Ternary System of Fe-based Ionic Liquid,Ethanol and Water for Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization

Fe-based ionic liquid （Fe-IL） was synthesized by mixing FeCl3·6H2O and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Bmim]C1 in this paper. The phase diagram of a ternary Fe-IL, ethanol and water system was investigated to construct a ternary desulfurization solution for wet flue gas desulfurization. The effects of flow rate and concentration of SO2, reaction temperature, pH and Fe-IL fraction in aqueous desulfurization solution on the desulfiariza- tion efficiency were investigated. The results shows that the best composition of ternary desulfurization solution of Fe-IL, ethanol and water is 1 ： 1.5 ： 3 by volume ratio, and pH should be controlled at 2.0. Under such conditions, a desulfurization rate greater than 90% could be obtained. The product of sulfuric acid had inhibition effect on the wet desulfurization process. With applying this new ternary desulfurization solution, not only the catalyst Fe-IL can be recycled and reused, but also the product sulfuric acid can be separated directly from the ternary desulfurization system.

Influence of Thermally Treated Flue Gas Desulfurization(FGD) Gypsum on Performance of the Slag Powder Concrete

The feasibility of flue gas desulphurization （FGD） as concrete admixture was studied. A combined concrete admixture of the thermally-treated FGD gypsum and slag powder was explored. The FGD gypsum was roasted at 200℃ for 60 min and then mixed with the slag powder to form FGD gypsum-slag powder combined admixture in which the SO3 content was 3.5wt%. Cement was partially and equivalently replaced by slag powder alone or FGD gypsum-slag powder, at concentration of 25wt%, 40wt%, and 50wt%, respectively. The setting times, hydration products, total porosity and pore size distributions of the paste were determined. The compressive strength and drying shrinkage of cement mortar and concrete were also tested. The experimental results show that, in the presence of FGD gypsum, the setting times are much slower than those of pastes in the absence of FGD gypsum. The combination of FGD gypsum and slag powder provides synergistic benefits above that of slag powder alone. The addition of FGD gypsum provides benefit by promoting ettringite formation and forms a compact microstructure, increasing the compressive strength and reduces the drying shrinkage of cement mortar and concrete.

Wet flue gas desulfurization performance of 330 MW coal-fired power unit based on computational fluid dynamics region identification of flow pattern and transfer process

Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization(WFGD)unit based upon spray scrubber has beenwidely employed to control SO_(2) emissions from flue gas in coal-fired power plant.To clarify the dependence of desulfurization performance on inter-phase transfer behaviors with non-ideal contacting patterns of flue gas and slurry droplets,three regions in spray scrubber are distinguished in terms of gas-slurry flow structures using CFD method in the Eulerian-Lagrangian framework.A comprehensive model is established by involving the transfer process between two phases and chemical reactions in aqueous phase,which is validatedwith the measured data froma WFGD scrubber of 330 MW coal-fired power unit.Numerical results show that the overall uniformity degree of flue gas in whole scrubber is largely determined by the force-balanced droplets in the middle part of scrubber,which is dominated by counter-current mode.Both momentum transfer behavior and SO_(2) chemical absorption process present the synchronicity with the evolution of gas-slurry flow pattern,whilst the heat transfer together with H_(2)O evaporation has little effect on overall absorption process.Three regions are firstly defined as Gas Inlet Region(GIR),Dominant Absorption Region(DAR)and Slurry Dispersed Region(SDR)from the bottom to top of scrubber.SO_(2) is mainly scrubbed in DAR,which provides much more intensive interaction between two phases compared to GIR or SDR.A better understanding of the desulfurization process is obtained from the fundamental relationship between transport phenomena and chemical reactions based upon the complicated hydrodynamics of gas-slurry two-phase flow,which should be useful for designing and optimizing the scrubber in coal-fired power unit.

Effect of wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD) on fine particle(PM_(2.5)) emission from coal-fired boilers

In this study, the characteristics of fine particles before and after wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD) in three coal-fired heating boilers in northern China were investigated by using a dilution-based emission sampling experimental system. The influences of the WFGD process on the mass and number concentrations as well as the chemical composition of fine particles were analyzed. The removal efficiency of desulfurization processes on particulate matter mass was 30.06%–56.25% for the three study units. The WFGD had a great influence on the size distributions of particle mass concentration and number concentration. A significant increase in the number and mass concentration of particles in the size range of 0.094–0.946 μm was observed. The watersoluble ion content accounted for a very large proportion of PM_(2.5) mass, and its proportion in PM_(2.5) increased from 28.39%–41.08% to 48.96%–61.21% after the WFGD process for the three units. The desulfurizing process also drastically increased the proportion of cation component(Ca^(2+) for unit A, Mg^(2+) for unit B, and Na+for unit C) and the proportion of SO_4^(2-) in PM_(2.5), and it increased the CE/AE values of PM_(2.5) from 0.82–0.98 to 0.93–1.27 for the three study units.

