Research of Extent of Well Control of Explored Reserves of Lithologic Deposit in Delta Front Area

Recently the explored reserves submitted in the oil field mainly situate at the end of deposit in delta front area. During the exploitation and production, problems mainly show on lithologic deposit, for example, reserves are low and difficulty of producing is huge. Based on results of sand body dissection of dense well network of developed oil deposit, and combined with explored reserves, this article researches a relation between extent of well control and reserves precision of explored reserves of lithologic deposit in delta front area by well diluted method. This article has significant influence on objectively understanding our unexploited

A review on casing while drilling technology for oil and gas production with well control model and economical analysis

The extraction of petroleum fluids from sub-surface accumulations mandates the drilling of a well into the formation containing the accumulation.The drilling techniques have evolved over time to overcome several challenges while some of the issues still prevail with the currently used drilling practices like loss circulation,large tripping time to change bottom hole assembly,stuck pipe problems and low well bore stability,to name a few.These decrease the drilling efficiency and increase the Non-Productive Time(NPT)of this highly capitalintensive industry encouraging the Petroleum Industry to look for new technology.Casing while Drilling(CwD)is a technique of drilling which has been proven to alleviate many of the problems faced while drilling.In this method,drilling and casing of a well bore is carried out simultaneously,which improves the drilling efficiency by reducing the NPT.It has proven to be beneficial in controlling loss circulation and improving wellbore stability by‘Plastering’effect,high quality cement job and increased rig floor safety.It uses smaller rig and less fuel thereby reducing carbon footprint in the environment.This paper studies comprehensive well control and casing string design consideration.Economics encourages its application that has been discussed in the paper.A case study on the application of CwD in Malay basin for top hole drilling is presented.Finally,the paper briefly outlines the technical challenges that need attention to get better results from CwD.

Safety Control Technology of Deepwater Perforated Gas Well Testing

Due to the high difficulties, high investment, and high risks in deepwater oil and gas well testing, major safety problems can occur easily. A key to prevent accidents is to conduct safety assessment and control on deepwater testing and to improve the testing technology. The deepwater of the South China Sea has some special environmental features: long distance from offshore, frequent typhoons in summer and constant monsoons in winter, and the presence of sandy slopes, sandy ridges and internal waves, coupled with the complex properties of oil and gas reserves which bring more challenges to deepwater well testing. In combination with deepwater well testing practice in the South China Sea, this paper analyzes the main potential risks in deepwater well testing and concludes that there are risks of failures of testing string, tools, and ground processes. Other risks are gas hydrate blockage, reservoir stratum sanding, and typhoon impacts. Specific precautions are also proposed in response to these risks in the paper.

Designing of an Automatic Paraffin Controlling Device for a Beam Well

Aiming at the paraffin-deposition problem of a beam well, the automatic paraffin-controlling device is designed by making use of ratchet-pallet mechanism, cam mechanism and modern designing method. The device has four main functions： paraffin-controlling, paraffin removal, centralizing the pumping rod, and improving the safety of well tubing. This device integrates the advantages of the paraffin control, such as strong magnetic paraffin controlling and mechanical paraffin-cutting. Theoretical analysis shows that this device has fine working reliability. It turns out to be a new device which can solve the paraffin-deposition problem of a beam well economically and efficiently.

Production Characteristics and the Control Factors of Surface Wells for Relieved Methane Drainage in the Huainan Mining Area

Based on the production data of a large number of surface drainage wells in the Huainan mining area,the present study shows that four types of typical production characteristics for relieved methane wells are recognized,of which the stable type for production and gas concentration is the most dominate,as determined by a comprehensive study on the volume and concentration of drained gases, as well as the stress changes of rocks influenced by mining.Some influence factors for the productive differences of the drainage wells were also been discussed.The results indicate that protective coal-seam mining has a significant effect on overlying strata,which promotes the development of pores and fractures of coal reservoirs for methane desorption and migration;however,the production and the stability of drainage wells are affected by deformation and damage of the overlying strata.The second distribution of strata stress is caused by mining engineering,and if the stress load is larger than the carrying capacity of the extraction well,the gas production would be influenced by the drainage well that has been damaged by rock movement.Furthermore,the case damage occurs first in the weak, lithologic interface by its special mechanical properties.The stability of drainage wells and the production status are also influenced by the different drilling techniques,uneven distribution of gas concentration,and combination of gob gas and methane from the protected layer.

