Updated study on multi-TeV cosmic-ray modulation with the Tibet Ⅲ air shower array using the east-west method

We study the sidereal and solar time modulation of multi-TeV cosmic rays using the east-west method with Tibet air shower array data taken from November 1999 to December 2008. The statistics are twice the amount used in our previous paper. In this analysis, the amplitude of the observed sidereal time modulation is about 0.1%, and the modulation shows an excess from about 4 to 7 hours and a deficit around 12 hours in local sidereal time. The sidereal time modulation has a weak dependence on the primary energy of the cosmic rays. However, the solar time modulation shows a large energy dependence. We find that the solar time modulation is fairly consistent with the prediction of the Compton-Getting effect for high-energy samples （6.2TeV and 12.0TeV）, but exceeds the prediction for the low-energy sample （4.0TeV）. Such a discrepancy may be due to the solar modulation or the characteristics of the experimental device in the near threshold energy.

Application of GIS-based SCS-CN method in West Bank catchments,Palestine

Among the most basic challenges of hydrology are the prediction and quantification of catchment surface runoff. The runoff curve number （CN） is a key factor in determining runoff in the SCS （Soil Conservation Service） based hydrologic modeling method. The traditional SCS-CN method for calculating the composite curve number is very tedious and consumes a major portion of the hydrologic modeling time. Therefore, geographic information systems （G/S） are now being used in combination with the SCS-CN method. This paper assesses the modeling of flow in West Bank catchments using the GIS-based SCS-CN method. The West Bank, Palestine, is characterized as an arid to semi-arid region with annual rainfall depths ranging between 100 mm in the vicinity of the Jordan River to 700 mm in the mountains extending across the central parts of the region. The estimated composite curve number for the entire West Bank is about 50 assuming dry conditions. This paper clearly demonstrates that the integration of GIS with the SCS-CN method provides a powerful tool for estimating runoff volumes in West Bank catchments, representing arid to semi-arid catchments of Palestine.

Rainfall Variability and Trends in West Africa

Rainfall variability associated with climate change has enormous impacts on ecosystems, agriculture and people in West Africa but few studies have been devoted to it. Monthly rainfall data from 1901 to 2013, provided by the Global Precipitation Climatology Center dataset, were analyzed using segmentation and empirical modal decomposition (EMD) methods to increase our knowledge on past and recent spatio-temporal rainfall trends and their impacts on the West African region. The results obtained showed that the peak of rainfall during the short rainy season is observed in September in Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana and Liberia. The temporal variability of this rainfall is marked by several breakpoints whose durations range from 2 to 70 years. The periods of change in the rainfall regime, characterized by the appearance of breakpoints, vary from one country to another and are of unequal duration. The main breakpoint appears after 1960. Periods of relative or normal increase or decrease in precipitation are observed before and after 1960. The long-term variability of this rainfall is characterized by a decrease in the amount of rainfall over all West African countries. The results of this study can be used as a tool to help raise awareness among populations for sustainable management of water resources in response to climate change and its adverse effects.

Plant Diversity and Carbon Stock Assessment in an Informal Settlement of the City of Yaounde, Cameroon: The Case of Elig-Effa West

Due to rapid demographic growth, economic and technological changes, urban environments are highly exposed to the impacts of climate change and environmental catastrophes. Despite the pressure to which urban forests are exposed, they still play important roles through the service they provide: air quality, shade, and reduction of dioxide of carbon. The present study was carried out in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon, especially in one of its suburb areas, Elig-Effa West, a neighborhood with spontaneous settlements. The study aimed at assessing the plant species diversity, and carbon sequestration potentials of diverse trees recorded using indirect methods. Six sampling plots of 100 × 100 m were established in the study area. Our results recorded a total of 16 species grouped into 12 families. Apocynaceae, Mimosaceae and Moraceae were the most represented families. The most represented species throughout the sampling plots were Mangifera indica, Persea americana, Annona muricata and Psidium gaujava, which are all fruiting trees. Carbon stock for the study area was estimated at 16.08 ± 5.60 tC with an average of 0.23 ± 0.08 tC/ha. The results also showed the species to be considered in a potential restoration program should be first fruiting trees, followed by non-fruiting trees useful to population, especially those that have their trunk peeled, a sign that they are used by the population. Nevertheless, informal settlements contribute to carbon sequestration, that well targeted urban reforestation will substantially improve.

