Effect of Weather on the Spread of COVID-19 Using Eigenspace Decomposition

Since the end of 2019,the world has suffered from a pandemic of the disease called COVID-19.WHO reports show approximately 113M confirmed cases of infection and 2.5 M deaths.All nations are affected by this nightmare that continues to spread.Widespread fear of this pandemic arose not only from the speed of its transmission:a rapidly changing“normal life”became a fear for everyone.Studies have mainly focused on the spread of the virus,which showed a relative decrease in high temperature,low humidity,and other environmental conditions.Therefore,this study targets the effect of weather in considering the spread of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 for some confirmed cases in Iraq.The eigenspace decomposition technique was used to analyze the effect of weather conditions on the spread of the disease.Our theoretical findings showed that the average number of confirmed COVID-19 cases has cyclic trends related to temperature,humidity,wind speed,and pressure.We supposed that the dynamic spread of COVID-19 exists at a temperature of 130 F.The minimum transmission is at 120 F,while steady behavior occurs at 160 F.On the other hand,during the spread of COVID-19,an increase in the rate of infection was seen at 125%humidity,where the minimum spread was achieved at 200%.Furthermore,wind speed showed the most significant effect on the spread of the virus.The spread decreases with a wind speed of 45 KPH,while an increase in the infectious spread appears at 50 KPH.

Ecological effects of the microbial weathering of silicate minerals

1 Introduction Global climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humankind in the 21st century.Studying,and utilising,the carbon sink caused by the weathering of silicate minerals has been a key research focus for

Weathering-pedogenesis of Carbonate Rocks and Its Environmental Effects in Subtropical Region

We investigated the weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks and its environmental effects in subtropical regions of China. The investigation demonstrated that the weathering- pedogenesis of carbonate rocks is the process of a joint action of corrosion and illuviation and metasomatism in subtropical region. It is characterized by multi-stage, multi-path and multi-style. With the persisting development of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks, metasomatic pedogenesis progressively became the main process of the weathering-pedogenesis and the dominant style of formation of minerals. And it proceeds through the whole process of evolution of the weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks. The stage evolution of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks and the fractionation evolution of newly produced minerals are characterized by obvious vertically zoning structures and the rules of gradation of elements geochemical characteristics in the carbonate rocks weathering profiles. The geochemical process of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks can be divided into three geochemical evolution stages, i.e., the Ca, Mg-depletion and Si, Al-enrichment stage; the Fe, Mn enrichment stage and the Si-depletion and Al-enrichment stage in the subtropical regions. Consistent with the three geochemical evolution stages, the sequence of formation and evolution of minerals can be divided into the clay mineral stage; the Fe, Mn oxide and the gibbsite stage. The influence of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks on the chemical forms of heavy elements is mainly affected via newly produced components and minerals in the process of weathering-pedogenesis, e.g., iron oxide minerals and organic matters. The important mechanism for the mobilization, transport and pollution of F and As is affected the selective adsorption and desorption of F and As on the surface of iron oxide minerals in the subtropical karst zones, i.e., the selective adsorption and desorption on mineral surfaces of newly produced minerals in the process of weathering-pedogenesis control the geochemical behavior of elements on the Earth＇s surface and environmental quality in subtropical regions.

The Weathering Effects of Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans to Cu(Ⅱ) Pollution of Fine Grained Copper Mine Tailings

China has accumulated massive fine grained copper mine tailings stocks because of the past mining activities in this area. The tailings contain a variety of heavy metals, and the mass percent of Cu, which is one of the main contaminants in tailings, is up to 0.2601% (analysis by XRF). The Cu can pollute soil and groundwater by rain leaching in the form of Cu(Ⅱ), furthermore ,the fine grained copper-ore-tailings can contaminant larger area by wind for its small granularity ( < 74 μm). The main cause of weathering of mine tailings is due to oxidative dissolution of sulfides. Microorganisms, such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, play an important role in weathering. These bacteria attach to exposed to mineral surfaces by excreting extracellular polymers and oxidize the sulfide mineral. Some of these bacteria also oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ which can chemically oxidize sulfide minerals. These reactions produce voluminous quantities of acid mine drainage and heavy metals which are harmful to the environment and human healthy. This study aims at finding the weathering effects of A. ferrooxidans to Cu(II) pollution of fine grained copper mine tailings, and our experiment applied indigenous A. ferrooxidans FJ-01 to leach the tailings. The optimum test parameters were obtained using shaking flask experiment and SEM observation under the following experimental conditions: 39 days residence time, pulp density 1%-15% (1%, 5% and 15%), 30℃, 120 rpm, pH between 1-3 and redox potential between 400-650 mV. The test results show that the leaching rate of Cu reached 43.1% when the pulp density was 1% after 33 days and kept invariant till the end of the test. In addition, the leaching rate of Cu will decrease as the increase of pulp density, and the maximum rate of 15% pulp density was only 12.5%. From the SEM, it can be seen that the fine grain of tailings flocculated to conglobation under the action of bacterial leaching.

