Computational Analysis of Surface Pressure Distribution over a 2D Wedge in the Supersonic and Hypersonic Flow Regimes

The complex fluid-dynamic instabilities and shock waves occurring along the surface of a two-dimensional wedge at high values of the Mach number are studied here through numerical solution of the governing equations.Moreover,a regression model is implemented to determine the pressure distribution for various Mach numbers and angles of incidence.The Mach number spans the interval from 1.5 to 12.The wedge angles(θ)are from 5°to 25°.The pressure ratio(P2/P1)is reported at various locations(x/L)along the 2D wedge.The results of the numerical simulations are compared with the regression model showing good agreement.

System reliability analysis of seismic pseudo-static stability of rock wedge based on nonlinear Barton–Bandis criterion

Based on the nonlinear Barton–Bandis(B–B)failure criterion,this study considers the system reliability of rock wedge stability under the pseudo-static seismic load.The failure probability(Pf)of the system is calculated based on the Monte−Carlo method when considering parameter correlation and variability.Parameter analysis and sensitivity analysis are carried out to explore the influence of parameters on reliability.The relationships among the failure probability,safety factor(Fs),and variation coefficient are explored,and then stability probability curves of the rock wedge under the pseudo-static seismic load are drawn.The results show that the parameter correlation of the B–B failure criterion has a significant influence on the failure probability,but correlation increases system reliability or decreases system reliability affected by other parameters.Under the pseudo-static seismic action,sliding on both planes is the main failure mode of wedge system.In addition,the parameters with relatively high sensitivity are two angles related to the joint dip.When the coefficient of variation is consistent,the probability of system failure is a function of the safety factor.

Reliability and sensitivity analysis of wedge stability in the abutments of an arch dam using artificial neural network

In this study,the seismic stability of arch dam abutments is investigated within the framework of the probabilistic method.A large concrete arch dam is considered with six wedges for each abutment.The seismic safety of the dam abutments is studied with quasi-static analysis for different hazard levels.The Londe limit equilibrium method is utilized to calculate the stability of the wedges in the abutments.Since the finite element method is time-consuming,the neural network is used as an alternative for calculating the wedge safety factor.For training the neural network,1000 random samples are generated and the dam response is calculated.The direction of applied acceleration is changed within 5-degree intervals to reveal the critical direction corresponding to the minimum safety factor.The Latin hypercube sampling(LHS)is employed for sample generation,and the safety level is determined with reliability analysis.Three sample numbers of 1000,2000 and 4000 are used to examine the average and standard deviation of the results.The global sensitivity analysis is used to identify the effects of random variables on the abutment stability.It is shown that friction,cohesion and uplift pressure have the most significant effects on the wedge stability variance.

Wedge Splitting Test and Inverse Analysis on Fracture Behaviour of Fiber Reinforced and Regular High Performance Concretes

The fracture behaviour of three fiber reinforced and regular HPC （high performance concretes） is presented in this paper. Two mixes are based on optimization of HPC whereas the third mix was a commercial mix developed by CONTEC ApS （Denmark）. The wedge splitting test setup with 48 cubical specimens was used experimentally and the cracked non-linear hinge model based on the fictitious crack model was applied for the interpretation of the results. The stress-crack opening relationships were extracted by using inverse analysis algorithm for various multi-linear softening curves. This showed that the refinement of the softening curves reflects in improved accuracy of the WST （wedge splitting test） simulation in comparison with bi-linear softening curves with acceptable increase of computational time. Furthermore, the fracture mechanics parameters such as COD （crack opening displacement）, fracture energy and characteristic length were experimentally determined. Experiments were performed at 1, 3, 7 and 28 days. Fracture energy, Gf, was found to increase with age, while the characteristic length, Lch, was found to decrease.

Analysis of bonded anisotropic wedges with interface crack under anti-plane shear loading

The antiplane stress analysis of two anisotropic finite wedges with arbitrary radii and apex angles that are bonded together along a common edge is investigated. The wedge radial boundaries can be subjected to displacement-displacement boundary condi- tions, and the circular boundary of the wedge is free from any traction. The new finite complex transforms are employed to solve the problem. These finite complex transforms have complex analogies to both kinds of standard finite Mellin transforms. The traction free condition on the crack faces is expressed as a singular integral equation by using the exact analytical method. The explicit terms for the strength of singularity are extracted, showing the dependence of the order of the stress singularity on the wedge angle, material constants, and boundary conditions. A numerical method is used for solving the resul- tant singular integral equations. The displacement boundary condition may be a general term of the Taylor series expansion for the displacement prescribed on the radial edge of the wedge. Thus, the analysis of every kind of displacement boundary conditions can be obtained by the achieved results from the foregoing general displacement boundary condition. The obtained stress intensity factors （SIFs） at the crack tips are plotted and compared with those obtained by the finite element analysis （FEA）.

