Analysis on the daily courses of water potential of nine woody species from Cerrado vegetation during wet season

The water potential (Ψ) daily courses of 9 woody species from Cerrado vegetation in different weather conditions during wet season were observed and analyzed. The adjusting strategies of 9 species could be divided into 3 groups according to Cluster Analysis and based on the data observed on the January 18, March 20 and April 6. The Ψ values of the first group, which included 2 species, were maintained at the higher level consistently. The Ψ values of the second group, which included 5 species, were intermediate level. The Ψ values of the third group, which included 2 species, were kept in the lower level. The Ψ values of all species always kept pace with the weather condition, especially water condition. During the clear day only one Ψ value peak for all species occurred at midday (12∶30–13∶30). When the overcast or raining occurred for a short period, the fluctuation of Ψ values would appear after about 15–30 min responding to the change of weather condition. Even in the same group under the same external circumstance, there was a clear variation of the leaf Ψ values among different species, which showed that the strategy diversity for plant to balance water relation. From January to April, the Ψ values of 9 species reduced in response to the drought condition. The species with the lower values of water saturation deficiency at turgid loss point (W sdtlp) the osmotic potential at saturation (πsat), the osmotic potential at turgid lose point (πtip) or lower predawn water potential (Ψpd) usually had the lower Ψ values at midday. The mechanism of water balance controlled by many systems has been assumed.

Precipitation Changes in Wet and Dry Seasons over the 20th Century Simulated by Two Versions of the FGOALS Model

Seasonal precipitation changes over the globe during the 20th century simulated by two versions of the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System （FGOALS） model are assessed. The two model versions differ in terms of their AGCM component, but the remaining parts of the system are almost identical. Both models reasonably reproduce the mean-state features of the timings of the wet and dry seasons and related precipitation amounts, with pattern correlation coefficients of 0.65-0.84 with observations. Globally averaged seasonal precipitation changes are analyzed. The results show that wet sea- sons get wetter and the annual range （precipitation difference between wet and dry seasons） increases during the 20th century in the two models, with positive trends covering most parts of the globe, which is consistent with observations. However, both models show a moistening dry season, which is opposite to observations. Analysis of the globally averaged moisture budget in the historical climate simulations of the two models shows little change in the horizontal moisture advection in both the wet and dry seasons. The globally averaged seasonal precipitation changes are mainly dominated by the changes in evaporation and vertical moisture advection. Evaporation and vertical moisture advection combine to make wet seasons wetter and enhance the annual range. In the dry season, the opposite change of evaporation and vertical moisture advection leads to an insignificant change in precipitation. Vertical moisture advection is the most important term that determines the changes in precipitation, wherein the thermodynamic component is dominant and the dynamic component tends to offset the effect of the thermodynamic component.

Wet and Dry Season Effects on Select Soil Nutrient Contents of Upland Farms in North Bank Region of the Gambia

The study was conducted in three villages of North Bank Region of the Gambia in 2013 and 2014. We examined wet and dry season effects on select soil nutrient contents of upland farms in North Bank Region of the Gambia. The objective was to evaluate changes in soil nutrient contents in both wet and dry seasons. Soil samples were collected from three RCBD upland fields with three replications at a depth of 0 - 15 cm and analyzed for pH, Soil Organic Carbon (SOC), and soil moisture content. The gravimetric method of moisture estimation was used. The results showed that soil moisture content, soil TN, and soil pH are significantly different (P < 0.05) during the two seasons. There was no significant difference in SOC between the two seasons in the study area. The study concluded that soil nutrients were more readily available during the wet season than during the dry season probably because there is more soil moisture available in the wet season that facilitates soil nutrient release. The study concludes that soil moisture has to be available in order for some select soil nutrients to be released for plant uptake.