基于AHP-熵权法的望虞河西岸圩区活水调度方案多目标优选

以望虞河西岸的甘露圩和荡北圩为研究区,构建水动力-水质模型,选取恰当的水动力、水质和经济成本指标构建活水调度多目标评价指标体系,采用层次分析法和熵权法主客观相结合确定指标权重,决策单圩活水调度最优方案,并与圩区联合调度方案比较活水调度效果。结果表明:利用多目标评价指标体系可有效确定活水调度最优方案;甘露圩最优调度方案为陈家角闸和甘露港闸共同引水,徐家浜闸站以6 m^(3)/s流量抽排;荡北圩最优调度方案为黄塘河闸和五星河北闸引水,珠桥河闸站和五星河闸站共以9 m^(3)/s流量抽排;与单圩活水调度相比,两圩联合调度后畅流活水效果更优。

西鄂尔多斯绵刺及周边群落种间关联性研究

珍稀濒危植物绵刺在西鄂尔多斯地区常形成优势群落,呈小斑块状与其他群落相间分布。为了解其他植物对绵刺的影响,进而探讨种间以及群落间的关系,调查绵刺及其周边共7个群系类型14个样地,采用χ2检验、Pearson相关检验、Spearman秩相关检验对其主要物种的种间关联进行研究。结果表明:36个种组成630个种对,其中χ2检验的正负关联比为0.96;Pearson相关系数检验正负关联比为0.4;Spearman秩相关系数检验正负关联比为0.85,其检验显著率分别为35.7%、10%、31.7%,表现出种间关系较为松散。3种方法共同显示,绵刺和草本植物冠芒草呈极显著正关联(P<0.01),而与灌木霸王、小半灌木猫头刺以及草本植物刺沙蓬和画眉草呈极显著或显著负关联。

西部地区林业高质量发展的评价指标体系构建及水平测度

为促进林业高质量、可持续发展,以西部地区林业为研究对象,用新发展理念为基准构建了5大评价指标体系(创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享),并运用变异系数法对中国西部地区2011—2020年林业高质量发展水平进行测度。结果显示:2011—2020年,西部地区林业高质量发展整体呈现先下降后上升的态势,由低水平低速发展向高水平高速发展迈进;对西部地区林业高质量发展提升贡献最大的是绿色发展,而共享发展是西部地区林业高质量发展的主要问题。

2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震自发破裂过程数值模拟研究

2001年11月14日,青藏高原的东昆仑断裂带发生昆仑山口西MS8.1地震,现场考察和破裂过程反演结果表明这是一次破裂过程非常复杂的走滑地震事件.研究这次地震的自发破裂过程,对于认识大陆型特大地震的发生机理具有重要意义.本文利用曲线网格有限差分法对2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震的动力学破裂过程进行研究.首先建立能反映这次地震主要特征的三维非平面断层模型,并以地质考察、以及根据GPS和InSAR观测数据、远场地震记录得到的反演结果为约束,通过数值模拟重现了这次地震破裂过程的主要特征.在此基础上,进一步讨论了背景应力场、断层几何、摩擦系数对断层面滑移量分布、震源时间函数、破裂传播速度的影响.研究结果表明,昆仑山口西MS8.1地震发展成为具有超长破裂尺度的大型地震的重要原因可能是:青藏高原最大水平主压应力方向沿东向的顺时针旋转特征和断层面较低的动摩擦系数.并且沿昆仑山口西地震断层面的动摩擦系数可能是非均匀的,由此产生了沿断层走向复杂变化的应力降,从而导致超剪切破裂的发生,并控制了断层面滑移量分布.

中华民族现代文明的生成逻辑:基于“第二个结合”的历史哲学审视

中华民族现代文明的生成基于中国式现代化的历史实践探索,是马克思主义基本原理同中华优秀传统文化相结合(“第二个结合”)的成果。文章认为中华民族现代文明的生成逻辑不能仅从知性-理论逻辑来揭示,更需要从历史逻辑揭示其辩证的演进路径。即回到中华民族现代文明发端的源头——古今中西之争,然后“还原”这一文明现代发展的历史内在逻辑,从而站在人类“世界历史”的高度评估中华民族现代文明的世界意义。这就是“第二个结合”的历史哲学审视,也是当前亟待推进的。其一,从历史逻辑的起点来看,中华民族现代文明的逻辑起点并非文明内在自然演化的结果,而是在“古今中西之争”双重辩证逻辑中展开的。即一方面要从民族历史走进现代化的世界历史,另一方面又要走出“东方从属西方”的世界历史,这就是“第二个结合”发生的社会历史辩证法。其二,从普遍性“世界历史”的辩证演进来看,中华文明的现代转型是与马克思主义的引入结合在一起的,传统文化在中国特色社会主义道路的现代化历史中巩固了其自身主体性,造就了一个有机统一的新的文化生命体。其三,经由“结合”而形成的新文化的世界历史意义,作为轴心文明时代世界三大文明形态之一的中华文明,在经历了辩证发展的现代世界历史进程之后,最终也将在面向未来的人类文明新形态的构建上展现典范性价值。