包含岩石临界状态的Mohr-Wedge准则适用性研究

Mohr-Wedge(MW)岩石强度准则是基于岩石楔形破坏力学模型及主应力间的偏微分方程等的理论性公式推导.利用量纲分析整理该准则所含的多个参数,并赋予参数相应的物理意义,可使该准则简单易懂.为分析包含岩石临界状态的MW准则适用性,选取Mohr-Coulomb准则、Hoek-Brown准则和指数准则为比较对象,以平均绝对误差MAE为评价指标,量化比较4个准则预测岩石强度的准确度.结果表明:当围压小于岩石临界状态围压σcr-M时,MW准则具有一定的适用性;当围压大于σcr-M时,4个准则预测的岩石强度因岩石临界状态围压不同而发生偏差.基于此,提出了不同岩石临界状态围压预测岩石强度的方法,可为岩石临界状态围压的取值提供一定的借鉴意义.

Effect of cross wedge rolling on the microstructure of GH4169 alloy

The metal microstructure during the hot forming process has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of final products. To study the microstructural evolution of the cross wedge rolling （CWR） process, the microstructural model of GH4169 alloy was programmed into the user subroutine of DEFORM-3D by FORTRAN. Then, a coupled thermo-mechanical and microstructural simulation was performed under different conditions of CWR, such as area reduction, rolling temperature, and roll speed. Comparing experimental data with simulation results, the difference in average grain size is from 11.2% to 33.4% so it is verified that the mierostructural model of GH4169 alloy is reliable and accurate. The fine grain of about 12-15 p.m could be obtained by the CWR process, and the grain distribution is very homogeneous. For the symmetry plane, increasing the area reduction is helpful to refine the grain and the value should be around 61%. Moreover, when the roiling temperature changes from 1000 to 1100℃ and the roll speed from 6 to 10 r.min-1, the grain size of the rolled piece decreases first and then increases. The temperature may be better to choose the value around 1050℃ and the speed less than 10 r-min-1.

MHD flow and heat transfer of a hybrid nanofluid past a permeable stretching/shrinking wedge

The steady flow and heat transfer of a hybrid nanofluid past a permeable stretching/shrinking wedge with magnetic field and radiation effects are studied. The governing equations of the hybrid nanofluid are converted to the similarity equations by techniques of the similarity transformation. The bvp4c function that is available in MATLAB software is utilized for solving the similarity equations numerically. The numerical results are obtained for selected different values of parameters. The results discover that two solutions exist, up to a certain value of the stretching/shrinking and suction strengths. The critical value in which the solution is in existence decreases as nanoparticle volume fractions for copper and wedge angle parameter increase. It is also found that the hybrid nanofluid enhances the heat transfer rate compared with the regular nanofluid. The reduction of the heat transfer rate is observed with the increase in radiation parameter. The temporal stability analysis is performed to analyze the stability of the dual solutions, and it is revealed that only one of them is stable and physically reliable.

Passive Control of Turbulent Jet Flow with Wedged Nozzle

Turbulent flow field of the free jet with circular nozzle and wedged nozzles is measured using hot wire anemometry with resolution higher than the smallest turbulence time scale. Wavelet analysis is employed to perform multi-scale decomposition of instantaneous turbulence fluctuating velocity signals, and the energy distribution of the turbulent multi-scale eddy structures over scales is studied using wavelet coefficients. Investigation of the multi-scale eddy structures of circular jet and various wedged jets reveals the transport of the energy of these wedged jets in the space from the axis to the side of the jet, as compared with the circular jet. Furthermore, not only the eddy structures at the wedge tines in the near field are crashed, but also the interactions such as eddy structure union and entrainment take place at different longitudinal and normal locations along with the development of the jets because of the existence of wedges.

Analysis of Engineering Geology Indices in Three Units of Atamir Formation in Kope Dagh Zone

This is a field report on a comprehensive study of the Atamir Formation from the engineering geology perspective using the related indices. The Atamir Formation of the Cretaceous Period, which has outcropped in the form of thick frequencies of grey-knotted sandstone and black shales, is situated in the Kope Dagh zone. A survey of discontinuities together with bedding was carried out to study slope stability. The layers have a general east-west trend with a gentle slope towards the south. Because of the tectonic and stratigraphic differences, and with the purpose of facilitating surveys related to joint study of the outcrop, the formation in the study region was divided into three units. The lower unit is made of shale, the middle of sandstone, and the upper of marlstone. All three units were studied from the perspective of geomechanical classification, rock mass indices, geological strength, geomechanical indices, and wedge instability analysis under dry and wet conditions, and the results were investigated in the form of various images and figures. The Dips software was used to display the rose diagram and stereographic projection of each unit, the Swedge software to analyze instability of the wedges, and the Roctab software to analyze the geomechanical parameters and present the outputs along with the description of each unit.

