A Glimpse of American Culture——American Social Intercourse Etiquette

语言与文化是密不可分的,学习和运用外语(英语)必须了解与这种外语有密切关系的文化,必须把语言知识和文化知识结合起来才能顺利地进行交际。本文主要从美国社交礼仪方面介绍美国文化,熟悉有关文化知识,了解当地的社会习俗,以保证使用得当的语言与英美人进行交际。

Impact of Frequency of Intercourse on Erectile Dysfunction: A Cross-sectional Study in Wuhan, China

This study was aimed to investigate the influence of coital frequency and masturbation on erectile dysfunction （ED） in Chinese patients. A total of 332 male outpatients with or without ED and volunteers were recruited from Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, China. ED was assessed by using the five-item International Index of Erectile Function scale and the frequency of intercourse by patients＇ self-report. After adjusting for lifestyle factors and diseases-related factors, the analyses showed that coital and masturbation in a certain frequency tended to decrease the risk of ED. Men reporting intercourse once a week had lower risk of ED than those did less than once a week, with age, hyperlipidemia, hy-pertension, diabetes, body mass index, smoking, and drinking as covariates （P=0.67, adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI]： 0.37-1.88）. For those reporting coital frequency two times per week and three or more times per week, there were 63% （adjusted OR = 0.37; 95% CI： 0.18-0.77） and 85% （adjusted OR = 0.15; 95% CI： 0.07-0.35） lower risk of ED than those reporting intercourse frequency less than once per week, respectively （P〈0.05）. Results indicated that maintaining a regular frequency of intercourse can reduce the risk of ED for males aged among 30 to 75 years.

Well-ordered layered LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 submicron sphere with fast electrochemical kinetics for cathodic lithium storage

Nickel-rich layered oxides have drawn sustainable attentions for lithium ion batteries owing to their higher theoretical capacities and lower cost.However,nickel-rich layered oxides also have exposed several defects for commercial application,such as uncontrollable ordered layered structure,which leads to higher energy barrier for Li+diffusion.In addition,suffering from structural mutability,the bulk nickelrich cathode materials likely trigger overall volumetric variation and intergranular cracks,thus obstructing the lithium ion diffusion path and shortening the service life of the whole device.Herein,we report wellordered layered Li Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 submicron spheroidal particles via an optimized co-precipitation and investigated as LIBs cathodes for high-performance lithium storage.The as-fabricated Li Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 delivers high initial capacity of 228 mAh g–1,remarkable energy density of 866 Wh kg–1,rapid Li ion diffusion coefficient(10–9cm2s–1)and low voltage decay.The remarkable electrochemical performance should be ascribed to the well-ordered layered structure and uniform submicron spheroidal particles,which enhance the structural stability and ameliorate strain relaxation via reducing the parcel size and shortening Li-ion diffusion distance.This work anticipatorily provides an inspiration to better design particle morphology for structural stability and rate capability in electrochemistry energy storage devices.

Receptive Anal Intercourse and HIV Infection

Objective: Inform the public that receptive anal intercourse (RAI) is a key transmission route of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in the United States. Method: The role of receptive anal intercourse (RAI) in this epidemic will be examined using the following approach: 1) Risk comparison of HIV transmission via RAI to the other major routes of transmission. 2) HIV transmission risks of RAI using some of the present risk reduction techniques. 3) HIV infection via anal intercourse among male youth. 4) HIV infection via anal intercourse among women. Results: Of the major transmission routes of HIV, receptive anal intercourse has the highest transmission risk for acquiring HIV infection. RAI is 2 times the risk of needle-sharing during injection drug use (IDU) and 17 times the risk of receptive vaginal intercourse. The estimated per act probability of acquiring HIV from an infected source by the exposure route of RAI is high in most circumstances: 1) Condoms alone only partially reduce the high risk of RAI. With the addition of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), the risk is further reduced. 2) When one or both partners are infected with a sexually transmitted disease (STD), even with condom use, the risks are very high. With the addition of PrEP the risks are reduced, but RAI still carries significant risks. 3) With exposure to acute HIV (high viral load) the risks of RAI are very high and remain significant even with condom use and PrEP. Anal intercourse often begins in adolescence;both genders are at risk. Conclusion: Public knowledge of the high transmission risks of receptive anal intercourse may likely result in a downward trend of new HIV infections and contribute to ending the epidemic.