Changes of Dry-wet Climate in the Dry Season in Yunnan(1961-2007)

Factor analysis was used to investigate the changes of dry-wet climate in the dry season in Yunnan during 1961-2007 based on observed data from 15 stations.Three common factors were extracted from the 9 climatic factors.The results showed that the dry-wet climate has evidently changed since the early 1960s.The general trends in the changes of drywet climate were described as slight decrease in humidity and gradual enhancement in drought intensity.The climate during 1960s-1980s was under weak-medium drought.But since early 1990s,dry conditions have markedly strengthened and continued due to uneven temporal distribution of rainfall and climate warming.

Water relations balance parameters of 30 woody species from Cerrado vegetation in the wet and dry season

The water relations balance parameters of plant tissue have been determined under field condition.They are the osmotic potentials at saturation (nsat), the osmotic potentials at the turgid loss point (ntlp), modulusof elasticity and the water saturation deficiency at turgid loss point (Wsdtlp) of 30 adult woody species fromCerrado vegetetion (neotropical savanna) in the wet and dry seasons of Brazil. And the changing patterns of Sevalues of each species have been compared and analyzed in different methods. The mean values of nsat, ntlp, and Wsdtlp of 30 species in the wet season were -2.11 MPa, -2.50 MPa, 19.66 MPa and 10.27 % respectively.Responding to water stress in the dry season, the values of nsat of 24 species, the ntlp and the of 17 speciesthe Wsdtpl of 6 species significantly went down or up comparing with those in the wet season (P < 0.05)- Only 3species had not changed their water parameters significantly any more. The mean values of nsat, ntlp, andWsdtlp of 30 species were adjusted to be -2.28 MPa, -2.84 MPa, 18.58 MPa and 8.19 % respectively. The species that have lower values on the mt have higher vaIues on e. Contrary, the specles that have higher valueson the nsat have lower values on . The special strategies of 30 Cerrado species have been divided. into 3 typesin Cluster Analysis Method. Every type has the distinct water balance mechanism and the parameter-adjustingpattern.

An Assessment of the Projected Future Intra-Seasonal Rainfall Characteristics in Uganda

Rainfall is a key climate parameter that affects most operations that affect human life, especially in the tropics. Therefore, understanding the various factors that affect the distribution and intensity of this rainfall is important for effective planning among the different stakeholders in the weather and climate sectors. This study aimed at understanding how intra seasonal rainfall characteristics, especially Consecutive Dry Days (CDD) and Consecutive Wet Days (CWD), in the two major rainfall seasons will change under two future climate scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in Uganda, covering two future periods of 2021-2050 and 2051-2080. The results indicate a high likelihood of reduced consecutive rainfall days, especially over the Northeastern regions of the country, for both 2021-2050 and 2051-2080. However, the trends in the entire country for the two major rainfall seasons, March to May and September to November, are not significant. Nonetheless, the distribution of these days is important for most agricultural activities during different stages of crop growth. The consecutive dry days show a fairly increasing trend in the eastern part of the country, particularly in the second season of September to November. An increase in consecutive dry days implies more frequent dry spells in the midst of the growing season, potentially affecting some crops during critical growth stages.

辽河口地区浮游植物群落时空分布特征

浮游植物可作为鱼产潜力估算的重要依据,在水域生态系统的上行效应和下行效应中发挥重要的作用,浮游植物的时空分布对环境因子有着重要的指示作用。本文针对2015年平水期和丰水期的大辽河、双台子河、大凌河及绕阳河浮游植物进行了定性与定量采样分析,通过对浮游植物时空分布的研究,间接反应出了河口营养时空分布状态,有助于提升河口环境管理的科学决策水平,可为我国河口海域的生态监测和管理等提供参考。

