Welding Polarity Effects on Weld Spatters and Bead Geometry of Hyperbaric Dry GMAW

Welding polarity has influence on welding stability to some extent, but the specific relationship between welding polarity and weld quality has not been found, especially under the hyperbaric environment. Based on a hyperbaric dry welding experiment system, gas metal arc welding（GMAW） experiments with direct current electrode positive（DCEP） and direct current electrode negative（DCEN） operations are carried out under the ambient pressures of 0.1 MPa, 0.4 MPa, 0.7 MPa and 1.0 MPa to find the influence rule of different welding polarities on welding spatters and weld bead geometry. The effects of welding polarities on the weld bead geometry such as the reinforcement, the weld width and the penetration are discussed. The experimental results show that the welding spatters gradually grow in quantity and size for GMAW with DCEP, while GMAW with DCEN can produce fewer spatters comparatively with the increase of the ambient pressure. Compared with DCEP, the welding current and arc voltage waveforms for DCEN is more stable and the distribution of welding current probability density for DCEN is more concentrated under the hyperbaric environment. When the ambient pressure is increased from 0.1 MPa to 1.0 MPa, the effects of welding polarities on the reinforcement, the weld width and the penetration are as follows： an increase of 0.8 mm for the weld reinforcement is produced by GMAW with DCEN and 1.3 mm by GMAW with DCEP, a decrease of 7.2 mm for the weld width is produced by DCEN and 6.1 mm by DCEP; and an increase of 3.9 mm for the penetration is produced by DCEN and 1.9 mm by DCEP. The proposed research indicates that the desirable stability in the welding procedure can be achieved by GMAW with DCEN operation under the hyperbaric environment.

Experimental Study on Metal Transfer and Welding Spatter Characteristics of Cellulose Electrode

Welding spatter cause many problems during the welding process and this issue is particularly important for cellulose electrode welding. The hot flying spatter balls often deteriorate the working environment, and decrease the welding efficiency. Many factors affect the welding spatter, and metal transfer behavior is one of the main factors. Many studies concerning the spatter mechanism in arc welding process were made; most of them focused on the solid wire welding and the study on cellulose electrode is rarely reported. In this paper the metal transfer behavior and the weld spatter characteristics of three commercial cellulose electrodes were studied experimentally by using a high speed camera for visually capturing the metal transfer. The relationship between the metal transfer and the welding spatter was analyzed experimentally by comparing the spatter loss coefficient, which is for quantitative evaluation of welding spatter, with the statistical analysis of the large droplet transfer mode. The results showed that short circuiting transfer, large droplet spray transfer, fine droplet spray transfer and explosive transfer govern the metal transfer modes in cellulose electrode welding. Weld spatter occurred mainly in the deflection of large droplet process, explosive transfer process and fine droplet spraying process. Different metal transfer modes lead to different spatter. The deflection of large droplet and explosive transfer are the main factors of the spatter formation. Minimizing the droplet size and reducing the deflection of large droplet and explosive transfer leads to the reduction the amount of spatter in cellulose electrode welding.

Elucidation of Metallic Plume and Spatter Characteristics Based on SVM During High-Power Disk Laser Welding

During deep penetration laser welding,there exist plume（weak plasma） and spatters,which are the results of weld material ejection due to strong laser heating.The characteristics of plume and spatters are related to welding stability and quality.Characteristics of metallic plume and spatters were investigated during high-power disk laser bead-on-plate welding of Type 304 austenitic stainless steel plates at a continuous wave laser power of 10 kW.An ultraviolet and visible sensitive high-speed camera was used to capture the metallic plume and spatter images.Plume area,laser beam path through the plume,swing angle,distance between laser beam focus and plume image centroid,abscissa of plume centroid and spatter numbers are defined as eigenvalues,and the weld bead width was used as a characteristic parameter that reflected welding stability.Welding status was distinguished by SVM（support vector machine） after data normalization and characteristic analysis.Also,PCA（principal components analysis） feature extraction was used to reduce the dimensions of feature space,and PSO（particle swarm optimization） was used to optimize the parameters of SVM.Finally a classification model based on SVM was established to estimate the weld bead width and welding stability.Experimental results show that the established algorithm based on SVM could effectively distinguish the variation of weld bead width,thus providing an experimental example of monitoring high-power disk laser welding quality.