A population-feedback control based algorithm for well trajectory optimization using proxy model

Wellbore instability is one of the concerns in the field of drilling engineering.This phenomenon is affected by several factors such as azimuth,inclination angle,in-situ stress,mud weight,and rock strength parameters.Among these factors,azimuth,inclination angle,and mud weight are controllable.The objective of this paper is to introduce a new procedure based on elastoplastic theory in wellbore stability solution to determine the optimum well trajectory and global minimum mud pressure required(GMMPR).Genetic algorithm(GA) was applied as a main optimization engine that employs proportional feedback controller to obtain the minimum mud pressure required(MMPR).The feedback function repeatedly calculated and updated the error between the simulated and set point of normalized yielded zone area(NYZA).To reduce computation expenses,an artificial neural network(ANN) was used as a proxy(surrogate model) to approximate the behavior of the actual wellbore model.The methodology was applied to a directional well in southwestern Iranian oilfield.The results demonstrated that the error between the predicted GMMPR and practical safe mud pressure was 4%for elastoplastic method,and 22%for conventional elastic solution.

注水井作业用压井液体系的构建及应用

针对压井液存在易污染地层,降低储层渗透率,压井作业风险大等问题,研究了一种密度在1.3~1.7 g/cm^(3)范围内可控的压井液体系,通过对压井液中各组分的筛选,确定了压井液的基本配方为:饱和盐水(NaCl)+1.5%~2.5%VI-F+1.0%~2.0%WET+3%PG-6+0.1%HY-3+B280。压井液的综合性能评价结果表明:压井液体系防膨率>95%,损害率<8%,滤失量<10 mL,表观黏度≤100 mPa·s,15 d内无沉降分层,具有良好的稳定性;现场试验表明,该压井液体系与地层配伍性良好,可实现有效压井作业,且对储层伤害性较小。

基于前馈神经网络井控多属性融合的断裂识别方法

塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩断控缝洞型油气藏埋藏深度大、构造复杂,且断裂高度发育,断裂是研究区域内成藏主控因素及可能的油气运移通道,对其空间展布位置及发育强弱的预测至关重要。断裂检测属性众多,不同断裂检测属性由于计算方法不同表征的断裂尺度及特征存在一定的差异性,且常规属性检测忽视了测井信息的利用与约束,为了获取更加全面、准确的断裂预测结果,本文优选多类断裂检测属性,并结合测井数据作为先验信息,利用前馈神经网络算法进行属性融合。首先优选AFE、likelihood、倾角等多类具有不同特征的断裂属性,结合测井放空漏失数据、成像测井信息及地震同相轴错段情况作为断裂发育类型判别条件建立了断裂特征识别样本库;在样本库基础上进行深度前馈神经网络训练,对比测试了不同隐含层深度条件下的学习效果,获取预测误差最小的神经网络预测模型;最后将神经网络预测模型应用于全工区断裂预测。经对比分析,认为深度学习融合属性预测断裂与测井解释结果更为吻合,且能综合不同尺度特征的断裂信息,有效提升了预测准确度和可靠性。

基于上覆岩层应力场和裂缝场演化的采动井套管破断特征及防控对策

准确确定出煤矿采动井套管破断特征并提出相应的防控对策,能为井筒长期稳定提供重要保障。以平顶山矿区的二1煤层及上覆岩层为研究对象,采用理论计算与数值模拟软件模拟方法,确定出上覆岩层离层段应力和位移分布规律,分析了上覆岩层高度、距工作面水平距离与应力、位移的相关性,拟合出上覆岩层高度、距工作面水平距离与应力、位移的关系式;根据研究区采动井的实际开发经验,确定出最佳布井区域下的套管主要破断类型,结合常用套管力学参数,得出“两场”演化下的套管破断位置及长度等特征;对常用的采动井局部防护技术进行总结,并提出对应的防控对策。结果表明:工作面推进过程中,上覆岩层应力呈现出“波动-线性降低”的变化规律,位移呈现出“几乎未发生变化-类双曲线型”的变化规律。最佳布井区域下的采动井套管主要以拉伸缩径和剪切破断为主,选择施加套管加强件对采动井套管进行加固。研究区地面采动井三开段采用N80套管时,需在煤层上部46 m亚关键层处、54 m软硬互层处分别加设抗拉伸套管加强件和抗剪切加强件;采用P110套管时,需在煤层上部46 m亚关键层处加设抗拉伸加强件。建议研究区地面采动井三开段均采用P110套管,增加采动井的井筒稳定性。该研究成果为平顶山矿区及相似条件下采动井预防套管破断提供了理论指导。