土壤细菌群落对纳帕海高原湿地退化的响应

【目的】探明高原退化湿地土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的时空动态特征,为理解土壤微生物群落对高原湿地退化的响应过程及机制提供关键数据支撑。【方法】以纳帕海高原不同湿地退化阶段(沼泽湿地、沼泽化草甸、草甸)为研究对象,采用Illumina高通量测序技术,探测土壤细菌群落组成及多样性的干湿季变化规律。【结果】①共检测到土壤细菌10门21属,其中变形菌门Proteobacteria和未分类菌属为优势门和属,相对丰度分别达35.92%和20.64%。②相较于原生沼泽湿地,沼泽化草甸的变形菌门和酸杆菌门Acidobacteria相对丰度分别增加14.06%和47.72%,绿弯菌门Chloroflexi相对丰度显著减少38.54%(P<0.05);草甸的酸杆菌门、放线菌门Actinobacteria、疣微菌门Verrucomicrobia和浮霉菌门Planctomycetes相对丰度分别增加了210.15%、231.37%、229.55%和315.22%。上述菌门相对丰度均为干季大于湿季。沼泽化草甸的厚壁菌门Firmicutes相对丰度在干季显著增加72.38%,在湿季显著减少73.17%(P<0.05);而拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes相对丰度在干季显著减少55.50%,在湿季显著增加223.54%(P<0.05)。③沼泽化草甸和草甸的Shannon指数较原生沼泽湿地显著增加(P<0.05),且沼泽湿地和沼泽化草甸表现为湿季大于干季,草甸则表现为干季大于湿季。④Mantel分析结果表明:干季细菌群落结构组成由土壤pH和氮、磷、钾质量分数调控,湿季则由含水量、有机质、氮磷及pH调控;Pearson相关性分析结果表明:含水量、有机质、氮和pH是影响干季土壤细菌多样性的主控因子;湿季则为磷、钾和碳氮比。【结论】高原湿地退化导致土壤含水量和pH减小,进而影响土壤碳、氮、磷和钾养分状况,最终调控土壤细菌群落组成和多样性的干湿季变化。

漳江口溶解态稀土元素的地球化学特征及影响因素

河口区域稀土元素(Rare earth elements, REEs)的地球化学行为对理解海洋中REEs的循环具有重要意义。本文通过现场调查对2018年9月(暴雨时期)、2019年12月(旱季)及2020年8月(湿季)溶解态REEs在漳江口的分布特征、REEs的主要影响因素及人为稀土元素钆(Gd)污染进行研究。结果表明:漳江口溶解态REEs在不同时期的分布及分异存在显著差异,溶解态REEs含量暴雨时期>旱季>湿季。暴雨时期溶解态REEs主要呈现轻/中稀土相对富集及Ce正异常现象,而旱季及湿季溶解态REEs主要呈现重稀土相对富集及Ce负异常现象,颗粒物-水作用是不同时期溶解态REEs含量及分异存在差异的主要原因。Gd在不同时期均呈现正异常,暴雨时期、旱季及湿季人为Gd占比分别为18%~29%、26%~69%及22%~60%,推测Gd污染可能受河口上游医院核磁共振造影剂使用的影响。以上研究表明暴雨导致的颗粒物释放对河口溶解态REEs具有显著的贡献,今后研究需要重视特殊事件(如暴雨)对河口溶解态REEs来源和收支的影响。漳江口上游的人口密度相比全国其他地区较低但存在较为严重的人为Gd污染,说明我国其他河口人为稀土污染及来源也应引起广泛的重视。

风场对鄱阳湖丰水期表层蓝藻密度的影响

目前,在风场对蓝藻的影响研究方面,国内针对太湖、滇池、巢湖等浅水湖泊的研究较多,针对鄱阳湖的研究则多集中于蓝藻群落特征及其与营养盐之间的关系。近年来,作为长江流域重要的通江湖泊,处于轻度富营养化状态的鄱阳湖水体蓝藻水华在局部库湾和部分水域出现,风场如何影响鄱阳湖表层蓝藻密度是一个值得探讨的问题。20192021年,在鄱阳湖布设13~49个采样点,于平水期、丰水期和枯水期现场采集各个点位表层水样、藻类、风场和流场数据,分析风场对鄱阳湖丰水期表层蓝藻密度的影响。结果表明,20192021年鄱阳湖丰水期风速与表层蓝藻密度呈显著正相关性,风场对水体的充分混合及驱动水体形成的风生流是促进蓝藻生长的原因之一。在流速较高(>0.05 m/s)的区域,无论风速高于还是低于临界风速(3~4 m/s),鄱阳湖表层蓝藻密度的空间分布受流场的影响更大;在流速较低(<0.05 m/s)的区域,风速在临界风速以下时,鄱阳湖表层蓝藻密度的空间分布受风场影响更大。20192021年鄱阳湖丰水期蓝藻密度超过水华暴发的阈值,但在高风速高流速的共同作用下未能发生大范围的蓝藻水华,仅能在风速适宜(<3~4 m/s)、流速较低(<0.05 m/s)的内湾、尾闾区等区域发生小面积的蓝藻水华。鄱阳湖丰水期水体处于长江顶托的低流速且微风条件下时,发生大面积蓝藻水华的概率可能会明显上升。