A Cox Proportional Hazard Model Approach to Age at First Sexual Intercourse in Nigeria

Early age at first sexual intercourse comes with many negative sexual outcomes namely: having unprotected sex on first sexual intercourse, condom misuse, high rate of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), teenage pregnancy, increased number of sexual partners, etc. In this paper, we considered some socio-demographic and cultural factors and their relationship with age at first sexual intercourse so as to reduce the numerous negative sexual outcomes of early age at first sexual intercourse using the 2018 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey data. The analysis was made using the Cox proportional hazard model and the Kaplan-Meier plot. The result shows that some respondents started having their first sexual intercourse at the age of 8 years and about 54.4% of the respondents had their first sexual intercourse before age 17 years. The median age of first sexual intercourse is 16 years which implies that about 50% of the respondents had their first sexual intercourse on or before their 16th birthday. Education, religion, region and residence significantly affects the age of first sexual intercourse while circumcision has no significant effect.

Female Sexual Dysfunction and Timed Intercourse: A Prospective Study of 105 Infertile Women

Introduction: Timed intercourse (TI) based on ovulation monitoring is an effective and common choice for treatment of infertility. However, TI related female sexual dysfunction remains to be elucidated. Method and Material: This was a prospective study and 105 infertile women were included using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) to assess their sexual function in general sexual life (GSL) and TI cycle. Results: The mean age of the patients was 29.4 ± 3.4 years and the duration of infertility was 1.8 ± 0.5 years. The mean score of FSFI was 25.2 in GSL cycle and 24.5 in TI cycle (p = 0.008). Scores of 5 out of 6 domains of FSFI during GSL cycle were significantly higher than the counterparts during TI cycle. Female sexual function was related to stress, which mostly came from patients themselves and parents. The stronger the stress was, the more domains of FSFI were affected. Conclusion: Infertility is an important factor affecting female sexual function, especially TI condition reduced FSFI score in several domains, and this may be related to infertile stress.

Chinese Students’ Adaptation of Social Intercourse Influenced by Different Cultural Contexts of China and America in American Universities

1 Statement of the Purpose (1) Statement of the purpose The purpose of the research isto study Chinese studends' adaptation of social intercourse influenced by different cultural contexts of China and America in American universities.And the study will also try to find out the exact problems and obstacles during Chinese students' adapting period in American universities.

Frequency of Monthly Ejaculation at Sexual Intercourse, DNA Fragmentation Index and Fertilization Rate among Sperm Donors and Fertility-Challenged Men in Sub-Saharan Africa: Paper 2

Introduction: Heterogenous sexual intercourse often produces a powerful orgasm that stimulates the pituitary function. Studies have suggested ejaculation frequency based on age. Materials and Methods: Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect information from subjects. Semen samples were collected from sperm donors and sub-fertile men who presented for infertility challenges. Processing and analysis of semen samples were done according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation was evaluated using the Halosperm kit. Results: Among sperm donors, those aged χ2 = 0.09, P-value = 0.81, OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 0.23, 45.19) while among sub-fertile men those aged ≥40 years were approximately 2.3 times more likely to have very low frequency of MESI compared to aged χ2 = 2.11, P-value = 0.51, OR = 2.27, 95% CI: 0.74, 9.92). The frequency of all categories of MESI was highest among sub-fertile men aged χ2 = 0.03, P-value = 0.57, OR = 2.42, 95% CI: 0.41, 14.46). Sub-fertile men aged ≥40 with diastolic hypertension (≥90 mmHg) were approximately 6 times more likely to have a low (6 - 10) frequency of MESI compared to those aged χ2 = 1.97, P-value = 0.16, OR = 6.22, 95% CI: 0.69, 55.77). Overall mean fertilization rate was significantly higher (t-test = 2.44, P-value = 0.01) among sub-fertile men aged Conclusion: Cigarette smoking, more than alcohol consumption, appears to be a major factor that significantly affects the frequency of MESI among sub-fertile men in all age groups. Frequency of MESI negatively but insignificantly correlated with systolic blood pressure.