The Weather Temperature and Air Pollution Interaction and Its Effect on Hospital Admissions due to Respiratory System Diseases in Western China

Air pollution has ever become a global major public health problem.Previous studies showed that air pollution is associated with excessive mortality and morbidity of respiratory disease[1-2].The extreme weather temperature can impact human health and the thermal stresses can lead not only to direct deaths and illnesses,but also to aggravation of respiratory disease[3-4].Though the independent

典型黑色页岩地区土壤风化速率及潜在生态效应研究

风化条件作用下,黑色页岩富含的重金属元素释放到周围环境中,会造成土壤重金属的超标富集,从而形成重金属地质高背景区。为了了解黑色页岩地质高背景区重金属风化富集过程和特征,本研究以浙西地区典型寒武系黑色页岩区土壤为研究对象,运用PROFILE模型定量计算土壤剖面化学风化速率,并以此评估重金属释放速率,同时对该地区的土壤重金属潜在生态效应进行了评估。研究结果表明,土壤的化学风化速率为62.95~412.62 mmol/(m^(2)·a),盐基阳离子(Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、Na^(+)和K^(+))的释放速率为97.47~806.16 mmol/(m^(2)·a)。黑色页岩土壤中碳酸盐含量的大小对风化速率强弱的影响比较大。研究区土壤As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn的平均释放速率分别为31.25、18.79、135.65、65.14、0.15、28.02和367.35 mmol/(m^(2)·a)。土壤的重金属浓度和盐基阳离子浓度(CBCt)对重金属释放速率的影响较大,盐基阳离子释放速率(RBC)对重金属释放速率的影响较小。研究区重金属综合潜在生态风险指数平均值为961.89,Cd的潜在生态风险指数最高,贡献率在53.44%~99.70%之间。

岩石化学风化力学特性的宏微观定量关联

为了分析化学风化对岩石力学性能的影响机制,采用密集排列的颗粒集合体模拟岩石材料,将与化学风化时间相关的质量损失率引入颗粒刚度和胶结模型。基于均匀化方法和格构模型,推导获得了风化岩石弹性阶段应力‒应变关系和强度准则以及宏观弹性和强度参数与微观参数(颗粒接触响应特性、风化损伤参数等)的定量关联,并探究了化学风化及其时效性对岩石力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着质量损失率的增大以及反应时间的增加,风化岩石的刚度和强度均呈负指数减小;当环境pH值较低时,岩石的峰值黏聚力和峰值内摩擦角随着反应时间的增大均显著降低;当环境pH值较高时,开始阶段岩石的峰值黏聚力显著降低,而峰值内摩擦角变化不大,峰值内摩擦角的显著降低需要更长的风化时间。

挥发效应对火场易燃液体及其燃烧残留物鉴定影响的进展研究

对于纵火火灾调查,在火场中检测出的易燃液体残留物可在很大程度上给案件定性。从火场提取的易燃液体残留物存在挥发效应,会在一定程度上阻碍火场易燃液体及其残留物的鉴定。以易燃液体及其燃烧残留物为研究对象,阐述了不同条件(温度和基质)下,挥发效应对火场易燃液体及其燃烧残留物物质变化和鉴定的影响,介绍了仪器分析和数据分析手段对易燃液体及其残留物挥发干扰因素的消除,并对未来火场易燃液体的鉴定提出了一些建议(引用文献44篇)。

云南省洱海灌区水稻智能灌溉决策模型研究

提高有效降雨利用率,是节约灌溉用水的重要途径之一。为进一步提高稻田降雨利用率,基于水量平衡原理和作物水分生产函数,结合强化学习方法,构建考虑未来降雨的智能灌溉决策模型。收集了大理站点2012-2020年的实测气象数据和天气预报数据,对智能灌溉决策模型进行训练,将模型应用于云南省洱海灌区。结果表明:洱海地区天气预报存在一定的空报率和漏报率,TS评分较高,降雨预报质量较高。与常规灌溉决策相比,采用强化学习方法的智能灌溉决策,平均每年可以减少灌溉次数0.2次,节约灌水量6.5 mm,节水率为6.0%,提高降雨利用率3.0%,减少排水量6.2 mm,且未造成产量损失。因此,采用智能灌溉决策能在考虑未来天气情况下有效提高降雨利用率,节约灌溉用水,且不造成减产。