Welding characteristics of AZ31B magnesium alloy using DC-PMIG welding

Direct current pulsed metal inert-gas （DC-PMIG） welding was carried out on AZ31B magnesium alloy to obtain continuous welding joints of 3 mm and 8 mm thickness with 1.6 mm diameter of filler wire. The behavior and mechanism of metal transfer, the parameter ranges of stable welding process, the microstructure and mechanical properties of magnesium alloy were investigated. The results show that the metal transfer form of magnesium alloy using DC-PMIG welding is realized in modes of globular transfer, projected transfer and spray transfer. Welding spatter with a large size will be produced in the mode of globular transfer, and high-quality joints with few spatters can be obtained in the mode of projected transfer and spray transfer when the linear energy of filler wire is 242-27l J/cm, droplet diameter is 1.6-0.9 mm tensile strength of weld beads is 94.2% of that of base metals. and transition frequency is 30-69 Hz. The average ultimate

COMPUTER SIMULATION OF NEURAL NETWORK CONTROL SYSTEM FOR CO_2 WELDING PROCESS

In this paper, neural network control systems for decreasing the spatter of CO2 welding have been created. The Generalized inverse Learning Architecture(GILA), the SPecialized inverse Learning Architecture(SILA)-I & H and the Error Back Propagating Model(EBPM) are adopted respectively to simulate the static and dynamic welding control processes. The results of simulation and experiment show that the SILA-I and EBPM have betted properties. The factors affecting the simulating results and the dynamic response quality have also been analyzed.

Narrow gap space contributes to chemical metallurgy of self-shielded arc welding

The slag-free self-shielded flux-cored wire was fabricated to apply for the narrow gap welding.The results showed that narrow gap welding shows lower welding spatter compared with hardfacing except under voltage of 30 V and current of 260 A.The deposition efficiency keeps over 90%for both 12 mm and 8 mm narrow gap welding.For 12 mm narrow gap welding,when the voltage is 28 V and the current is 264 A(or 286 A),no pores are found in the narrow gap weld.In the continuous welding process,manganese vapor,aluminum vapor and CO continuously generate to form gasbag and occupy the narrow gap space,thus protecting the droplet and molten pool from the invasion of air.

Effects of current waveform parameters during droplet transfer on spatter in high speed waveform controlled Short-circuiting GMAW

Aim at improving the stability of the Short-circuiting Gas Metal Arc Welding （GMAW-S） process for the enhanced speed usage, effects of current waveform parameters during short-term on the welding stability have been investigated by experimental method. The welding power source used for the research is an inverter with a special current waveform control. It is shown that the spatter decreases at first then increases with each increase of the low current period, current increase rate and the maximum current limit. The test results are provided for welding of 1 mm and 3 mm mild steel at speed of 1.2 m/min. The stable GMA W-S process under high speed welding condition has been achieved by optimizing the parameters.

Study on arc characteristics and behavior of metal transfer in pulse current flux-cored arc welding of mild steel

The variation in arc characteristics and behavior of metal transfer with the change in pulse parameters has been studied by high speed video camera during pulse current flux-cored arc weld deposition.A comparative study of similar nature has also been carried out during flux-cored arc weld deposition in globular and spray transfer modes.The effect of pulse parameters has been studied by considering their mean current and arc voltage.The arc characteristics studied by its root diameter,projected diameter and length,and the behavior of metal transfer noted by the metal transfer model and the droplet diameter have been found to vary significantly with the pulse parameters.The observation may help in understanding the arc characteristics with respect to the variation in pulse parameters which may be beneficial in using pulse current FCAW to produce desired weld quality.

Arc Characteristic and Metal Transfer of Pulse Current Horizontal Flux-Cored Arc Welding

In this work, we utilized high-speed video photography to investigate the arc characteristics, metal transfer behavior, and welding spatter of the pulse-current flux-cored arc welding (P-FCAW) process in the horizontal position. The results indicate the presence of a stable “flux pole” during both the pulse-on and pulse-off periods when the mean current ranged from 140 to 170 A. The existence of this “flux pole” was beneficial for droplet transfer in the “axial droplet transfer” mode. With respect to welding spatter, with an increase in the welding current, we observed three kinds of spatter—explosive spatter, rebounded droplet spatter, and scattering spatter. With an increase in the pulse current from 310.6 to 345.6 A, the deflection of the arc reduced from 30.4° to 16.6°, which positively influenced the arc rigidity, particularly in the horizontal position. © 2017, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Effect of arc physics on developing CO_2 arc welding

The mechanisms of weld formation, spatter and projected transfer in CO2 arc welding are revealed based on the experiment and study of the arc physics. The views are beneficial to develop CO2 arc welding technology.