The Causes and Applications of Code Switching Between Chinese and English in Social Intercourse

This paper examines the phenomenon of code switching between Chinese and English in China.It explores the causes,types,and applications of code switching,as well as the public’s attitudes towards it.The paper distinguishes between pathological and non-pathological code switching,and analyzes the corpus of code switching in Hong Kong.It also discusses how English as a dominant language affects the perception and use of code switching.The paper suggests that code switching is not only a linguistic but also an emotional process,and that speakers and listeners should be aware of their audience group when using code switching.

数字技术重塑社交格局:逻辑机制与现实挑战

社会交往指社会成员或个体之间基于持续的信息收发、接触、试探、沟通乃至互动而形成相对稳定的行为模式以及交换与往来关系的过程。从微观、中观和宏观的层面来看,社会交往对个体与社会都有着重要的意义。基于工具性、情感性和结构性的逻辑机制,以“产消播合一”为内核的数字技术,通过新业态、新模式和新理念重塑着当今时代的社会交往格局。数字技术的发展,突破了行为者的时空区域、身体所在、地位阶层等物理性和社会性因素对社会交往的局限,极大地拓展了社会交往的可能性,也让网络世界进入了“后真相时代”。但是,现实挑战亦如影随形,一系列社会交往的分割现象正在凸显“社会个体化”,如梦如幻的媒介和亦真亦假的信息容易被别有用心的人恶意利用。这些现实挑战,需要通过整个社会全面倡导更具平等导向、更加开放包容的社会交往文化,强化对行为主体现实辨析能力、现象质疑能力、逻辑推理能力和自我反思能力的培养等措施来应对。

王鹏运与龙继栋交游考论——以王鹏运致龙继栋信札四通为中心

王鹏运和龙继栋是临桂同乡兼好友。学界对龙继栋是晚清词坛领袖王鹏运的学词导师已有定论,而对王、龙二人后来的交游少有论及。以《甲寅(东京)》1915年第1卷第8期载王鹏运《致龙松岑书四首》为中心,结合其他相关材料进行考察可知,二人在觅句堂数年唱和之后,分隔两地,主要以书信联系,也曾见面。后来二人在文学上的唱酬甚少,而增加了对朝廷政治的共同关注。

欺骗型奸淫中被害人同意效力的认定

欺骗型奸淫中被害人同意效力的认定不仅在刑事裁判实践中存在疑难,而且在理论上直接关系到强奸罪中“违背被害人意志”成立与否。基于刑法家长主义的全面无效说极度扩大了处罚范围,而以保护法益为出发点的法益关系错误说在疑难案件中难以自圆其说。为修正传统理论的缺陷,需要以认识错误产生原因及知道规则为第一层次判断标准,再以认识错误是否与法益相关作为第二层次判断标准,最后以同意的任意性作为第三层次判断标准,从而确立一般性的判断方法。欺骗型奸淫能够进一步类型化为身份欺骗型、性行为性质欺骗型、期待利益欺骗型及隐瞒性病欺骗型,并在修正的法益关系错误说指导下分别获得合理的判断与论证。以层次化的被害人同意判断标准为指引,能够合理应对欺骗型奸淫行为的司法认定问题,并推进刑法实现保障人权与保护法益的双重目标。

