Chemical Weeding in Dry Direct Seeding Fields of Single Cropping Middlelate Rice

Chemical weeding in dry direct seeding fields of single cropping middle-late rice was studied in Huida vegetable farm of Huizhou City in 2012. The main treatment was herbicide（ pretilachlor ＋ bensulfuron-methyl,Yangguo and butachlor）,and the sub-treatment was application method（ soil treatments,seedling treatment and integrated treatment）. The results showed that 80 g pretilachlor ＋ bensulfuron-methyl（ 36% pretilachlor ＋ 4% bensulfuron-methyl） diluted with 50 kg water could be sprayed or 200 g Yangguo（ 23. 9% butachlor ＋ 1. 1% bensulfuron-methyl） mixed with 15 kg sandy soil could be broadcasted per 667 m2 on the sowing day or the second day under moist condition of soil,which could effectively control weeds in dry direct seeding fields of single cropping middle-late rice.

Effect of gradient magnetic field on physiochemistry functions of rice seedlings

Rice varieties Handao 2,Zhongbai 4,Han-jingzi,and Akihikari were treated with gradi-ent magnetic fileld to study the effect of gradi-ent field on rice.The magnetic field was madeup of 12 plots magnetic plates arranged in eachother south and north pole.The magneticstrength was 0-40 mT.Each four varieties wasput under the magnetic plate 15 cm away,andwent through the magnetic field with the speedof 20 cm/s.The same varieties without thetreatment were used as CK.Both of the seedswere soaked in water for 48 h in room temper-ature,and then sprouted on the porcelain platewith absorbed water paper.When the

Experimental Study on Water Saving of Large-scale Mechanized Paddy Field Production Process in Heilongjiang Province

In order to clarify the water-saving technologies and standards in large-scale mechanized production of paddy fields, the water-saving effects and cost-benefit situations of paddy field steeping, seedling transplanting and different land preparation methods were studied. The results showed that the suitable water layer height for the closing period of mechanized operation was 10 cm, which could save water, facilitate weed control, and lead to better effect and the highest yield. The treatment with a water layer height of 1 cm(Huadashui) for the seedling planting operation achieved better quality of seedling transplanting, lower vacancy rate and higher yield and was water-saving. From the perspective of saving water and taking into account the cost of land preparation, the method of steeping and beating the field was better than the method of plowing in autumn and rotary tillage and harrowing in spring, but it was very prone to lodging. From the perspective of high yield creation, the method of plowing in autumn and rotary tillage and harrowing in spring was significantly better than the method of steeping and beating the field. In order to reduce the cost of land preparation, it is recommended to change the way of plowing in autumn and rotary tillage and hallowing in spring to plowing in autumn and rotary tillage in spring or plowing and hallowing in spring to reduce the cost of one time of rotary tillage, and to simultaneously realize deeper plough layer, which is conducive to preventing lodging and obtaining high yield.

基于ViT-改进YOLOv7的稻田杂草识别

为解决光线遮蔽、藻萍干扰以及稻叶尖形状相似等复杂环境导致稻田杂草识别效果不理想问题,该研究提出一种基于组合深度学习的杂草识别方法。引入MSRCP(multi-scale retinex with color preservation)对图像进行增强,以提高图像亮度及对比度;加入ViT分类网络去除干扰背景,以提高模型在复杂环境下对小目标杂草的识别性能。在YOLOv7模型中主干特征提取网络替换为GhostNet网络,并引入CA注意力机制,以增强主干特征提取网络对杂草特征提取能力及简化模型参数计算量。消融试验表明:改进后的YOLOv7模型平均精度均值为88.2%,较原YOLOv7模型提高了3.3个百分点,参数量减少10.43 M,计算量减少66.54×109次/s。识别前先经过MSRCP图像增强后,与原模型相比,改进YOLOv7模型的平均精度均值提高了2.6个百分点,光线遮蔽、藻萍干扰以及稻叶尖形状相似的复杂环境下平均精度均值分别提高5.3、3.6、3.1个百分点,加入ViT分类网络后,较原模型平均精度均值整体提升了4.4个百分点,光线遮蔽、藻萍干扰一级稻叶尖形状相似的复杂环境下的平均精度均值较原模型整体提升了6.2、6.1、5.7个百分点。ViT-改进YOLOv7模型的平均精度均值为92.6%,相比于YOLOv5s、YOLOXs、MobilenetV3-YOLOv7、YOLOv8和改进YOLOv7分别提高了11.6、10.1、5.0、4.2、4.4个百分点。研究结果可为稻田复杂环境的杂草精准识别提供支撑。