A wave controlling method for CO_2 welding using saturable inductor

A new current wave controlling method for short circuit transition CO 2 welding using saturable inductor is put forward in this paper. Theory analysis and experiment results prove that the inverter's dynamic characteristics is greatly improved, the declining speed of current during liquid bridge neck shrinking is quicker, subsequently the energy accumulated in the bridge and the radius of the bridge before rupturing is reduced thus the low spatter result is achieved.

Comparison of the pulsed MIG welding process for different median current

Based on the high speed video system with electrical signals collecting and wavelet analyzing, the welding processes under three different median currents with the same median time were detected. The experimental results show that, when the median current is higher, the input peak energy is lower. And the droplet transfer is almost in spray mode. The welding process is the stablest.

Monitoring and phenomena observation during YAG laser lap welding of Zn-coated steel sheets

A study was performed with the objectives of understanding lap welding phenomena of Zn-coated steels with a Nd:YAG laser as well as obtaining a fundamental knowledge of monitoring signals for the formation judgment of sound or bad weld beads. The behavior of a molten pool and a reflected beam was simultaneously observed through a high-speed video together with the monitoring of reflected beam intensity.The effect of a gap between sheets on porosity formation and bead appearances was confirmed,and characteristic monitoring signals were obtained according to the gaps.In the case of no gap,spatters were frequently generated,and a reflected beam was fluctuated intensively at low frequencies.On the other hand,in welding sheets with a wide gap,lap welds were not produced and the high frequency signals of a reflected beam were detected.Moreover,sound welds were produced in the sheets with a proper gap,and a moderate reflected beam was monitored.From these results,it was found that monitoring of a reflected beam was beneficial to the judgment of sound,under-filled or incomplete lap welds.

Eigenvalue extraction of current signal during spot welding based on space-phase reconstruction

Nonlinear methods are used to analyze current signal of spot welding and the minimum embedding dimension, correlation dimension, the optimal time delay and the largest Lyapunav exponent of current signal time series are calculated in this paper. The chaotic character of current signal time series is discovered. Then a chaotic neural network is built and used to predict the future current signal. Means of residual error out of the network are used as eigenvalue of current signal during spot welding. It is shown that spatter can greatly affect the means of residual error of spot welding after analysis, the mean values of output errors of signal contaminated by spatter noise are more than 0. 08, but the mean values of output errors of the signal with no spatter noise are less than 0. 04, so mean of residual errors can be employed as the character of spatter.

高功率激光-MAG复合焊接成形稳定性

采用激光-MAG(Metal active gas arc welding)复合焊接工艺,以焊缝表面成形、焊缝纵截面形貌和熔深波动程度为工艺稳定性评价依据,借助高速摄像系统和图像处理方法,对焊接过程中飞溅和等离子体两种关键过程信息进行特征识别和定量化表征,系统地研究激光功率从5 kW提高到30 kW时,焊接过程关键特征信息与焊接过程稳定性之间的关系。结果表明,随着激光功率的增加,焊缝表面成形出现周期性“上凸-下凹”现象,焊缝内部裂纹和熔深变化特征也随之周期性变化;等离子体面积和飞溅面积均随激光功率的提高呈增加趋势,且两者波动程度和熔深波动程度均呈正相关;等离子体面积增加会导致激光传输过程中能量衰减程度的加剧,使焊缝熔深增加趋势逐渐变缓,其波动程度是影响焊接过程稳定性的关键因素之一。

基于电阻点焊过程与形貌的飞溅成因分析及控制方法

【目的】在汽车白车身制造生产过程中,电阻点焊是板件连接的主要焊接工艺,但电阻点焊焊接过程中焊渣飞溅对白车身焊接质量影响较大,还会导致设备故障等问题,进而增加返修成本并降低生产效率。因此,该文对降低电阻点焊白车身的飞溅成因分析与控制方法展开研究。【方法】提出了一种飞溅成因分析与控制方法的操作流程,从多维度分析焊接过程与焊接形貌,进而针对性地实施措施,并在实际生产中验证飞溅成因分析与控制方法的操作流程。【结果】在验证过程中。通过对焊装车间飞溅率较高的工位基于分析结果进行优化,使得车间整体飞溅率由14%降低至6%,飞溅率低于优化前50%,有效减少预打磨工位的工作量和飞溅引起的故障率。【结论】飞溅成因分析与控制方法的理论体系保证了白车身焊接质量,提高了生产效率,并为后续工作提供思路指导与经验借鉴。焊接飞溅率是焊装车间主要控制指标之一,在生产过程中还需要不断监测、调整和保持,从而制定更有效的标准流程,减少飞溅对白车身质量的影响。