作为投射的具身关系:在线社交中的表情符号使用

本研究从身体经验的视角考察在线社交中的表情符号使用,对既往表情符号研究总结的使用动机进行理论提炼。基于自我报告和深度访谈的方法,本研究发现交流主体和表情符号间存在一种独特的具身关系:其依托于主体向表情符号投射身体经验。当人们对交流情境的感知受限于中介化技术而难以完整呈现时,就会涌现出感知断裂所伴生的不适感,表情符号便成为人们完善表意,扩展身体经验的媒介。将表情符号使用溯源到主体的身体经验也为思考身体之于在线交流的意义提供了启发。

“讲好中国故事”的多维功能、现实挑战与拓展路径--基于马克思精神交往观

“讲好中国故事”具有显著的“对内”和“对外”双重价值。在马克思精神交往观视域下,其双重价值主要包括:对内刻入中国基因,发展国人的“本质性存在”;渗透中国精神,激发现代“生产动能”;融进中国理论,共建民族“自由王国”;以及对外展示中国形象,推进建设世界“现实共同体”。时下“讲好中故事”面临一些现实挑战:敌对势力正有意扭曲中国故事、多元思潮正持续消解中国故事、数智空间正无声解构中国故事,以及少数“新一代”正被动误解中国故事。应从全面把握中国故事意识形态属性、以主流价值观引领中国故事话语叙事、用数智技术全时空赋能中国故事高质传播、分众化观照重点群体对中国故事接受度等方面,持续推进和拓展讲好中国故事实践,使其内外双重功能得以更好发挥。

钱琦与袁枚交游考述——兼论“性灵说”内涵的深化

钱琦是袁枚同乡,官至福建布政使,两人相知相交60余年。前半生同学同官的人生轨迹是钱、袁成为挚友的基础,相近的思想观念与共主“性灵”的诗学观念是两人最终成为知己的关键因素。袁枚在给钱琦诗集所作之序中首次将“性灵说”阐释为“性情”和“灵机”两方面,性情之重在“真”,灵机之核在“巧”,“真”“巧”相洽,合为“性灵”。此论深化了性灵说的内涵,同时也修正了袁枚以往论诗重于探讨“性情”的偏颇之处。

论胡小石与冯沅君的诗词交游

胡小石为冯沅君就读于北京女子高等师范学院时期的老师,师生情谊非常深厚。二人常以诗词寄赠、唱和,以诗词作为情谊交流的纽带。从民国初期到解放初期,师生二人一直保持诗词交游。作为诗坛名家与前辈师长,胡小石以其独立的人格范式、高超的诗学修养、金针度人的传道精神,成为冯沅君诗词创作重要的取法对象。二人的诗词在用韵、题目、字句等形式上多有相似之处,在情感内容上亦有相通之处。二人的诗词交游具备多方面的价值:诗词大多为因事缘情之作,破除了交际应酬的俗套,艺术技巧足以称道,具有较高的文学价值;二人在抗战军兴流寓西南时,诗词交游最为频繁。他们在诗中展现时代的巨变和民族灾难,表达忧国忧民的情感和流寓西南的苦闷,具有很高的历史价值。二人的诗词交游,可订正《胡小石先生年表》及《冯沅君创作译文集》《冯沅君传》等相关年谱传记中的讹误遗漏之处,亦可补胡小石与冯沅君诗集之阙,具有一定的文献价值。

交久如昆季,同流不异源--张问陶与石韫玉交游考述

清代乾嘉诗坛巨擘张问陶于乾隆五十四年与石韫玉相识,二人相交长达二十五余年,谊切苔岑。他们性情相投,持节廉介,不媚世俗;为官勤政清明,心系民生;学术上,二人亦多切磋交流。受张问陶诗学思想的濡染,石韫玉论诗主“性情”,重“真性情”的同时,标举创新,反对模拟剽窃、雷同剿说。此外,他推崇温柔敦厚的诗教传统,既重视诗歌的美刺教化作用,又强调诗歌内容的中正平和,风格的含蓄委婉,其诗学思想与乾嘉诗坛风气俯仰相应。