基于多相流理论的救援井动态压井模拟方法研究

目前救援井动态压井模拟方法多为各类软件模拟,鲜有结合实井试验验证过其可靠性的模拟方法,且试验存在缺乏模拟模型、试验参数设计难的问题。因此,提出了一种救援井动态压井模拟方法,可用于救援井动态压井全过程模拟,也可用于救援井动态压井及试验的方案设计。该方法建立了救援井动态压井模拟模型,模型由井身结构、钻井液、地面设备等数据搭建,并嵌入了可实现模拟过程中井下安全性(套管鞋处压力、管柱受力)监测、地面泵注设备智能超压保护、模拟压井流程一体化等多项作用的功能模块,为救援井动态压井的方案设计提供模拟支持。模拟结果表明:高压井排量、高密度压井液有助于快速压井。试验结果表明:本方法模拟结果与实测数据变化趋势具有较高吻合度,整体试验过程、动态压井阶段模拟的平均相对误差均小于10%,验证了模拟方法的合理性和可靠性。该救援井动态压井的模拟方法对科学有效地进行救援井动态压井、提升救援井动态压井成功率具有重要意义。

超深井自动控制压井室内物理模拟试验及结果分析

现有超深井溢流压井技术依靠手动控制节流管汇,响应速度慢,井筒压力波动大,容易引发二次溢流、漏失等复杂情况,而自动控制压井技术可实现钻井时溢流压井作业稳定控制。为此,设计了比例–积分–微分(PID)与位移双层协同反馈的自动控制方法,开发了超深井自动控制压井系统,建立了自动控制压井物理模拟试验装置,开展了恒定目标压力、连续变化目标压力、压力突变干扰等条件下的自动控制压井试验。试验结果表明,自动控制压井系统能够在30 s左右完成节流阀开度的调节,节流压力波动范围小于0.02 MPa,与手动控制压井相比,自动控制压井系统具有良好的稳定性、准确性、反应速度和抗干扰能力。研究结果为超深井复杂地层安全压井提供了理论依据。

塔里木盆地顺北地区顺北84X井超千米含油气重大发现及其意义

塔里木盆地顺北中部北东向走滑断裂带长期处于油气运聚富集的优势区,顺北8号走滑断裂带实钻揭示沿断裂带发育断控缝洞型油气藏,顺北84X井纵向上沿断裂带含油气高度高达1088 m,揭示断控缝洞型油气藏含油气高度大、不受现今构造高低控制。为查明断控缝洞型油气藏含油气高度的主控因素,立足顺北中部奥陶系碳酸盐岩油气藏的成藏地质条件和钻探成果,开展顺北84X井的储层、圈闭及成藏特征等石油地质条件分析,为深化断控缝洞型油气藏认识和向深层评价拓展提供支撑。研究表明:①走滑构造破碎是致密碳酸盐岩成储的关键,其储层发育深度不受碳酸盐岩地层埋深的控制,在近9000 m的埋深条件下仍发育断控缝洞型储集体;②上覆巨厚泥岩盖层顶封、两侧致密灰岩侧封、走滑断裂平面分段和纵向分层变形是形成断控缝洞型圈闭的关键;③油-源对比分析表明油气来自寒武系玉尔吐斯组烃源岩,证实了前期顺北中、东部“寒武多期供烃、构造破裂成储、原地垂向输导、晚期成藏为主、走滑断裂控富”的成藏模式的合理性。顺北84X井的发现揭示塔里木盆地超深层致密碳酸盐岩发育受走滑断裂控制,储层纵向深度大,油气充注足,超深层勘探潜力巨大。

B301试验区油井结蜡主控因素及对策

B301试验区位于H盆地,该试验区目前油井结蜡现象严重,防蜡效果较差,防蜡措施有效期较短,无法满足油井防蜡的需要,亟需找到影响油井结蜡的主控因素。针对上述问题,通过室内实验对产出液中的蜡质、胶质、沥青质和机械杂质含量进行测定。利用Olga数值模拟软件对温度、压力、流速进行模拟。研究表明:蜡质、沥青质、机械杂质含量以及温度、流速为影响B301试验区油井井筒结蜡的主控因素,影响程度强弱依次为蜡质、温度、沥青质、机械杂质、流速。研究成果可为B301试验区进一步高效开发提供理论与技术基础,为高含蜡油藏防蜡方法提供参考。