Removal of SO_2 from flue gas using Bayer red mud:Influence factors and mechanism

The absorbent composing of Bayer red mud and water was prepared and applied to removing SO2 from flue gas.Effects of the ratio of liquid to solid(L/S),the absorption temperature,the inlet SO2 concentration,the O2 concentration,SO4^2-and other different components of Bayer red mud on desulfurization were conducted.The mechanism of flue gas desulfurization was also established.The results indicated that L/S was the prominent factor,followed by the inlet SO2 concentration and the temperature was the least among them.The optimum condition was as follows:L/S,the temperature and the SO2 concentration were 20:1,25℃and 1000 mg/m^3,respectively,under the gas flow of 1.5 L/min.The desulfurization efficiency was not significantly influenced when O2 concentration was above 7%.The accumulation of SO4^2-inhibited the desulfurization efficiency.The alkali absorption and metal ions liquid catalytic oxidation were involved in the process,which accounted for 98.61%.

Model Free Adaptive Predictive Control of Desulfurization Slurry pH Based on CPS Framework

In order to improve the slurry pH control accuracy of the absorption tower in the wet flue gas desulfurization process,a model free adaptive predictive control algorithm for the desulfurization slurry pH which is based on a cyber physical systems framework is proposed.First,aiming to address system characteristics of non-linearity and pure hysteresis in slurry pH change process,a model free adaptive predictive control algorithm based on compact form dynamic linearization is proposed by combining model free adaptive control algorithm with model predictive control algorithm.Then,by integrating information resources with the physical resources in the absorption tower slurry pH control process,an absorption tower slurry pH optimization control system based on cyber physical systems is constructed.It is turned out that the model free adaptive predictive control algorithm under the framework of the cyber physical systems can effectively realize the high-precision tracking control of the slurry pH of the absorption tower,and it has strong robustness.

Transformation and removal of ammonium sulfate aerosols and ammonia slip from selective catalytic reduction in wet flue gas desulfurization system

Selective catalytic reduction(SCR) denitration may increase the emission of NH4+and NH3.The removal and transformation characteristics of ammonium sulfate aerosols and ammonia slip during the wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD) process, as well as the effect of desulfurization parameters, were investigated in an experimental system equipped with a simulated SCR flue gas generation system and a limestone-based WFGD system.The results indicate that the ammonium sulfate aerosols and ammonia slip in the flue gas from SCR can be partly removed by slurry scrubbing, while the entrainment and evaporation of desulfurization slurry with accumulated NH4+will generate new ammoniumcontaining particles and gaseous ammonia.The ammonium-containing particles formed by desulfurization are not only derived from the entrainment of slurry droplets, but also from the re-condensation of gaseous ammonia generated by slurry evaporation.Therefore,even if the concentration of NH4+in the desulfurization slurry is quite low, a high level of NH4+was still contained in the fine particles at the outlet of the scrubber.When the accumulated NH4+in the desulfurization slurry was high enough, the WFGD system promoted the conversion of NH3 to NH4+and increased the additional emission of primary NH4+aerosols.With the decline of the liquid/gas ratio and flue gas temperature, the removal efficiency of ammonia sulfate aerosols increased, and the NH4+emitted from entrainment and evaporation of the desulfurization slurry decreased.In addition, the volatile ammonia concentration after the WFGD system was reduced with the decrease of the NH4+concentration and p H values of the slurry.