晚明吴江叶氏家族闺秀词人的交游唱和与“群体书写”

晚明时期江南地区女性词人以群体化方式涌现,出现了以家族为载体的闺秀词人群体。叶氏家族闺秀词人群以沈宜修及其三女为核心,与叶氏家族、沈氏家族成员酬唱不断,其词作有近似的题材、高频率使用的典型意象,兼具“林下风”和“闺秀气”的艺术气质;叶氏家族闺秀词人在追忆与唱和中建构梦幻的艺术世界,典型地体现了晚明女性词人由“个体书写”到“群体书写”的转变。以交游唱和为视角,挖掘闺秀词人的心灵世界,有助于进一步深入理解晚明女性词人群体书写的特点及其词史意义。

轻度勃起功能障碍患者阴茎头部、根部硬度对性交成功率的影响

目的探讨勃起功能障碍(ED)患者阴茎头部、根部硬度对性交成功率的影响。方法选取2022年1月至2023年3月重庆市东南医院及重庆医科大学附属第三医院诊治的200例轻度ED患者作为研究对象。根据国际勃起功能指数-5(IIEF-5)及勃起硬度评分(EHS)分为可完成性生活组(A组)和不可完成性生活组(B组),每组100例。使用RigiScan检测两组阴茎根部、头部硬度及勃起持续时间,分析阴茎头部、根部硬度对性交成功率的影响。结果两组勃起次数、勃起总时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组阴茎头部硬度≥60%时间、根部硬度≥60%时间及头部、根部周径增大大于B组,A组阴茎头部、根部硬度高于B组(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,头部周径增大(OR=0.800)、根部周径增大(OR=0.828)、头部硬度高(OR=0.653)、根部硬度高(OR=0.725)均是性交成功的保护因素(P<0.05);受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线结果显示,头部周径增大、根部周径增大、头部硬度、根部硬度的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.610、0.612、0.676、0.608;Delong分析结果显示,头部硬度AUC显著高于根部硬度、头部周径增大、根部周径增大(P<0.05)。结论阴茎头部周径、根部周径、头部硬度、根部硬度均是性交成功的影响因素,且阴茎头部硬度对性交成功率的影响最大。

奸淫幼女型强奸罪的保护法益新说及其共犯论应用

在我国司法实践中,奸淫幼女犯罪的共犯认定过于狭窄,不利于对幼女进行实质充分的司法保护。究其根源,一方面是由于在强奸罪的保护法益观点上,性权利说和身心健康说均没有具体区别幼女与非幼女尤其是成年女性的实质差异;另一方面则是因为通常坚持强奸罪的罪刑规范是为作为犯设置的,而不能由不作为行为触犯。鉴于此,应当提倡奸淫幼女型强奸罪的保护层法益是“器质性+社会性”的身心成长权,并非仅仅是器质性的、需要通过插入尤其是强制插入意图或行为方能够体现的幼女身心健康权。并且,新法益说的阻挡层法益是具有刑法规范支持保障下一切人都不得与幼女发生性行为的强制性社会行为禁忌,并非性权利逻辑下成年女性和未成年女性都具有的“性的不可侵犯权”。进一步来说,新法益观具有对奸淫幼女犯罪行为的共犯责任类型产生实质性扩展的应用效果,即将奸淫幼女型强奸罪的共犯责任由作为型帮助犯责任扩展至不作为型帮助犯责任,以有利于依法、全面、实质地保障幼女安全、健康成长。具体而言,不作为帮助类型的共犯责任成立除了要求具备刑事保证人地位之外,还不能具有不被正犯知悉的直接帮助故意,并且不作为帮助必须与正犯行为及其结果具有双重因果性。