Influence of tool pin profile on microstructure and corrosion behaviour of AA2219 Al-Cu alloy friction stir weld nuggets

To overcome the problems of fusion welding of aluminium alloys, the friction stir welding(FSW) is recognized as an alternative joining method to improve the mechanical and corrosion properties. Tool profile is one of the important variables which affect the performance of the FS weld. In the present work, the effect of tool profile on the weld nugget microstructure and pitting corrosion of AA2219 aluminium-copper alloy was studied. FSW of AA2219 alloy was carried out using five profiles, namely conical, square, triangle, pentagon and hexagon. The temperature measurements were made in the region adjacent to the rotating pin. It was observed that the peak temperature is more in hexagonal tool pin compared to the welds produced with other tool pin profiles. It is observed that the extensive deformation experienced at the nugget zone and the evolved microstructure strongly influences the hardness and corrosion properties of the joint during FSW. It was found that the microstructure changes like grain size, misorientation and precipitate dissolution during FSW influence the hardness and corrosion behaviour. Pitting corrosion resistance of friction stir welds of AA2219 was found to be better for hexagon profile tool compared to other profiles, which was attributed to material flow and strengthening precipitate morphology in nugget zone. Higher amount of heat generation in FS welds made with hexagonal profile tool may be the reason for greater dissolution of strengthening precipitates in nugget zone.

MICROSTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF FRICTION STIR WELDED AZ31 MAGNESIUM ALLOY

Friction stir welding achieves the weld in solid phase by locally introducing frictional heating and plastic flow arising from rotation of the welding tool, which results in changes in the local microstructure of magnesium alloy. The purpose in the paper is to study the microstructures of friction stir welded AZ31 magnesium alloy. Residual microstructures, including dynamic re-crystallization zone and nugget structures have been systematically investigated utilizing optical microscopy (OM), scanning electric microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-hardness. AZ31 magnesium alloy has been successfully friction stir welded and exhibits the variations of microstructure including dynamically recrystallized, equaxied grains in the weld nugget. Residual hardness in the nugget was found slightly lower than the parent but not too obvious.

Study on the resistance spot welding technology of 22MnMoB hot stamping quenched steel

In this paper,the spot welding technology of a new kind of 22 MnMoB hot stamping quenched steel sheet was systematically studied by power frequency spot welder.Through a series of technology and test experiments,we have obtained the optimal spot welding technological parameter condition.According to the results,the relations among spot welding technological parameter,welding nugget,mechanical property and fracture mode were discussed.The effects of all the welding parameters such as welding current,welding time and electrode force on the quality of joint can be boiled down to one thing—the diameter of welding nugget.The experimental results showed that welding nugget diameter determines the mechanical property of spot welding joint and the relation between welding nugget diameter and the mechanical property of joint presents a kind of linear mathematic representation.There are two typical fracture models of 22 MnMoB hot stamping quenched steel sheet,i.e.,interfacial fracture and nugget pullout.Other than mild steel or normal high strength steel,in the shearing tensile test,hot stamping quenched steel has a great tendency to fail in interfacial mode due to the effects of high strength matrix structure,welding soft zone and the porosity level of fusion zone.

Tool-workpiece interaction and shear layer flow during friction stir welding of aluminium alloys

Material flow phenomena during friction stir welding(FSW) and the forming mechanism of "onion rings" are complicated and currently not fully understood. In the present FSW study aluminium alloys 5083 and A356,with the latter more readily welded than the former,were used. The experiments were conducted to obtain samples of tool and workpiece "frozen" together during FSW for analysis. Two deposition modes for forming the weld nugget zone were observed,one for each alloy with the present FSW parameters. The first is the deposition of shear layers forming the "onion rings" in 5083 alloy nugget. The tool-workpiece interaction leading to the layer thickness being equal to the ratio of welding speed and tool rotation speed is suggested. The second mode is the combination of depositing the rotational shear material in the lower part on the advancing side and the drag flow of material from the retreating site forming the rest of the A356 nugget. The latter mode resulted in the absence of a clear ring structure.

Fatigue crack propagation of 7050 aluminum alloy FSW joints after surface peening

The surface composite modification of the 7050 aluminum alloy friction stir-welded joints was performed by shot peening(SP)/multiple rotation rolling(MRR)and MRR/SP,and the fatigue performance of the nugget zone(NZ)was investigated.The results demonstrated that the fatigue life of SP/MRR samples is longer than that of MRR/SP.On the plane 150μm below the surface.The grains with high angle grain boundary account for 71.5%and 34.3%for MRR/SP and SP/MRR samples,respectively.The crack propagation path of the MRR/SP is transgranular and intergranular,and it is intergranular for the MRR/SP.Multitudinous fatigue striations and some voids appeared at the fracture during the stable crack propagation stage.However,fatigue striations for SP/MRR are with smaller spacing,fewer holes,and smaller size under SP/MRR compared with fatigue fracture of MRR/SP.The differences in fatigue properties and fracture characteristics of the NZ are related to the microstructure after the two combined surface modifications.