Investigation on the relationship between the fine particle emission and crystallization characteristics of gypsum during wet flue gas desulfurization process

The relationship between the fine particles emitted after desulfurization and gypsum crystals in the desulfurization slurry was investigated,and the crystallization characteristics varying with the operation parameters and compositions of the desulfurization slurry were discussed.The results showed that the fine particles generated during the desulfurization process were closely related to the crystal characteristics in the desulfurization slurry by comparison of their morphology and elements. With the higher proportion of fine crystals in the desulfurization slurry,the number concentration of fine particles after desulfurization was increased and their particle sizes were smaller,indicating that the optimization of gypsum crystallization was beneficial for the reduction of the fine particle emission. The lower p H value and an optimal temperature of the desulfurization slurry were beneficial to restrain the generation of fine crystals in the desulfurization slurry. In addition,the higher concentrations of the Fe3＋ions and the F- ions in the desulfurization slurry both promoted the generation of fine crystals with corresponding change of the morphology and the effect of the Fe3＋ ions was more obvious.With the application of the desulfurization synergist additive,it was beneficial for the inhibition of fine crystals while the thinner crystals were generated.

Low-temperature oxidation behavior and mechanism of semi-dry desulfurization ash from iron ore sintering flue gas

The low-temperature wet oxidation behavior of semi-dry desulfurization ash from iron ore sintering flue gas in ammonium citrate solution was investigated for efficiently utilizing the low-quality desulfurization ash. The effects of the ammonium citrate concentration, oxidation temperature, solid/liquid ratio, and oxidation time on the wet oxidation behavior of desulfurization ash were studied. Simultaneously, the oxidation mechanism of desulfurization ash was revealed by means of X-ray diffraction, Zeta electric resistance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Under the optimal conditions with ammonium citrate, the oxidation ratio of CaSO_(3) was up to the maximum value (98.49%), while that of CaSO_(3) was only 8.92% without ammonium citrate. Zeta electric resistance and XPS results indicate that the dissolution process of CaSO_(3) could be significantly promoted by complexation derived from the ammonium citrate hydrolysis. As a result, the oxidation process of CaSO_(3) was transformed from particle oxidation to SO_(3)^(2−) ion oxidation, realizing the rapid transformation of desulfurization ash from CaSO_(3) to CaSO_(4) at low temperature. It provides a reference for the application of semi-dry desulfurization ash and contributes to sustainable management for semi-dry desulfurization ash.

新型高效脱硫吸收剂提高火电厂FGD系统灵活性的试验研究

石灰石/石膏湿法脱硫工艺中吸收剂石灰石(主要成分为CaCO_(3))反应活性低,在机组深度调峰快速升负荷、燃煤含硫变化大时净烟气SO_(2)排放质量浓度经常存在超标问题。为此以某电厂600 MW机组为例,采用一种新型高效脱硫吸收剂进行试验,结果表明:新型高效脱硫吸收剂的加入可在3min内快速提高烟气脱硫(flue gas desulfurization,FGD)系统的脱硫效率,抑制SO_(2)排放质量浓度在快速升负荷的超标现象,同时可增加FGD系统最大出力,拓宽FGD系统对高硫分煤种的适应能力,提高电厂燃煤采购的灵活性。

FGD Capacity Prediction of Thermal Power Plants in China

Through analyzing the proportion of SO2 emission from thermal power plants in the nationwide SO2 emis- sion in USA, Japan etc. developed countries, and the developmental course of thermal power installed capacity and the FGD capacity in USA, the FGD capacity of thermal power plants in China is forecasted from two angles. One is to predict FGD capacity in accordance with the policy in force in China. The other is to predict FGD capacity based upon the emission right trading policy. As compared, it is held that FGD equipment should be mainly installed on the large size units burning high sulfur coal according to the emission right trading policy. Such a method of work not only can economize large amount of investments and operation costs, but also can realize the same environmental effect.

石灰石/石灰-石膏湿法脱硫反应塔模型比较

就二氧化硫的污染控制最常用方法──石灰石／石灰－石膏湿法脱硫的几种主要的反应塔模型进行了比较．讨论了已经发展的几种基本传质吸收模型，包括薄膜理论、渗透理论以及表面更新理论在脱硫反应塔建模中的应用，特别是对于新型脱硫塔──液柱脱硫塔的建模作了初步探索，并从模型基本理论的角度分析了现行的各种脱硫反应塔工艺之间的差别，以及如何通过加强传质反应来提高脱硫设备的运行效率等问题．