轻简化栽培稻田杂草发生趋势与防控技术

随着水稻轻简化栽培技术的应用与推广,东北稻区、西北稻区、长江流域稻区和华南稻区等水稻主产区的杂草种群演替加快,稗草、千金子和马唐等恶性杂草频繁发生,杂草抗药性水平上升迅速。若杂草防控不及时、不彻底,极易对水稻生产构成严重威胁。为此,对水稻直播、机插和抛秧等轻简化栽培稻田杂草的草相特征、发展趋势和防除方法等进行了概述,以期为制定合理、高效的轻简化栽培稻田杂草综合防控技术、水稻用农药减量增效除草方案,延缓杂草抗药性产生与发展提供借鉴。

Field experimental study on pullout forces of rice seedlings and barnyard grasses for mechanical weed control in paddy field

Pullout forces of rice seedling and barnyard grass were tested by universal testing machine controlled by WDW-5 type microcomputer to obtain the pullout forces of rice seedling and barnyard grass.The measured pullout force was used to improve the weeding rate and reduce the rice seedling damage rate caused by mechanical weeding device.According to the measured continuous curve of pullout forces of rice seeding and barnyard grasses in weeding period,the best range of force required to pull out barnyard grasses from soil with no injury and damage to rice seedlings was discussed.Reasons for the difference in the pulling force were analyzed.Results show that,with the increment of the number of single cell rice seedlings the pullout force increases.The pullout forces of single cell rice seedlings and barnyard grasses at first increased slowly reaching the maximum value followed by rapid drop and finally it remained steady.The minimum pullout forces recorded during rice seedlings at the first and the second weeding periods were 2.57 N and 9.70 N,respectively,while the minimum forces during the first and second weeding periods were recorded as 1.24 N and 7.51 N,respectively,for barnyard grasses.The results show that the pullout forces of weeding to rice seedlings and barnyard grasses should be within 1.24 N to 2.57 N and 7.51 N to 9.70 N respectively in the first and second weeding periods.

植保无人机喷施封闭除草剂对稻田杂草的防效研究

为探究植保无人机喷施除草剂对直播稻田杂草防效,采用50%丁草胺乳油、26%噁草酮悬浮剂、350 g/L异噁草松微囊悬浮剂、300 g/L丙草胺乳油4种封闭除草剂,在飞行高度2 m和3 m,用水量22.5、45.0 L/hm^(2)条件下设置不同处理,考察播前施药结合水层管理及播后干封对水稻安全性及对直播稻田不同种类杂草的防除效果。结果表明,26%噁草酮悬浮剂2个用水量处理的成苗率和苗高显著低于其余处理,播后30 d各处理水稻分蘖数均显著高于空白对照,各处理5株苗茎基宽与空白对照无差异。药后15 d,3种除草剂供试浓度下高用水量处理对稗草、千金子、多花水苋、异型莎草等杂草的防效均优于低用水量;播前水封与播后干封效果整体上差异不大。药后40 d,整体上各处理防效均降低,26%噁草酮悬浮剂、350 g/L异噁草松微囊悬浮剂在高用水量时对稗草的株数防效显著优于低用水量,3种药剂在高用水量时对千金子的株数防效均显著高于低用水量,鲜重防效与株数防效趋势基本一致。3种药剂不同飞防参数下对异型莎草和多花水苋的防效有差异,且效果较差。同一药剂在用水量45 L/hm^(2)和飞行高度3 m时对不同杂草的防效优于用水量22.5 L/hm^(2)和飞行高度2 m处理。不同除草剂对不同种类杂草的防效存在差异,高用水量播前施药结合水层管理对不同杂草的防效均优于播后干封处理。后期应适时进行茎叶处理,以提升施药对田间杂草的治理效果。

基于深度学习的田间玉米幼苗与杂草语义分割研究

为实现复杂田间背景下玉米幼苗和杂草的准确分割,提出了一种基于改进ResNet的语义分割网络模型.首先,对骨干网络进行调整,在保证感受野不变的情况下降低计算量,提高模型的分割精度;其次,引进空洞空间金字塔池化模块,增强模型对多尺度目标上下文信息和全局上下文信息的获取能力;最后,引入条带池化模块补充和完善上下文信息,增强全局语义信息表达.实验结果表明,该模型在自建数据上获得85.3%的平均交并比.对田间复杂环境下玉米幼苗与杂草具有良好的分割效果和泛化能力,研究结果为智能除草设备提供一定的参考.