大型轴类楔横轧机主传动系统模态柔性研究及有限元模拟

针对大型轴类楔横轧机轧制过程中的振动现象,采用弹簧-质量系统动力学模型简化方法,构建了大型轴类楔横轧机的主传动系统的动力学模型,并基于此对扭转振动特性进行了分析,得到了固有频率与主振型。根据系统模态固有特性,分析了系统的各阶模态柔性和能量分布,并利用ANASYS软件构建了有限元动力学分析模块对传动系统进行模态分析,得到系统整体各阶模态固有频率和主振型,振型图中展示了各个阶次的振动特点。为了降低计算复杂度,针对传动轴连接,采用简化模型来模拟复杂的轴结构,但简化模型可能引入误差并无法准确捕捉所有模态。理论系统扭振频率和模态分析结果的扭振频率基本一致。在此次模拟中,简化传动轴连接对分析结果没有显著影响。结果表明,第1阶模态是最敏感、最易被激发的模态,系统能量主要集中在轧辊附近,且容易受到自激振动的影响,后续可以据此可对系统进行进一步研究与优化。

用于开放式胫骨高位截骨术解剖型固定板的生物力学研究

目的 针对个体化开放式胫骨高位截骨术(open wedge high tibial osteotomy,OWHTO),设计一种新型内固定板,并研究几何参数和材料选择对其生物力学固定性能的影响。方法 通过个体化OWHTO解剖型固定板设计建模,采用有限元分析方法,参数化研究固定板厚度、宽度和长度设计参数以及不锈钢、钛合金、镁合金和聚醚醚酮(PEEK)4种不同材料选取对OWHTO固定系统生物力学的影响,对比了解剖型固定板与TomoFix固定板的生物力学差异。结果 相比于固定板的长度与宽度,厚度对截骨间隙微位移的影响最大。与不锈钢和PEEK材料相比,钛合金或镁合金固定板更有利于同时获得合理的稳定性和力学传递。与TomoFix固定板相比,解剖型固定板最大von Mises应力降低了13.5%,螺钉和胫骨最大von Mises应力分别增大了9.8%与18.4%,最大截骨间隙cc处微位移增大了49.3%。结论 解剖型固定板在保证稳定性的前提下对减轻应力屏蔽效应以及提高生物力学性能有更积极的影响。研究结果为OWHTO解剖型固定板的开发提供参考。

3D打印铸造铝合金表面楔形织构的摩擦性能

实验对活塞-缸套使用较多材料铸造铝合金(AlSi10Mg)进行3D打印,研究其摩擦磨损性能。在内燃机实际运行条件下活塞裙部通常会发生严重的摩擦和磨损。表面织构已成为现代减摩抗磨的有效方式之一,并成功应用于许多领域。利用3D打印技术加工出两种不同面积占有率楔形凹坑表面试样与光滑表面试样。在立式万能摩擦磨损试验机上进行销-盘回转实验,采用三维形貌仪、同轴显微镜以及扫描电子显微镜观察试样工作表面的磨损形貌。通过Fluent流体分析软件模拟仿真润滑油内部压力,并对仿真结果进行验证。研究结果表明,与光滑无织构试样对比,楔形织构试样对提升活塞裙部摩擦学性能起着积极的作用,且当织构面积占有率为7.01%时对减少摩擦系数降低磨损质量的效果更加显著,提升了活塞裙部的摩擦学性能。

外侧楔形鞋垫对足踝生物力学影响的有限元分析

目的 探究外侧楔形鞋垫对足踝内部组织(包括足骨、关节和韧带)的生物力学影响。方法 建立并验证足踝-鞋垫-地面三维有限元模型,探究步态3个关键瞬间赤足模型和鞋垫干预模型的足底压力分布、关节接触压力、跖骨及主要韧带的应力。结果 5°外侧楔形鞋垫模型足底峰值压力比赤足模型减小65.8%。鞋垫干预使楔舟关节处峰值接触压力减小;距下关节处峰值接触压力和第4、5跖骨处峰值应力增大。结论 本研究量化评估了外侧楔形鞋垫对足踝各部分的生物力学影响,提出了可适当减小外侧楔形鞋垫第4、5跖骨处倾斜角度的设计建议。