基于APCS-MLR模型的九洲江广东段不同水期水质变化特征及污染来源解析

为探究九洲江广东段水质变化特征及其污染来源,选取了2021—2022年九洲江营仔国考断面自动站逐日水质数据,利用相关性分析、绝对主成分-多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)模型对九洲江不同水期水质特征及污染来源进行了研究。结果表明:九洲江营仔断面丰水期水质相对较差,高锰酸盐指数、总磷和浊度相较枯水期显著升高,溶解氧、pH相较枯水期显著下降;不同水期水质指标相关性存在一定差异,与枯水期相比,丰水期pH、溶解氧和浊度与其他水质指标的相关性有所增加,而高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷和总氮指标间的相关性有所减小;枯水期畜禽养殖源+城镇生活源对总磷、氨氮和总氮的绝对贡献率分别为58.47%、48.71%和44.14%,未识别污染源对高锰酸盐指数、水温、pH和电导率的绝对贡献率分别为63.08%、59.48%、54.90%和52.65%;丰水期农业面源+城镇面源对总氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数的绝对贡献率分别为51.96%、41.38%和34.78%,气象因子对溶解氧、pH和氨氮的绝对贡献率分别为55.66%、40.75%和31.87%。综合来看,九洲江广东段水质指标枯水期主要受畜禽养殖源+城镇生活源和未识别污染源的影响,丰水期主要受农业面源+城镇面源和气象因子影响,故九洲江广东段水质管控不仅要加强畜禽养殖污染治理、城镇污水管网完善,还应注重保障生态流量、削减汛期面源污染等工作。

关于美国URD标准中室外空气计算参数的探讨

在我国基于URD标准编制的不同标准中,对于室外空气计算参数的定义存在一些出入。为厘清URD标准中这些室外空气计算参数的内涵,本文对URD标准中的不保证率及对应湿球温度进行了研究,明确了以下几点:URD标准中1%不保证率的定义是季节不保证率;ASHRAE标准中的年不保证率可以与GB 50019—2015标准中的累年平均每年不保证小时数进行等效转化;URD中的对应湿球温度,实质为所有对应湿球温度的最高值。

大理苍山不同海拔高度湿季降水日变化特征分析

基于大理国家气候观象台苍山-洱海梯度观测系统2011—2020年湿季小时降水资料,分析山顶、山腰和坝区3个站的降水日变化特征。结果显示:降水量日变化,坝区站呈现单峰型,山腰站和山顶站则是双峰型;降水频次日变化,坝区站和山顶站为单峰型,山腰站日变化比较平缓;各时次的降水量、降水频次基本随海拔高度的增加而增多;降水强度日变化,山顶站为双峰型,坝区站和山腰站波动较大,午后为小值区,夜间为大值区,3个站在14:00—17:00的降水强度相差不大,而其他时段山腰站和坝区站的降水强度比山顶站大。夜间降水量在持续时间2~16 h是大值区,随海拔的增加降水量大值区持续时间较长;白天降水量在持续时间小于6 h是大值区,随海拔的增加,大值出现的时间向后移。降水频次在持续时间小于6 h,3个站在白天、夜间分别有一个大值区,而持续时间7~18 h的只有山顶站夜间有大值区;坝区站和山顶站夜间降水频次大于白天降水频次,山腰站白天、夜间降水频次相差不大。长历时(中历时、短历时)的累计降水量、降水频次随海拔高度的增加而增大(减小);3个站长历时降水量(长历时降水频次)对总降水量(总降水频次)的贡献最大,贡献最小的是短历时降水量(中历时降水频次)。