38%敌稗·唑酰草胺·异草松乳油对直播水稻田一年生杂草的防治效果

为明确38%敌稗·唑酰草胺·异草松乳油对直播水稻田一年生杂草的防除效果及其对水稻生长的安全性。参照《农药田间药效试验准则(一)》于2023年在水稻3~4叶期、杂草2~4叶期采用茎叶喷雾法开展大田试验。38%敌稗·唑酰草胺·异草松乳油以有效成分用药量684.0~855.0 g a.i./hm^(2)进行茎叶喷雾,可有效防除稗草、千金子、丁香蓼、异型莎草等一年生杂草,药后40 d株防效89.7%~94.5%,鲜重防效92.4%~96.9%。38%敌稗·唑酰草胺·异草松乳油能够有效防除直播水稻田一年生杂草,且对水稻安全,杀草速度较快。

18%噁唑酰草胺·噁嗪草酮乳油防除直播水稻田一年生禾本科杂草效果研究

为明确18%噁唑酰草胺·噁嗪草酮乳油对直播水稻田一年生禾本科杂草的防除效果及其对水稻的安全性。参照GB/T 17980.40—2000《农药田间药效试验准则(一)》于2023年在水稻2.5~4叶期,禾本科杂草2~4叶期采用茎叶喷雾法开展大田试验。试验结果显示18%噁唑酰草胺·噁嗪草酮乳油有效成分用药量108.0~135.0 g a.i./hm^(2),可有效防除稗草、马唐、千金子等一年生禾本科杂草,药后30 d株和鲜重防效分别为89.07%~92.51%和92.00%~94.13%。18%噁唑酰草胺·噁嗪草酮乳油能够有效防除直播水稻田一年生禾本科杂草,且对水稻生长安全,杀草速度较快。

山区单季机插秧杂交籼稻栽培技术

针对山区单季机插秧杂交籼稻栽培中的温室育秧、大田整田及栽插、大田水肥管理等问题开展实地研究,总结了一套切合山区实际、便于普及推广的栽培技术,具有省力、高效、高产等优势。

2022年上海市稻田杂草大发生原因剖析及对策建议

在对稻田杂草发生危害长期跟踪监测和调查走访的基础上,从主观、客观和管理层面的10个方面,对2022年上海市稻田杂草大发生原因进行了剖析,并针对当前稻田杂草防除中存在的问题,从政策引导、技术支撑、组织管理等方面提出了对策建议。

基于改进DeepLabv3+的水稻田间杂草识别方法

针对实际稻田环境中水稻与杂草相互遮挡、难以准确区分的问题,提出一种基于改进DeepLabv3+的水稻杂草识别方法。以无人机航拍的复杂背景下稻田杂草图像为研究对象,在DeepLabv3+模型的基础上,选择轻量级网络MobileNetv2作为主干特征提取网络,以减少模型参数量和降低计算复杂度;融合通道和空间双域注意力机制模块,加强模型对重要特征的关注;提出一种基于密集采样的多分支感受野级联融合结构对空洞空间金字塔池化模块(ASPP)进行改进,扩大对全局和局部元素特征的采样范围;对模型解码器部分进行改进。设置消融试验验证改进方法的有效性,并与改进前DeepLabv3+、UNet、PSPNet、HrNet模型进行对比试验。试验结果表明,改进后模型对水稻田间杂草的识别效果最佳,其平均交并比(MIoU)、平均像素准确率(mPA)、F1值分别为90.72%、95.67%、94.29%,较改进前模型分别提高3.22、1.25、2.65个百分点;改进后模型内存占用量为11.15 MB,约为原模型的1/19,网络推算速度为103.91 f/s。结果表明改进后模型能够实现复杂背景下水稻与杂草分割,研究结果可为无人机精准施药提供技术支撑。