轴向磁场电机永磁体空载涡流损耗减小方法对比研究

减少轴向磁场电机永磁体空载涡流损耗的方法主要有:减小定子槽开口宽度、增大气隙长度、永磁体分块、使用屏蔽层和磁性槽楔等。基于轴向磁场电机的简化二维分析模型,分析了减小定子槽开口宽度和增大气隙长度、使用屏蔽层和磁性槽楔降低空载涡流损耗的效果。通过三维电磁场仿真,研究了永磁体不同分块方式对减少空载涡流损耗的效果。研究结果表明,减小定子槽开口宽度的效果最佳;虽然增加气隙长度可以显著减小涡流损耗,但永磁体用量迅速增加;永磁体分块减小涡流效果较好,且周向分块方式最好;屏蔽层起反作用;使用分段磁性槽楔效果比减小定子槽开口宽度稍微差一点,但加工难度要低些。

楔形变壁厚排架柱设计研究

丽江三义机场T3航站楼屋盖采用排架结构体系,由楔形变壁厚排架柱支承。沿排架柱网布置立体桁架,在立体桁架间布置网架。结构竖向传力体系由网架、立体桁架与楔形变壁厚排架柱组成。现行规范中尚未明确楔形变壁厚排架柱的稳定承载力计算方法,设计中通常采用门式刚架的变截面柱计算公式进行计算长度法验算。基于直接分析法,对应排架柱构件不同失稳模态,分别采用了相应的初始构件缺陷分布,考虑了整体初始几何缺陷下结构的一阶弯矩方向,通过条件极值方法判断了构件初始缺陷的最不利方向,建立对应的分析流程,并与计算长度法结果进行对比。结果表明:楔形变壁厚排架柱构件初始缺陷采用一端约束、一端自由构件的失稳模态更加合理,计算长度法的冗余度及安全性均优于直接分析法。

D46型双辊式楔横轧机典型故障分析与维护

通过对D46双辊式楔横轧工艺原理和设备结构的探讨,结合实际使用过程中出现的典型故障,如上下轧辊平行度超差、轧制过程中的闷车、中心距调节机构故障、相位调节机构故障等进行了深度分析,并提出了相应的预防措施。最后,总结出该型号楔横轧管理和维护中的6个提升重点,以确保设备能长期低成本高效率运行,用设备性能提升保障产品质量,为企业的高质量和可持续发展夯实基础。

Sample size and power analysis for stepped wedge cluster randomised trials with binary outcomes

In stepped wedge cluster randomised trials(SW-CRTs),clusters of subjects are randomly assigned to sequences,where they receive a specific order of treatments.Compared to conventional cluster randomised studies,one unique feature of SW-CRTs is that all clusters start from control and gradually transition to intervention according to the randomly assigned sequences.This feature mitigates the ethical concern of withholding an effective treatment and reduces the logistic burden of implementing the intervention at multiple clusters simultaneously.This feature,however,presents challenges that need to be addressed in experimental design and data analysis,i.e.,missing data due to prolonged follow-up and complicated correlation structures that involve between-subject and longitudinal correlations.In this study,based on the generalised estimating equation(GEE)approach,we present a closed-form sample size formula for SW-CRTs with a binary outcome,which offers great flexibility to account for unbalanced randomisation,missing data,and arbitrary correlation structures.We also present a correction approach to address the issue of under-estimated variance by GEE estimator when the sample size is small.Simulation studies and application to a real clinical trial are presented.

商用车新型鼓式制动器结构优化设计

制动器是商用车中的重要安全保障部件。为提高运输车辆的制动安全性,采用领从蹄式结构,设计了一种搭载冲压焊接式制动蹄的新型楔式鼓式制动器。以制动效能与制动鼓体积为目标,对新型鼓式制动器建立优化模型,基于多目标粒子群算法对新型鼓式制动器结构进行优化。引入线性递减权值法,保证算法的准确性,运用惩罚函数法处理算法中的约束问题。基于仿真分析与台架试验相结合的复合分析法,对新型鼓式制动器进行有限元分析与台架试验。结果表明,设计的新型楔式鼓式制动器结构满足设计要求,并优于同规格凸轮式鼓式制动器。

浅埋盾构隧道开挖面被动失稳楔形体计算模型改进

以浅埋盾构隧道开挖面被动失稳模式为研究对象,对楔形体计算模型进行改进,提出了一种新的开挖面等效法,将楔形体计算模型里的倒棱台筒仓改进为倒圆台筒仓,推导了开挖面被动失稳极限支护压力计算公式。主要结论有:楔形体倾角(α)与土体内摩擦角(φ)有关,α最优值为40°-φ/2。通过与既有开挖面被动失稳的极限支护压力解析解及数值解对比,发现改进后的楔形体模型计算结果更接近数值解,说明本文推导的计算公式是可靠的。