赣江主要河流丰水期-枯水期氮磷营养盐分布特征

对2006—2019年赣江水体及水库丰水期-枯水期的总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH_(3)-N)、硝态氮(NO^(-)_(3)-N)和总磷(TP)浓度变化和分布特征进行分析。将赣江按河谷地形和河道特征划分为上游、中游、下游3段;根据水流来源将赣江划分为章水、桃江、湘水、贡水、泸江、赣江干流。结果显示:桃江TN质量浓度在2011年枯水期取得最大值8.26 mg/L;章水TP质量浓度在2007年枯水期取得最大值0.18 mg/L,整个赣江丰水期-枯水期的TP质量浓度在0.02~0.18 mg/L范围内浮动,变化幅度较小;章水NH_(3)-N浓度在2008年枯水期取得最大值1.86 mg/L,而在2017—2019年NH_(3)-N的浓度基本处于0.5 mg/L以内,达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类水质标准。万安水库和峡江水库对总氮的滞留率,丰水期分别为24.26%、17.44%,枯水期分别为21.36%、16.60%;对总磷的滞留率,丰水期分别为24.78%、19.05%,枯水期分别为33.79%、22.92%。万安水库对氮磷营养盐的滞留效率高于峡江水库。整个赣江河水营养盐浓度具有明显的季节性变化,变化幅度为枯水期>丰水期。丰水期氮磷营养盐浓度基本为下游>上游>中游,枯水期氮磷营养盐浓度基本为下游>中游>上游。赣江沿岸城市如南昌、丰城、吉安、赣州以及上游贡水、章水、桃江等流域氮磷营养盐浓度明显高于其他点位,且丰水期尤为明显。

基于日干旱指数的青藏高原1979-2020年干湿变化特征分析

青藏高原是对全球气候变化响应最为敏感的地区之一,在区域水循环中扮演着重要角色。尽管目前关于青藏高原气候干湿变化已有大量研究,但大多是基于月干旱指数,对月以下时间尺度干湿变化的研究还相对较少,不利于对更短时间尺度干湿变化的认识。本文使用日干旱指数,即日蒸散发差指数DEDI(Daily Evapotranspiration Deficit Index),基于ERA5再分析数据分析了1979-2020年青藏高原的干湿变化,尤其是不同强度干湿类型(特旱、重旱、中旱、轻旱、特湿、重湿、中湿和轻湿)发生日数的季节差异。结果表明:(1)青藏高原1979-2020年的干湿变化具有较为明显的年代际转换特征,大部分地区呈现出干旱-湿润-干旱-湿润的年代际变化特征。(2)过去40多年间,春季和冬季发生的4种强度干旱类型呈增加趋势,夏季4种强度干旱类型呈减小趋势,秋季特旱、重旱和中旱呈增加趋势,轻旱呈减小趋势。与干旱发生日数的变化趋势基本相反,春、秋和冬季特湿呈增加趋势,重湿、中湿和轻湿呈减小趋势,夏季4种强度湿润类型呈增加趋势。相比其他季节,夏(冬)季4种强度的湿润(干旱)发生日数增加趋势最为显著,即夏季和冬季分别具有最强的湿润和干旱化趋势。此外,对于任何季节,极端情况的干旱和湿润类型发生日数都远少于其他强度的干湿类型,中等和轻度情况的干旱和湿润最为频繁发生且发生日数比较接近。