长期不同施肥对黄壤单季稻冬闲田春季杂草群落的影响

为探讨长期不同施肥模式下杂草群落变化及其与土壤养分相关性,依托一项连续24年长期施肥试验,采用田间调查法,对不平衡施肥[氮磷肥(NP)、磷钾肥(PK)、氮钾肥(NK)]、常量化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、1/2有机肥替代化肥(1/2MNP)、不施肥(CK)模式下黄壤单季稻冬闲田春季杂草群落变化及其与土壤养分相关性进行研究。结果表明,长期不同施肥模式下春季杂草密度、生物量、群落多样性等均发生变化。M处理下土壤养分均较高,杂草群落总密度1208.44株·m^(-2)、总生物量1071.24 g·m^(-2),均为最高,与CK处理相比,春季杂草总密度增加37.74%、总生物量增加179.58%,说明单施有机肥可提升土壤养分,促进春季杂草生长。不同处理对杂草群落影响存在差异:M处理下棒头草(Polypogon fugax)等未发生;长期施用无机化肥处理早熟禾(Poa annua)发生密度(0~4.89株·m^(-2))较低;缺磷处理下日本看麦娘(Alopecurus japonicus)发生密度(36.00株·m^(-2))最低。同时,缺氮导致杂草群落多样性指数增加、优势度指数降低,群落结构相对复杂;缺磷则反之。研究表明,全氮、碱解氮和全磷是影响杂草密度的关键因子,生产上可通过合理施肥控制田间杂草发生,稳定土壤肥力及物种多样性,促进农业生态系统发挥出最大生态效应。

水田行间除草装置设计与试验

为减少化学除草剂的使用,解决现有水田除草机械除草效果差等问题,该研究设计了一种水田行间除草装置,包括压草浮板和除草辊等结构,工作时压草浮板先将压倒杂草,紧接着除草辊将压倒的杂草压入泥中。压草浮板先将杂草压倒,除草辊将杂草压入泥中的几率可提高9.98%。除草辊两端设有倒角,在避免或减少对水稻根系损伤的同时可扩大行间除草区域,最大可增加常规除草宽度的3%。对压草浮板和除草辊进行了参数设计,通过仿真试验分析了行间除草装置与土壤之间的相互作用规律,确定最佳作业条件为入土深度35 mm,前进速度0.8 m/s。以未除草、化学除草、人工除草和不同参数的除草辊为试验因素,以水稻植株高度、产量、产量构成因素和水稻根系参数为试验指标,进行田间试验,试验结果表明,行间除草装置平均除草率最高为87.51%,可以翻动土壤,增加土壤透气性。与常规宽度的除草辊相比,增加除草宽度,扩大行间除草区域最大可提高除草率7.3个百分点。不同的除草处理对水稻植株高度和产量等有显著影响(P<0.05),机械除草可以促进水稻的生长发育,其产量可以达到甚至超过化学除草和人工除草水平。不同参数的除草辊对植株高度、产量和根系等有显著影响(P<0.05),增加除草辊宽度同时两端设倒角,可以减少对水稻根系的损伤,有利于水稻的生长发育,提高水稻产量。研究结果可为水田除草机械装备的研究提供参考。

Development of a mechanical weeder and experiment on the growth,yield and quality of rice

Weed control in paddy fields is a worldwide problem and mechanical weeding will become a major weeding method in non-chemical weeding.A mechanical weeder was designed and tested to improve the efficiency of mechanical weeding and reduce the application of herbicides in this study.The weeding equipment is equipped with three sets of inter-row weeding parts which include ground-contoured-following pressing-grass float(GPF),weeding roller and so on.The weeding principle of weeding part is that the weeding equipment enters the inter-row area with weeder moving forward,then the GPF overwhelms the weeds in the inter-row area to improve the probability that the weeding roller behind the GPF pressed the overwhelmed weeds into the soil.The effects of weeding methods on the plant height,grain yield and quality attributes were investigated in a two-seasonal field experiment.Three weeding methods were applied in the present study:no-weeding,chemical weeding and mechanical weeding.The results of the two-seasonal field experiment showed that the average weeding rates of mechanical weeders were 87.1%and 87.61%respectively.In both seasons,there was no significant difference among weeding methods on plant height at the early growth stage of rice after weeding,but weeding methods had significant effect on plant height at the late growth stage.The plant height of mechanical weeding was higher at the late growth stage.Weeding methods had significant effects on grain yield,grain number per panicle,seed-setting rate,1000-grain weight and shoot dry matter accumulation(p<0.05),however there was no remarkable effect on rice quality and other attributes(p>0.05).Grain yield of mechanical weeding was significantly higher than that of no-weeding.There was no significant difference between chemical weeding and mechanical weeding.It can be concluded from the two-seasonal experiment that mechanical weeding had the same effect as chemical weeding on grain yield and rice quality.