2A12/AZ31B异质合金超声振动辅助搅拌摩擦焊核区晶粒组织

开展了2A12/AZ31B异种材料搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和超声振动辅助搅拌摩擦焊(UVaFSW)的对比工艺实验,对焊核区不同部位的晶粒组织加以表征,分析超声振动对晶粒组织演变的影响。结果表明:相比于母材,焊核区2A12铝侧与AZ31B镁侧的晶粒尺寸都得到了明显的细化。2A12铝侧焊核区晶粒动态再结晶的方式为连续动态再结晶(CDRX)与几何动态再结晶(GDRX)机制的共同作用。AZ31B镁侧焊核区晶粒动态再结晶的方式为CDRX,GDRX和非连续动态再结晶(DDRX)机制的共同作用。施加超声振动能够促进晶粒的再结晶程度,尤其是在铝侧的中下部和镁侧的底部。织构演变结果表明:施加超声振动,铝侧焊核区材料的应变增加,说明超声振动能够促进焊核区的材料流动;镁侧不同区域的织构强度都有所降低,这是因为施加超声时镁合金晶粒发生了更加完全的再结晶行为,从而减弱了晶粒的取向性。

搅拌摩擦热力耦合条件下Q&P980钢焊核区组织演变规律

采用搅拌摩擦焊接技术焊接Q&P980钢,研究搅拌摩擦高温和塑性变形综合作用对Q&P980钢焊核区组织演变的影响规律.结果表明,焊核区的组织演化受峰值温度、剧烈塑性变形和焊后冷却速率多因素协同调控.焊核区的峰值温度主要由搅拌头的旋转速度控制,旋转速度越大,焊接峰值温度越高;焊后冷却速率主要由搅拌头的焊接速度控制,焊接速度越大,焊后冷却速度越大,材料受到高温塑性变形的影响越小.当旋转速度控制在400 r/min时,随着焊接速度从50 mm/min增加到400 mm/min,焊核区组织演变规律为马氏体/铁素体/残余奥氏体→马氏体,晶粒尺寸逐渐粗化.当焊接速度控制在100 mm/min时,随着旋转速度从200 r/min增加到600 r/min,焊核区组织演变规律为马氏体/铁素体/残余奥氏体→马氏体→马氏体/贝氏体,晶粒尺寸逐渐细化.

搅拌摩擦焊焊接5083铝合金板材焊核区的晶体取向

采用搅拌摩擦焊焊接了5083铝合金板材,借助电子背散射衍射技术和取向成像分析软件,对比性地分析了母材和焊核区的晶粒形貌、取向差分布、织构组分及取向分布函数,分析了焊核区晶体取向的变化.结果表明,在热—力作用下,焊核区发生动态再结晶,显示等轴晶粒形貌,平均晶粒尺寸约为15.8μm,同时大角度晶界比例明显增加.母材的黄铜织构B{011}<211>和S织构{123}<634>的比例分别达到30.6%和13.6%以上;搅拌摩擦焊后,焊核区的B织构和S织构的比例分别降至4%和1.8%,原位再结晶形成的R{124}<211>织构组分约为7.7%,焊核区其它常见面心立方金属织构组分的比例均低于8%,意味着焊核区由强取向组织转变为弱取向组织.

AZ31镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接显微组织形成机制

搅拌摩擦焊接显微组织的一个显著特征就是焊核(WeldNugget)的形成。采用AZ31镁合金为母材,通过金相和透射电镜分析搅拌摩擦焊接焊核的形成机制及接头不同区域的显微组织特征,并建立AZ31镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接的组织演变模型。结果显示,紧靠轴肩生成厚度约为37μm^47μm细密组织层。机械热影响区存在部分动态再结晶和较明显的塑性变形晶粒。焊缝底部有一厚约100μm^130μm的粗大组织层。熔核区的组织比较细小,沿厚度方向晶粒大小不均匀。同时提出一个焊核晶粒细化的简易模型,分析认为焊接过程中热过程和热机械搅拌作用对FSW接头组织的形成起决定性作用。

压铸镁合金AZ91D搅拌摩擦焊接头焊核演变机理研究

搅拌针旋转频率为1200r/min、焊接速率为40mm/min条件下,对4mm厚的压铸镁合金AZ91D进行连接,可获得无缺陷的焊缝接头。使用OM,SEM对焊缝接头微观组织进行观察。结果表明:压铸镁合金AZ91D搅拌摩擦焊接头焊核区域微观组织呈现出较大差异,顶部冠状区组织为均匀粗大、高致密度的再结晶晶粒,平均晶粒约为15μm;中心环形区域及焊核底部组织相对细小,均匀程度不如焊核冠状区;焊核区组织均为再结晶晶粒,晶粒形核模式与非连续动态再结晶模式类似。

7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的热稳定性

5 mm厚7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头在490℃固溶处理1 h,利用光学显微镜观察接头微观组织,研究接头焊核区组织的热稳定性.结果表明:焊核区的热稳定性与焊接参数有关,当以转速200 r/min,焊速20 mm/min的参数焊接后,焊核区组织稳定.而以转速600 r/min,焊速分别40、50 mm/min的参数焊接后,接头焊核区部分晶粒出现异常长大,热-机影响区与焊核区的交界面、焊核区根部是组织不稳定的源头.