白鹤滩水电站峡谷地形区的风特征研究

位居世界第二大的白鹤滩水电站地处金沙江下游峡谷区,频繁的大风给水电站建设和运行带来了严重影响。掌握水电站坝区大风变化规律,评估峡谷地形对风速的作用,有利于基于周围风场监测和预警峡谷区大风。根据水电站及周边观测资料,对坝区风的变化特征和峡谷地形作用进行了分析。(1)峡谷区最高频率的风向和最大平均风速的风向均为顺着峡谷的偏南风或偏北风,且偏北风频率达55%以上,峡谷锁定了流经气流。(2)坝区大风多发生在干季11月—次年5月,且夜间至清晨大风频率比日间高。干季峡谷风效应强,尤其在19时—次日08时。雨季峡谷风效应降低,局地山谷风增强,表现为山风比谷风持续时间长,08时和18时是山风和谷风交替时间。对应干季和夜晚大风频繁,说明峡谷风效应是影响大风的关键因子。(3)通过狭管效应分析马脖子和葫芦口大桥两个站之间的风速关系,表明峡谷地形使马脖子站风速加强为葫芦口大桥站的1.27倍。利用多种拟合方法建立的两站风速关系表明,当葫芦口大桥站为5 m·s^(-1)以下低风速,各方法都难以拟合峡谷区的风速,当风速在5.0~11.5 m·s^(-1)时,狭管效应对风速拟合最优,准确率超过70%,对11.5 m·s^(-1)以上强风速,多项式拟合效果较优,准确率接近65%。

改性防护蜡对轮胎胎侧胶性能的影响及蜡膜表征

研究不同类型防护蜡在半钢子午线轮胎胎侧胶中的应用性能以及蜡膜的表征方法。结果表明:添加不同类型防护蜡的胶料硫化特性及物理性能差异较小,选用不同类型防护蜡对轮胎的使用性能基本无影响;通过表面喷霜以及蜡膜分析得出,改性防护蜡在橡胶表面形成的蜡膜薄而致密、结晶尺寸小,对橡胶的防护效果极佳,有效提升了轮胎的外观质量。

桥址岸坡凸出部地震影响评价及墩台位置优化

凸起边坡场地的地形地震影响性评价对工程稳定性尤其重要。依托特大桥桥址边坡案例,利用极限平衡法和有限元数值模拟方法,研究了考虑风化带影响的凸出部在不可变水平地震放大系数(规范方法)和可变水平地震放大系数分别作用下,边坡稳定性和变形随临坡距离变化关系。研究结果表明:①考虑风化带影响的凸出部受到地震放大作用影响较大的是强风化带,而中微风化带受地震放大效应影响较小。②当临坡距离为23 m时,满足地震稳定性,且考虑风化带影响的凸出部在不可变水平地震放大系数(规范方法)和可变水平地震放大系数作用下稳定性系数变化趋势较一致。③为保证该桥址边坡开挖地形的地震稳定性,墩台外侧距离坡面距离不小于15~23 m,若选择低值需采取强加固措施,选择高值可采取一般处置措施。为考虑风化带的凸出地形的高陡边坡桥位地震工况设计提供一定指导。

气溶胶辐射效应对河北山区一次对流云和降水过程的影响机理与阈值研究

本文利用新一代中尺度天气研究和预报模式WRFv4.3对2017年5月22日河北西南部一次对流云和降水进行模拟。本研究采用卫星观测的气溶胶消光系数垂直廓线,分析了气溶胶辐射效应对云和降水影响。通过模拟试验,本研究量化了气溶胶辐射效应对本次降水率影响的气溶胶含量阈值,探讨了伴随辐射加热产生的微物理过程的潜热加热和平流加热等联动机制,并分析了辐射效应对温湿变量和热动力条件的影响。研究结果发现:(1)气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)从0.1增大至1.5,气溶胶辐射效应对降水峰值的影响先增大再减小,在AOD为1.0时增大效果最显著,对累计降水的影响先减小再增大,在AOD为1.0时的抑制作用最弱;(2)气溶胶辐射效应导致的辐射加热率的改变伴随着潜热加热率和总平流加热率的显著变化,总加热率的变化主要由后二者决定;(3)气溶胶辐射效应增强了对流成熟阶段的垂直上升运动,有利于更强对流和降水发生。