深度学习在水稻秧苗识别中的应用

水稻秧苗识别的准确率直接关系到水稻的插秧质量和优质高产,通过简单介绍深度学习以及该算法在水稻秧苗识别中的应用,展望深度学习在水稻秧苗识别的应用前景,以期更科学有效应用该方法。

37%丙炔噁草酮·丁草胺·噁嗪草酮OD防除水稻移栽田杂草试验

为探究37%丙炔噁草酮·丁草胺·噁嗪草酮OD防除水稻移栽田杂草的防除效果,本文进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,37%丙炔噁草酮·丁草胺·噁嗪草酮OD防除水稻田杂草,对稗草、鸭舌草、碎米莎草防除效果优良,持效期达45 d,在试验设计剂量范围内对水稻生产安全。建议在水稻移栽前3~5 d,稻田水整地捞平沉浆后进行施药,用水量为150 kg/hm^(2),去掉喷雾器喷头甩施,并于施药后保持田间3~5 cm水层5~7 d,推荐使用剂量为1200~1500 mL/hm^(2)。

3种除草剂组合对水直播稻田杂草的防除效果研究

除草剂单一使用易使杂草产生抗性。本研究通过田间试验比较了3种除草剂组合[(1)土壤喷雾30%苄嘧磺隆·丙草胺可分散油悬浮剂后,茎叶喷雾40%氰氟草酯·噁唑酰草胺可分散油悬浮剂+10%氟嘧啶草醚可分散油悬浮剂(Z-1);(2)茎叶喷雾15%噁唑酰草胺·二氯喹啉酸可分散油悬浮剂+20%氰氟草酯可分散油悬浮剂+43%2-甲-4-氯·氯氟吡氧乙酸可分散油悬浮剂(Z-2);(3)茎叶喷雾15%噁唑酰草胺乳油+20%氰氟草酯可分散油悬浮剂+43%2-甲-4-氯·氯氟吡氧乙酸可分散油悬浮剂(Z-3)]对水直播稻田杂草的防除效果,拟筛选高效除草剂组合,以期延缓杂草抗性发展。结果表明,第2次施药后30 d,3种除草剂组合对禾本科杂草千金子、莎草科杂草、丁香蓼及其他阔叶杂草等的鲜重防效均为100.00%,对稗属杂草的鲜重防效达93%以上,对总草的鲜重防效为93.34%~99.97%。综合分析,上述3种除草剂组合均能有效控制水直播稻田杂草,其中处理Z-1效果最好。

水稻种子活力测定方法比较研究

以3个杂交水稻品种,每品种3个不同活力水平的种子批为试验材料,比较了幼苗生长测定、发芽速率测定、加速老化试验、抗冷测定、低温发芽试验、模拟发芽试验和标准发芽试验这7种种子活力测定方法,并结合田间出苗试验,对这些方法测定的结果进行分析。结果表明,荃两优丝苗(S1、S2、S3)加速老化试验的发芽率与田间出苗率几乎一致,新两优611(S4、S5、S6)两者一致性也较高,而荃优153(S7、S8、S9)加速老化试验的发芽率普遍比田间出苗率低,但也表现出一定相关性。可初步判断荃两优丝苗和新两优611可用加速老化试验测定的发芽率作为活力指标来反映田间出苗率。抗冷测定和低温发芽试验方法测定的发芽率基本一致,两者的发芽率大多都较田间出苗率高。荃优153用上述2种方法测定的发芽率与田间出苗率相关性较高,基本一致,因而可用抗冷测定和低温发芽试验方法测定荃优153种子活力。