intramolecular energy transfer efficiency.

The Syntheses,Characterization and Crystal Structure of Extraction Complexes of Rare Earths

The syntheses,characterization and crystal structure of rare earth coordination compounds of five typical extraction systems commonly used in the separation technology were reported.They are:(1)carboxylic acid system,(2)organophosphorous acid system,(3)quarternary ammonium salt system,(4)neutral organophosphonate system and(5)synergistic system.

Syntheses, Structures and Properties of a Series of Polymeric Oxohaloplumbates

A series of polymeric oxyhaloplumbates[Pb3 I2(μ4-O)L]n(1,H2L=ethylene glycol)and[Pb8 M(μ3-O)2 X8(XH)L3]n{X=Br,M=Mn(2 a),Co(2 b);X=I,M=Mn(2 c),Co(2 d)}have been synthesized under solvothermal conditions and structurally characterized.1 consists of an infinite[Pb3 I2(μ4-O)L]n ribbon built up through the linkage of[PbI2]units and[Pb2(μ4-O)L]n chains to give a new type of 1-D oxoiodoplumbate[Pb3 I2(μ4-O)L]n decorated by deprotonated ethylene glycols.2 a^d are isostructural and exhibit 3-D heterometallic frameworks constructed by the combination of infinite[Pb2 X9]chains and heptanuclear heterometallic[Pb6 M(μ3-O)2 L3]clusters.The present oxohaloplumbates exhibit wide-band-gap semiconducting properties with absorption band edges in the range of 2.21~2.71 eV.The magnetic properties of 2 a^d have also been studied.

Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Some Aryloxy and Alkoxy Substituted Phthalonitriles

Phthalonitriles substituted with aryloxy and alkoxy groups have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, mass spectra and IH NMR spectroscopy. And four of such crystal structures have also been determined. In the crystal structures, the major intermolecular interactions between the neighboring molecules are the hydrogen bonds as C-N…H and C=O…H that lead to similar networks in the crystal structures.

Syntheses of novel series benzo [1,5] oxazepin-4-one-based compounds from 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

A novel benzo [ 1,5] oxazepin-4-one skeleton compound and its four derivatives were synthesized effectively from 1,5-difluoro- 2,4-dinitrobenzene （DFDNB） under mild conditions. In the process, four intermediates were synthesized by substitutions of the two fluorine atoms and reductions of the meta-dinitro groups in DFDNB respectively. The results showed that the key for synthesizing the intermediates was the substitution of one of the two fluorine atoms in DFDNB by 3-hydroxy butyric acid ethyl ester first, then the other fluorine atom by morpholine, and then the reduction of the meta-dinitro groups in the substitute by HCOONH4 with Pd/C. The products were purified with silica gel column chromatography, and confirmed by HPLC, LC-MS and 1H NMR. They should contribute to construct the molecular libraries for therapeutic applications.

Syntheses and Characterization of Heterocyclic Compounds of Zirconium ( Ⅳ )

The Zr-H bond of zirconocene hydridochloride was heterolyzed at room temperature by five compounds containing nitrogen and hydroxyl group to give Cp(Q)2ZrCl(1) (Cp = cyclopentadienyl and Q = 8-quinolinoyl ) , Cp (Q-Me )2ZrCl (2) , Cp(5,7-Br2Q)2ZrCl(3), Cp2(2-pyridoyl)ZrCl(4) , and Cp(2-aminoethanoyl)2ZrCl(5), which were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structure of 1 was confirmed by X-ray diffraction determination. The crystal of 1 crystallized monoclinically, space group P21/n a= 0.9004(2), b=1.3961(2), c = 1. 6056(2) nm, β=99. 48(1)°? V=1. 9906 nm3, Z = 4, and Dc=1. 582 g/cm3. The coordination polyhedron around the Zr atom can be described as a distorted octahedron. The Zr-N bonds of 0. 2364(3) and 0. 2377(4) nm suggest that they are coordination bonds. The two planar 8-quinolinoyl groups as bidentate ligands chelate with Zr atom, forming a dihedral angle of 108. 4(1)°?

Syntheses and Structure Determination of Two Copper Compounds with 4,4'-Sulfonyldibenzoilate Ligands

The two title compounds [Cu（sdba）（py）2（H2O）]n·2n（py） 1 and [Cu（sdba）（phen）（H2O）]n 2 （H2sdba = 4,4′-sulfonyldibenzoic acid, py = pyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline） have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal structure determination, IR and TG analyses. Compound 1 crystallizes in orthorhombic, space group Pbcm with a = 5.9833（12）, b = 22.333（5）, c = 24.571（5）A, V = 3283.3（12） A^3, Z = 4, C34H30N4OTSCu, Mr = 702.22, Dc = 1.388 g/cm^3, F（000） = 1396,μ（MoKa） = 0.780 mm^-1, the final R = 0.0599 and wR = 0.1767 for 3416 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）. Compound 2 crystallizes in monoclinic, space group C2/c with a = 22.9549（4）, b = 12.2443（3）, c = 17.8687（4）A, β = 110.873（1）°, V = 4692.69（18）A^3, Z = 8, C26H18N2O7SCu, Mr = 566.02, Dc = 1.602 g/cm^3, F（000） = 2312,μ（MoKa） = 1.078 mm^-1, the final R =0.0697 and wR = 0.1330 for 3452 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）. In both structures, the Cu^Ⅱ metal centers adopt five-coordination in slightly distorted tetragonal pyramidal geometries, while the second N-donor ligands bond or chelate to Cun ions as the terminal moiety. The weak interactions extend the two structures into high-dimensional supramolecular coordination-polymers.