黑色岩系成壤过程中镉和硒的形态转变与迁移特征

[目的]黑色岩系含有高量的镉和硒,为明确其在风化成土过程中,岩石镉和硒的形态转变和释放对周围生态环境产生影响。[方法]在浙西北寒武统荷塘组地层的黑色岩系分布区,通过沿地形不同部位(丘陵上坡、丘陵中坡、丘陵下坡、丘间谷底和河谷阶地)采集土壤剖面分层土样,探讨黑色岩系风化成土及其风化物迁移过程中镉和硒的数量与形态转变规律。[结果]从母岩经母质到土壤,土壤总镉和总硒均呈下降趋势。黑色岩系风化物镉和硒损失随沿丘陵坡地向下迁移搬运距离增加而增加,其中,由坡积物演变为洪积物的过程中,镉和硒的损失大于由残积物演变为坡积物的损失。从风化物中流失的镉和硒以流水扩散方式对下游河流冲积物发育表土镉和硒含量产生影响,但影响程度随距离增加而减小。随着风化物搬运距离增加和土壤的演变,发生碳酸盐结合态镉和残留态镉向水溶性镉、交换性镉、有机质结合态镉、氧化物结合态镉转变,残留态硒逐渐活化转变为交换性硒、有机质结合态硒、氧化物结合态硒。土壤水溶性镉、交换性镉(硒)、有机质结合态镉(硒)呈现向地表增加的趋势;硒的有机富集及表土富集现象比镉更为明显。[结论]黑色岩系风化不仅可通过残留方式直接影响其分布区土壤镉与硒的含量,也可通过流水扩散方式影响周边地区土壤镉和硒的含量。

基于大涡模拟与中尺度数值天气模式的精细化风场模拟

[目的]结合中尺度模型与大涡模拟模型,考虑大气边界层变化,开展了亚公里级的项目机组排布的数值模拟,给海上风机项目在选址排布阶段提供发电效能高的排布方案。[方法]将中尺度数值天气模拟结果转换为大涡模拟模型输入的边界条件,并在大涡模拟模型中引入实际风电场运行的模型参数,进行考虑实际大气边界层变化下的风电场空间的环境风场数值模拟试验,基于风电场收集的观测数据,对本风场精细化模拟方案的结果进行评估。[结果]模拟结果表明:将中尺度天气模型的模拟结果转换为大涡模拟模型能读取的动态驱动并基于该模型对风电场所处的风场进行模拟,其模拟结果能再现在实际风电场中,外部风场流经风电场后,外部风场的变化和在风电机群内所产生的尾流及其对于风电场内部风场的影响,且在风机轮毂处的风速模拟值的均方根误差为1.54 m/s。[结论]该考虑中尺度气象要素变化和风电场对环境风场影响的风场精细化模拟方案可为实际项目设计阶段提供相应的指导。

方形耐候钢管混凝土短柱轴压力学性能研究

为研究方形耐候钢管混凝土短柱的轴压力学性能,首先设计并开展了4根轴压短柱试验研究。进而采用Abaqus有限元软件建立方形耐候钢管混凝土短柱有限元模型并进行数值分析。数值模拟结果表明,轴压短柱直至破坏共经历了3个阶段:弹性段、弹塑性段和破坏段。其破坏模式均为柱中局部屈曲。耐候钢拉伸性能试验特征与低碳钢的力学性能相近,有限元建模采用低碳钢本构关系可准确模拟方形耐候钢管混凝土短柱的轴压力学性能。钢管内焊接拉筋能有效改善钢管对核心混凝土的约束作用,进而提高轴压短柱的极限承载力和延性。最后,方形耐候钢管混凝土短柱轴压力学性能与普通钢管混凝土短柱无异。

Effects of irrigation on precipitation in the arid regions of Xinjiang,China

Soil moisture is an important parameter for the interaction between soil and atmosphere. It is the sec- ond important factor that influences climate change, next to sea surface temperature （SST）. Most previous studies focused on the monsoon regions in East China, and only a few laid emphases on arid environments. In Xinjiang, which is located in Northwest China, the climate is typically arid and semi-arid. During the past 20 years, the pre- cipitation in Xinjiang has shown a significant increasing trend, and it is closely related to oasis irrigation. This paper aims at discussing whether abnormal soil moisture in spring can be the signal to forecast summer precipitation. The effects of abnormal soil moisture due to farm irrigation in spring in arid environments on regional climate are inves- tigated by using a regional climate model （RegCM3）. The results indicate that positive soil moisture anomaly in irrigated cropland surface in May led to an increase in precipitation in spring as well as across the whole summer. The impact could last for about four months. The effects of soil moisture on the surface air temperature showed a time-lagging trend. The summer air temperature declined by a maximum amplitude of 0.8℃. The increased soil moisture could enhance evaporation and ascending motion in the low troposphere, which brought in more precipi- tation. The soil moisture affected regional weather and climate mainly by altering the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes.