致密砂岩气藏气井产水来源综合识别方法——以苏里格气田西区为例

针对在缺少单井产水计量的情况下,苏里格西区致密砂岩气藏气井产水来源识别困难的问题,通过引入水化学图示并结合矿化度分析、生产动态与核磁共振,创新性地建立了苏里格西区致密砂岩气藏气井产水来源综合识别方法。利用该方法对凝析水、工作液与地层水进行了识别。结果表明:气井凝析水与工作液的Stiff图版均被辅助线切割成两部分,而地层水的Stiff图版位于辅助线一侧,且不同时间的Stiff图版可判断气井是否发生水侵。工作液的矿化度大于20000 mg/L,而凝析水的矿化度小于20000 mg/L。对于地层水,层内水在井筒积液前油套压稳定,且压差小于2 MPa,而层间水油套压波动幅度大,且压差高于2 MPa。当含水饱和度小于驱替压力0.51 MPa的核磁饱和度时,地层水为束缚水;当含水饱和度大于驱替压力0.51 MPa的核磁饱和度或小于驱替压力0.032 MPa的核磁饱和度时,地层水为毛细管水;当含水饱和度大于驱替压力0.032 MPa的核磁饱和度时,地层水为自由水。

Assessing Climate Change Impact on Future Reference Evapotranspiration Pattern of West Bengal, India

Considering the importance of reference evapotranspiration (RET) in agriculture, hydrology and meteorology, the research problem was taken to assess the RET during winter season under projected climatic situation of West Bengal, India. The Penman-Monteith method was used in the study as it is the most accurate method of estimating RET. However, validation of the output of the equation was done with the help of observed data set. The data analysis was carried out using NCAR Command Language (NCL). The result clearly shows that the reference ET of the study area will be increased in the tune of 13% to 32% in the year 2050 compared to present RET level. Analysis of actual rainfall data shows a decreasing trend of winter rainfall in the study region. The projected rainfall data also follows the same pattern. Thus, the combination of low rainfall and higher ET value will demand more irrigation requirement for winter crops in West Bengal. The temporal changes of RET on decadal basis and spatial variation of RET for each decade have been observed and discussed in the paper.

Assessment of Domestic Water Sources Safety: Application of the Micro Biological Survey Method and Microbiological Profile of the Contaminating Bacteria

Water is essential for human life and it’s expected to be clean and safe. In Cameroon, government efforts to improve access to drinking water are mitigated. Many households are suffering from chronic water shortages leading to the majority of people using doubtful water sources. This study was carried out in accordance with guidelines produced by the STARBIOS2-EU funded project on Responsible Research and Innovation and aimed to assess the microbiological quality of water samples collected from domestic water sources in 3 divisions of the West region of Cameroon. 22 water samples from well water, stream, water pump and river were aseptically collected. At each sampling point, 50 mL of sample was taken aseptically and immediately transported to the laboratory for analysis. The detection of Coliforms bacteria was done using Micro Biological Survey (MBS) method. 1 mL of each sample was inoculated in the Coliforms MBS (Coli MBS) vial initially rehydrated with 10 mL of sterile distilled water. The Coli MBS vials were closed, shaken for homogenization, and then incubated at 37°C. From the initial red color of the Coli MBS vials, changes in color to yellow of the reaction vials were monitored at three different time intervals (12 h, 19 h and 24 h), corresponding to three levels of bacterial concentration. All positives samples on MBS method were selected to determine the presence of E. coli Loop full broths of Coli MBS vials were taken;streaked into the eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar plate and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. E. coli was confirmed by observing green metallic sheen on EMB agar plate. The biochemical indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer and citrate (IMViC) test was performed to determine the complete microbiological profile of the water samples. Almost all the water samples were contaminated with Total Coliforms (TC). A high concentration of TC (>103 CFU/mL) was found in 8 samples (36.4%), a medium concentration (10 < x < 103 CFU/mL) was observed in 10 samples (45.5%) and 2 samples (9.1%) were low concentrated (1 < x < 10 CFU/mL). 8 samples were positive for the presence of E. coli by observing the green metallic sheen on EMB agar plates. The IMViC test confirmed the presences of 5 bacteria species: Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., E. coli spp., Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. We recommend integrating sanitary assessment in the design and implementation of water supply projects. Regular water purification using proper methods and maintenances of the water point. Regular microbiological quality assessment of water intended for human consumption should be planned and carried out.