石灰/石灰石湿法脱硫中添加剂的研究

在φ１５０旋流板塔烟气脱硫装置上，试验了不同液气比和进口气ＳＯ＿２浓度时有机废液（ＮａＡｄ）作添加剂的影响。结果表明，添加ＮａＡｄ有利于提高脱硫率和吸收剂利用率，并减缓结垢。添加适量的ＮａＡｄ可使脱硫率提高５个百分点以上，气相单板效率Ｅｍｖ相应提高１２个百分点以上。实验还研究了添加ＮａＡｄ对浆液ｐＨ值、粘度，以及浆液中颗粒沉降、凝聚、粒度等物理化学特性的影响，并根据实验结果，提出了ＮａＡｄ添加剂的作用机理。

烧结脱硫石膏的综合利用现状

近年来,烧结烟气脱硫石膏的利用正在被越来越多的人重视,本文在总结国内外烧结脱硫石膏的研究和应用现状的基础上,就其存在的一些问题和发展趋势提出几点自己的看法,并结合脱硫石膏性质提出了一些烧结脱硫石膏的资源化利用途径和建议。

湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔仿真模型开发及应用

吸收塔作为石灰石/石膏湿法烟气脱硫系统的核心部件,关于其脱硫效率影响因素众多,动态特性非常复杂,一直难以通过化学反应动力学模型以及计算流体力学模型对其进行精确定量描述。文章首先引用典型相关分析理论,对吸收塔输入参数与输出参数两组变量之间的相关性进行统计分析,完成数据初步筛选;然后引用主成分分析方法,把多元变量间的相关性研究化为少数几对变量之间的相关性研究,最后以进口烟气流量、进口烟气温度、进口烟气SO2浓度、液气比、进口烟尘浓度、烟气流速、石膏浆液密度、石膏浆液pH值等参数为输入变量,运用多神经网络建模技术来完成吸收塔动态实时仿真模拟。太仓港环保电厂脱硫装置实际应用表明:该模型脱硫效率预测误差小于1%,吸收塔内出口压力预测误差小于50 Pa,完全满足工程应用精度。壤剖面多环芳烃主要来源于煤的高温不完全燃烧产物,兼有少量的石油污染贡献。这与武汉市以煤为主的复合型能源利用结构相符合。

宝钢烧结烟气脱硫石膏特性分析

通过粒度、X-射线荧光、X-射线衍射、纯度、重金属、浸出特性等分析,研究了宝钢烧结烟气脱硫过程中产生的石膏的特性。结果表明,宝钢烧结烟气脱硫石膏纯度高,杂质含量低,粒径较大且分布广,质量满足相关设计和标准要求;烧结烟气脱硫石膏及其浸出液重金属含量低,综合利用、堆存或填埋等处置过程中,基本不会对周围环境造成不利影响。

火电厂烟气脱硫工艺概述及脱硫国产化

介绍了几种目前国际上较为成熟的脱硫工艺,并对各种工艺的经济技术参数进行了比较,分析了国内烟气脱硫市场并就脱硫技术国产化问题提出若干看法。

天津钢铁行业烧结烟气脱硫治理工程实践

天津两大钢铁企业分别采用LJS-FGD技术和石灰-石膏湿法工艺进行烧结烟气脱硫。通过分析两种脱硫方法的工程实践数据,从其脱硫效果、除尘脱硝效果、能耗技术指标等方面对两种脱硫方法进行比较:LJS-FGD技术在保证脱硫脱硝效果的基础上,具有总投资低、占地面积小、能耗低、污染小、运行成本低等特点;石灰-石膏湿法脱硫脱硝效果好,但能耗高,占地面积大,设备易于腐蚀。

烟气湿法脱硫系统故障原因试验分析

对某电厂215MW机组装设的湿法烟气脱硫装置无法正常运行的问题进行了试验分析,对增压风机与脱硫岛系统进行了热态性能调试试验和性能测试,对热态下脱硫岛系统阻力进行了详细测试。通过对不同工况下的试验数据比较分析,表明故障原因为:脱硫系统真实阻力比原设计计算阻力大1000Pa以上;风机设计选型时烟气密度选取与实际值相差较大,相同烟气量下风机设计压头比实际需要压头小12%以上。针对以上情况提出了合理可行的建议。

连州电厂湿法烟气脱硫石膏脱水与排放系统的设计和运行分析

The design and operation of the gypsum dewatering and disposing systemin the wet limestone/gypsum FGD system in Lianzhou Power Plant,Guangdong provinc e are introduced in detail.The effect of gypsum slurry mixed with ash water on t he plant’s ash & slag removal pipelines is also researched,primary results showthat this disposing way has little effect on the system.