基于效益复产的控水采气技术——以磨溪气田嘉陵江组二段气藏为例

高产水气井因低效或无效益关停后,井口压力恢复较高,井控安全风险大。按照原有常规开发模式复产将面临地层水处理成本高、无人值守生产管理难度大等问题。为实现磨溪气田下三叠统嘉陵江组二段气藏安全效益复产,综合考虑气藏生产管理、安全环保和经济效益等因素,提出新型控水采气技术作为高压、高产水、低负效气井复产的工艺措施。通过开展控水采气生产现场试验,分析不同产水量、产气量、生产时长和间开周期条件下油压、产量等动态数据之间的关系,确定合理生产压差、产水规模和间开周期;同时结合气藏生产组织、生产管理等综合因素确定开关井制度,通过安装智能间开系统等配套工艺,进一步提升控水采气技术措施效果。研究结果表明:(1)该技术确保气藏关停井整体成功复产,有效降低了井控风险;(2)通过现场试验和推广应用,验证了选井标准和工艺参数计算方法的科学性;(3)“智能间开系统”等配套工艺进一步提升了现场运用效果。该技术为关停井复产、高压井管控、精细生产管理及提高气藏采收率提供了有力的技术支撑,在同类气藏中具有较强的推广应用价值。

西藏谷露地热田ZK401高温地热井钻井工艺技术

谷露地热田是西藏那曲—尼木地热带上的典型水热型高温地热田,安全、经济和高效的钻井工艺技术很大程度上决定了其高温地热资源的可开发利用潜力。ZK401井是在谷露地热田实施的一口优质高产探采结合井,地层以花岗岩类为主,其岩石硬度大,机械钻速低,钻头使用寿命短。自上而下揭露多层热储,其35~41m即可揭露124.8℃中温地热流体,汽水总量约40 t·h^(-1);50~320 m揭露超过120℃的中温热储,汽水总量约30~35 t·h^(-1);320~1320 m揭露186.9℃高温热储,汽水总量高达348 t·h^(-1),具有热储埋深浅、温度高,断裂构造发育,地层出水量大的特点,高温及水侵作用致使钻井液极易失效,井喷风险大,安全钻井难。为解决上述钻井施工难点,进行了高温地热钻井关键技术研究。通过采用异形齿PDC钻头和岩石热裂提速技术,使单只异形齿PDC钻头进尺较同规格牙轮钻头提高了23%~48%,使三开井段花岗岩类地层的平均机械钻速提升至3.18 m·h^(-1)。通过优化井身结构,采用简易控压钻井技术,利用低温清水作为二开及三开钻进循环钻井液,达到了及时发现并有效保护热储层和控制井喷风险的目的;实现了ZK401井在520 m揭露186.9℃高温热储且汽水总量达348 t·h^(-1)苛刻条件下的安全、持续钻进,且非生产时间较采用常规钻井技术的邻井缩短了37%,极大地降低了钻井成本,提高了高温地热资源的可开发利用潜力。为后续该区域乃至其他地区解决高温地热井钻井施工提供参考。

超深断控碳酸盐岩油藏空间结构表征技术与工程实践

在积极推进深地工程的背景下,超深断控缝洞型碳酸盐岩成为油气勘探开发的重点领域,而超深走滑断裂精准解译、缝洞体内部构型建模、断控油气藏储量雕刻评估、高效井位部署及提高采收率等是制约超深领域“增储上产”的重要科学问题与技术挑战。本文基于区域应力场研究、露头剖析、三维地震解译、物模数模,全面构建了涵盖动力学、运动学、几何学,分期、分级、分性质、分带、分层的“三学五分”断裂构造解析技术,据此阐明了走滑断裂纵向分层、横向差异分段特征,揭示了走滑断裂控储、控藏、控油气富集等地质规律,发现了超深断控缝洞型10亿吨级大油田。依据动/静态资料,精细刻画了断控缝洞体内部构型,通过“井震”结合实现了断控缝洞型油气藏量化表征,形成了相应的高效井位部署、油气储量雕刻评估等技术系列,支撑了富满油田10亿吨级油气储量的发现与落实。依据断控油气藏的定量刻画结果,针对性提出了提高采收率技术对策,推动了富满5×106t大油田的高效建设,形成了超深断控碳酸盐岩“增储上产”范例,可为我国类似油气藏的开发“上产”提供借鉴。

沁水盆地南部煤层气地质工程一体化关键技术

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顺北地区超深断溶体储层主要发育有裂缝及片状洞穴,采用可横向穿越缝洞储集体的水平井进行开发,其试井曲线形态特征复杂多变。依据井筒和表皮效应结束后的中期试井曲线的典型特征,将顺北地区实测试井曲线分成了3个大类。该3大类试井曲线特征直接反映了井与缝洞储集体的不同接触关系。再根据后期的试井形态特征,将顺北地区实测试井曲线细分成了9个亚类,不同的亚类试井曲线特征明显不同,是井外围缝洞发育状况变化的试井曲线响应。最后,提出了与试井曲线特征相对应的3大类9个亚类的试井解释评价物理模型。本文研究成果可用于指导顺北地区的试井分析与试井研究工作,亦可为其他深层断溶体储层的试井研究提供借鉴与参考。

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