卢克石油West Qurna-2油田稠油用破乳剂研究与优化

伊拉克Lukoil West Qurna-2(又名卢克石油有限公司,西古尔纳二期)油田外输原油含水含盐经常高出合格标准要求,破乳剂的应用与优化迫在眉睫。通过DPY-2A型电脱盐实验仪和瓶试法对比实验,考察实验温度和加药浓度对破乳剂脱水效果的影响,优选出适应于伊拉克Lukoil West Qurna-2油田的复配破乳剂RD-2310。瓶试数据证明,在加药浓度为100 mg/L,实验温度80℃时,其破乳脱水性能优于现场在用的破乳剂,表现出较快的脱水速率,较高的脱水量,脱出的自由水水质较为清澈,油水界面处齐平并无乳化层。中实验证证明,从9月26日~9月28日,连续3天中实验证后,随着复配破乳剂RD-2310的加药浓度的逐渐优化降低至最佳加药浓度40 mg/L,电脱盐出口的原油含盐逐渐下降并维持稳定在27~28 mg/kg之间,电脱盐出口的原油含水数据维持在0.14%~0.2%vol之间,满足伊拉克Lukoil West Qurna-2油田外输原油含水含盐的合格标准,在生产设备中避免了出现设备内部原油挂壁问题,从而间接的提高原油的单日产量,降低了后续流程中脱出的自由水的净化处理成本。

激发极化法在西非加纳某锰矿勘查中的应用

针对热带雨林地区植被覆盖广、地质露头少,传统地质找矿手段难以发挥作用的问题,本文提出利用地球物理方法探查隐伏锰矿体的思路。在分析在产矿山地质特点与地球物理特征基础上,首次将激发极化法应用到加纳西部省某锰矿增储勘查中,通过圈定激电中梯剖面低阻高极化异常确定矿体平面位置,再利用激电测深中相对高阻高极化异常判断碳酸锰矿体位置及展布形态。分析显示推断矿体位置锰含量高达40.99%,证明了方法的有效性,对同类型锰矿勘查工作具有指导意义。

中欧班列集结中心选址优化研究

中欧班列作为连接“一带一路”的重要纽带、欧亚走廊的主要组成部分,成为了国际物流通道的新动力。面对欧亚地区货运需求的持续增长,中欧班列的稳固健康发展成为急需研究的课题,其中集结中心的选址是保障中欧班列运输时效性和稳定性的关键。以中欧班列西通道为视角建立一个上层考虑节点城市竞争力水平,下层考虑运输成本和环境因素的双层规划模型,利用熵权-TOPSIS法和混合整数规划模型选出可作为中欧班列西通道集结中心的节点城市,进而优化运输网络。研究发现:乌鲁木齐、重庆、郑州、武汉、东莞和合肥为中欧班列西通道货源吸引区的集结中心节点城市,非集结中心节点城市可以选择最优的运输方式将货物运至集结中心,以提高运输效率,降低碳排放量,并为中欧班列的日常运输计划提供参考。

西秦岭凤太铅锌矿集区成矿特征、找矿预测及勘查方法技术组合

基于西秦岭凤太矿集区铅锌矿床矿体的产出受背斜构造、地层、特定岩性层位控制,主要铅锌矿床随控矿背斜构造的倾伏,铅锌矿成矿特征从出露到完全隐伏的认识,依据区内铅锌矿床成矿模式和找矿标志研究,把铅锌找矿有利地段分为已知矿体的延深部位、已知矿体深部(或周边)的未知矿体、暂无已知矿床的新区共3类。通过工作,预测提出八方山−二里河铅锌矿床深部、白杨沟−洞沟铅锌矿带、银洞梁−手搬崖铅锌矿床深部和铅硐山−东塘子铅锌矿床深部等4个找矿靶区,找矿靶位的预测聚焦于4个找矿靶区内已知铅锌矿床走向延伸与倾向延深部位、矿床两翼深部对赋矿有利的褶曲部位。近年来的找矿实践证明,地质综合研究、构造叠加晕找矿法、以广域电磁法为主的大探测深度物探方法以及深部探矿工程验证是该矿集区深部铅锌找矿的有效勘查方法技术组合。

内蒙古三苏木西银多金属矿床物化探特征及找矿前景

三苏木西银多金属矿床所在区域地质及找矿工作程度较低,为了解研究区成矿地质条件和找矿前景,本文基于研究区地表地质特征,通过开展土壤地球化学测量和激电测量,圈定元素地球化学异常和激电异常;通过对重点异常进行查证,分析物化探异常特征与金属矿化、断裂构造、蚀变带的对应关系,进而研究区内构造、岩体与成矿的内在联系,对探讨研究区成矿控矿要素、主要矿化元素组合、找矿前景与找矿方向具有一定意义。

从《西湖梦寻》的独特书写看张岱的易代之感

西湖是张岱的精神家园,他在《西湖梦寻》中以景为引,实写人事,叙述颇具史笔之法。作品结构章法独特,以《西湖总记》开篇,隐藏着张岱写作这一部著作的整体思路。几乎每篇文章的篇末都附加诗文,从中可对照他的文学批评标准,且所引之诗文与正文互为表里。整部《西湖梦寻》以苍凉为底色,抒兴废之感,不时寄寓作者的遗民情绪。

西台吉乃尔盐湖兑卤卤水10℃和30℃蒸发析盐规律

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