6082-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和力学性能研究

对新能源汽车用6082-T6铝合金进行了搅拌摩擦焊接。通过金相显微镜、透射电镜、扫描电镜、维氏硬度试验、拉伸试验系统研究了焊接接头的微观组织与力学性能。结果表明:焊核区发生动态再结晶,组织呈细小的等轴晶粒,晶内位错密度降低,第二相颗粒数量减小。虽然搅拌摩擦焊接头的强度有所下降,但能够满足铝合金车身力学性能要求。

5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊核区非均匀性组织分析

利用小型搅拌摩擦焊机焊接5083铝合金板材,借助电子背散射衍射技术和取向成像分析软件对焊缝焊核区的焊核前进侧、焊核中心区和焊核后退侧的晶粒形貌和取向差角度进行了对比性研究.结果表明:经过搅拌摩擦焊接后,焊核区发生动态再结晶,晶粒由原始带状转变为等轴状,其大角度晶界含量相比于母材有明显增加,但不同部位的晶粒尺寸和大角度晶界比例均不同,焊核前进侧、焊核中心区和焊核后退侧的平均晶粒尺寸分别为17.0、15.8和13.5μm,大角度晶界比例分别为76.4%、68.8%和73.2%.

焊接参数对FGH96惯性摩擦焊接头组织和高温拉伸性能的影响

固定转动惯量,使用不同的转速和摩擦压力,对FGH96高温合金进行惯性摩擦焊(IFW),分析接头组织和焊核区宽度,研究焊接参数对接头高温拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:接头焊核区(WNZ)为等轴细晶组织,热力影响区(TMAZ)粗、细晶共存,接头焊核区的细晶组织中基本没有γ′强化相;接头高温拉伸性能随转速变化较小,而随摩擦压力的增大而增加,且焊核区宽度随摩擦压力的变化规律与拉伸性能吻合,这与焊接热输入量、材料塑性流动有关;高温拉伸试件均断裂于焊核区,这是由于焊核区γ′强化相完全溶解于基体导致接头强度下降。

铝-铜搅拌摩擦焊综述（英文）

在工程应用中需要通过连接不同的材料制成零部件以满足不同的要求。由于所用材料的力学、热和电性能存在巨大差异,使得这些零部件的制造极具挑战性。搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)能够用于连接异种材料,如铝(Al)和铜(Cu)。关于异种材料的连接,特别是铝-铜,文献来源比较分散,因此,铝-铜搅拌摩擦焊的信息收集比较繁琐。本文综述铝-铜的搅拌摩擦焊,为科研人员提供相关信息。文中全面涵盖和系统总结铝-铜搅拌摩擦焊的各项问题,如工具设计和尺寸、工艺参数以及流程对零件力学性能、微观组织和缺陷形成的影响。此外,还提出和探讨铝-铜搅拌摩擦焊的几个改进工艺。该工作不仅列举前人的主要成果,还提出铝-铜搅拌摩擦焊的发展建议。

2A12铝合金搅拌摩擦焊温度场及接头组织分析

为了获得2A12铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)焊接过程中焊接温度场的动态演变和焊接热循环曲线的变化规律,探索焊接热作用过程与接头微观组织的内在联系,利用ANSYS软件,建立了搅拌摩擦焊接传热过程的有限元数值分析模型,对6 mm厚2A12铝合金FSW焊接过程进行了数值分析,观察了焊核区、热力影响区、热影响区和母材的显微组织,分析了接头不同区域所经历的热作用和机械作用。结果表明,焊核区实质为焊接过程中温度超过了母材实际再结晶温度的区域;焊核区上部、焊核区下部、热力影响区、热影响区的显微组织特征与各自所经历的热-力复合作用具有密切的内在联系。

建筑镀锌钢板的焊接接头组织与性能研究

采用电阻点焊的方法对建筑镀锌钢板进行了焊接处理,研究了不同焊接电流条件下焊接接头力学性能和熔核区显微形貌,并分析了电流强度对镀锌钢板组织与性能的影响。结果表明,镀锌钢板基材由亮白色的马氏体和灰色的铁素体组成,岛状马氏体均匀分布在铁素体基体上;当焊接电流从8.5 kA增加至12.0 kA时,镀锌钢板焊接接头熔核区中未见焊接缺陷的存在,但是焊接电流的增加使得熔核中的柱状晶有逐渐变粗的趋势,熔核中心区域的晶粒在一定程度上得到粗化;随着焊接电流的增加,镀锌钢板的拉剪力和熔核直径呈现先增加而后降低的趋势,在焊接电流为10.5 kA时取得最大值。