Influence of the Arctic on the Predictability of Eurasian Winter Extreme Weather Events

The linkage between the Arctic and midlatitudes has received much attention recently due to the rapidly changing climate.Many investigations have been conducted to reveal the relationship between the Arctic and Eurasian extreme events from the perspective of climatological statistics.As a prediction source for extreme events in Eurasia,Arctic conditions are crucial for extreme event predictions.Therefore,it is urgent to explore the Arctic influence on the predictability of Eurasian extreme events due to the large uncertainties in Arctic conditions.Considering the sensitivity and nonlinearity of the atmospheric circulations in midlatitude to Arctic conditions,it is necessary to investigate the Arctic influences on Eurasian extreme weather events in case studies at weather time scales.Previous studies indicate that only perturbations in specific patterns have fast growth.Thus,the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation approach is recommended for exploring the uncertainties in Arctic initial and boundary conditions and their synergistic effect on Eurasian extreme events.Moreover,the mechanism for extreme event formation may differ in different cases.Therefore,more extreme cases should be investigated to reach robust conclusions.

Olivine Weathering against Climate Change

One natural process has since the origin of the Earth removed almost all the CO2 that was ever produced by volcanism. That process is the reaction of CO2 and water with rocks, a process known as weathering. It is a logical choice to see if we can use the same process to remove also the vastly higher CO2 emissions caused by burning in a few hundred years the fossil fuels that have taken hundreds of millions of years for their formation. Many people claim that the rate of weathering of olivine is too slow to counter climate change, but they base this on experimental data in sterile laboratories, under exclusion of biotic and other environmental factors. As many conditions determine the weathering rate at each specific location, these laboratory conditions are irrelevant for the real world. Weathering models based on these laboratory data are off by orders of magnitude. Weathering experiments that use conditions closer to nature [1] show already much higher weathering rates. In this note I provide some data on the weathering of olivine in nature, which make clear that the weathering of olivine is fast enough to play an important role in the cycle of CO2 capture and its safe and sustainable storage as carbonate rocks. The CO2 released by volcanism has always been captured by the weathering of rocks since the origin of the Earth. Without this mechanism the Earth would be a lifeless planet with a CO2 atmosphere in the order of 100 bar, as our neighbor planet Venus demonstrates.

Analysis on the temporal-spatial distribution character and effect factors of PM10 in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert and surrounding area

In recent years, the physical and chemical properties of dust aerosols from the dust source area in northem China have attracted increased attention. In this paper, Thermo RP 1400a was used for online continuous observation and study of the hinterland of Taldimakan, Tazhong, and surrounding areas of Kurnul and Hotan from 2004 to 2006. In combination with weather analysis during a sandstorm in the Tazhong area, basic characteristics and influencing factors of dust aerosol PMl0 have been summarized as below： （1） The occurrence days of floating dust and blowing dust appeared with an increasing trend in Kumul, Tazhong and Hotan, while the number of dust storm days did not significantly change. The frequency and intensity of dust weather were major factors affecting the concentration of dust aerosol PMI0 in the desert. （2） The mass concentration of PM10 had significant regional distribution characteris- tics, and the mass concentration at the eastern edge of Taklimakan, Kumul, was the lowest; second was the southern edge of the desert, Hotan; and the highest was in the hinterland of the desert, Tazhong. （3） High values of PM10 mass concentration in Kumul was from March to September each year; high values of PM^0 mass concentration in Tazhong and Hotan were distributed from March to August and the average concenlration changed from 500 to 1,000 gg/m3, respectively. （4） The average seasonal concentration changes of PM10 in Kumul, Tazhong and Hotan were： spring 〉 summer 〉 autumn 〉 winter; the highest average concentration of PMl0in Tazhong, was about 1,000 gg/m3 in spring and between 400 and 900 gg/m3 in summer, and the average concentration was lower in autumn and winter, basically between 200 and 400 gg/m3. （5） PMl0 concentration during the sandstorm season was just over two times the con- centration of the non-sandstorm season in Kumul, Tazhong and Hotan. The average concentrations of sandstorm season in Tazhong were 6.2 and 3.6 times the average concentrations of non-sandstorm season in 2004 and 2008, respectively. （6） The mass concentra- tion of PM10 had the following sequence during the dust weather： clear day 〈 floating dust 〈 floating and blowing dust 〈 sandstorm. The wind speed directly affects the concentration of PM10 in the atmosphere, the higher the wind speed, the higher the mass concen- tration. Temperature, relative humidity and bammelric pressure are important factors affecting the strength of storms, which could also indirectly affect the concentration change of PM~ 0 in the atmosphere.