基于OCT原位测量的可调环模激光焊飞溅定量评价

为了快速准确定量评价金属飞溅以优化工艺和保证焊接质量,采用1060铝合金可调环模(variable beam profile,VBP)激光焊为研究对象,搭建了基于光学相干层析成像(opticalc coherence tomography,OCT)的激光焊匙孔深度原位测量系统,并提出了一种1DCNN-BiLSTM复合深度学习模型,该模型利用两种网络单元的特性对匙孔深度信息进行局部和全局时序特征挖掘,实现了飞溅状态的定量评价.结果表明,该模型的飞溅识别准确率达到99.69%,为VBP激光焊工艺优化和质量控制提供了指导依据和闭环反馈.

430铁素体不锈钢薄板激光焊接背面飞溅和熔池动态的数值模拟

薄板的激光焊接对离焦量敏感,很小的离焦量偏差就会导致熔池不稳定。本文采用数值模拟的方法,研究了离焦量对0.6 mm厚430铁素体不锈钢薄板激光焊熔池动态行为的影响,分析了形成焊道背面飞溅的原因。结果表明,在目前所用的焊接工艺参数条件下,离焦量决定着激光热输入在熔池中的位置和分布。熔池中匙孔的深度随着离焦量的降低而增大,负离焦(-0.1 mm)形成穿透的匙孔,零离焦(0 mm)和正离焦(+0.1 mm)形成的匙孔尺寸较小。不同离焦量均形成具有束腰结构的熔透熔池,熔池表面和匙孔表面的流速最大。熔池高度方向上存在由中间束腰部位向上下表面流动的两个涡流,液体金属在熔池上表面由熔池后方向前方流动。匙孔中的蒸发作用力和表面的高流速使匙孔不断闭合,在底部形成封闭的气泡。背面飞溅只在负离焦条件下形成,零离焦和正离焦不产生背面飞溅。负离焦条件下,熔透熔池形成的初期在焊道背面形成小颗粒的滴落型飞溅,主要是由熔池重力和表面流动导致;在穿透匙孔形成的末期因为气泡破裂形成大颗粒的喷射型飞溅。正离焦条件下熔池的形态、流动较为稳定,预测的焊道横断面轮廓与实验结果吻合良好。

TO型外壳封焊边缘金属飞溅的控制

储能焊作为TO型外壳主要密封工艺,在TO型外壳封焊过程中能量分布不均容易造成封焊边缘处产生金属飞溅。为解决金属飞溅外观异常问题,以TO8型金属外壳为例,分别研究储能焊密封工艺参数及管帽结构对TO型外壳密封后外观状态的影响。通过优化密封气压、电压、焊接时间及改良管帽结构的方法解决了TO型外壳封焊处金属飞溅问题,降低了TO型外壳封焊边缘缺陷,保证了产品外观满足相关标准要求。

波形控制CO_(2)焊电源电路结构仿真研究

短路过渡型CO_(2)弧焊系统在焊接过程中易产生飞溅,这主要是焊接过程中电弧能量不稳定和熔滴过渡状态不理想所致。为解决这一问题,从弧焊系统主电路结构出发,构建了全逆变和后级加入斩波两种不同控制方式的数学模型。在一定假设条件下,使用MATLAB中的Simulink模块建立两种控制方式的仿真模型,并对两种主电路结构下的输出波形进行对比分析。结果表明,后级加入斩波控制的主电路结构能更有效地满足CO_(2)焊短路过渡低飞溅的需求。这种控制方式能够通过调节电弧能量和熔滴过渡状态,降低焊接过程中的飞溅,提高焊接质量。此外仿真结果还显示,后级加入斩波控制的主电路结构在降低飞溅的同时,还能够有效改善焊接过程的稳定性,提高焊接效率。这对于优化CO_(2)弧焊系统的控制方式和提高焊接质量具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。