纳木措不同水文期水体酵母菌影响因素分析

于2020年8月(丰水期)和2021年5月(枯水期)对纳木措水体可培养酵母菌群落结构特征进行研究,共分离得到33个属70个种的2411株酵母菌.生物信息学和统计学结果显示,纳木措不同水文期水体酵母菌总丰度、物种组成和群落结构存在显著差异,枯水期水体pH值、电导率、化学需氧量及总氮显著高于丰水期.中性群落拟合及相关性分析显示,相较随机过程而言,确定性过程对水体可培养酵母菌群落结构的影响更为明显,水体氨氮、总磷、电导率以及化学需氧量是显著影响水体酵母菌群落结构的环境因子.生态位量度显示,枯水期酵母菌优势种生态位宽度指数和生态位重叠指数均低于丰水期,环境因子对优势酵母菌类群的资源利用方式及种间关系具有较大影响.对枯水期水体营养水平的监测有助于纳木措水体酵母菌资源的保护.

辽宁中部农作物生长季干旱风险度研究

掌握辽宁中部农作物生长季降水量变化与干旱风险度,为辽宁中部农业产业结构调整、规避干旱风险和农业生产管理提供参考。利用沈阳区域气象中心1961—2020年的降水和气温数据,采用气候诊断分析方法,选用积分湿润指数及其干湿指数研究降水量对农作物生长季的满足程度、干旱变化特征及干旱风险程度。结果表明:1961—2020年辽宁中部农作物生长季降水量呈减少趋势,线性减少40.5 mm;降水满足度和干湿指数呈下降趋势,分别线性下降14.5%和0.13;干旱风险度呈显著上升趋势,最大干旱风险度上升17.3%,2000—2020年平均上升11.0个百分点。播种苗期中旱+大旱约3 a一次;旺长期中旱+大旱概率约20 a一次;成熟期中旱+大旱约4 a一次。研究结果为掌握降水变化状态,干旱变化特征,认知干旱的严重程度,规避干旱风险,为“三农”及粮食生产安全以及农业结构调整和防旱减灾提供参考。

长江三峡山地集水区土壤水分空间变异特征

为阐明亚热带湿润气候区山地坡面土壤水分的时空变化及影响因素,以三峡库区针叶林覆盖的中山凹坡为研究对象,采用经典统计学和地统计学的方法,对2019—2020年5 m×5 m网格点监测的117个点位0—70 cm土层深度的土壤水分数据进行分析,研究了湿润和干旱条件下典型凹坡集水区内土壤含水量的统计学特征与环境因子的相关性,以及土壤含水量的空间变异特征。结果表明:(1)水平方向上,集水区内各层土壤水分均表现为中等变异(10%<CV<100%),随土层深度增加,变异系数先增大后减小。0—40 cm土壤水分呈强烈的空间相关性,40—70 cm呈中等的空间相关性。集水区土壤水分的变程为8.40~18.47 m;(2)垂直方向上,湿润和干旱时期土壤水分的剖面变化规律基本相同。土壤水分基台值在剖面上呈“倒S”型变化趋势,随土层深度先增加后减小再增加。湿润时期土壤水分变程随土层深度增加而增大,而干旱时期变程随土层深度增加呈现波动变化;(3)湿润时期集水区土壤水分比干旱时期变异程度更高,空间相关性更好,较深层(40—70 cm)比较浅层(0—40 cm)空间相关性更好。0—30 cm土壤水分受地形(坡度)影响较大,变化趋势不稳定,30—70 cm土层深度土壤机械组成(黏粒、粉粒、砂粒含量)的作用加强,变化趋势趋于稳定。研究结果可为亚热带湿润气候区山地坡面生态水文过程研究提供数据与理论参考。

基于“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线的河流水质变异与等级特征值分析方法

时空特征分析对全面掌握水质变异规律具有重要意义,但现有的水质时空特征分析方法仍存在水质变异次序不分、水质变幅极值不清、水质评价特征值不明等不足。为更加清晰地探析水质时空特征信息,以秦淮河为研究对象,参考工程水文学经验频率法,建立“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线用于探索流域内高/低活动区不同时间段和丰/枯水期不同河段水质变异特征,并与传统的箱线图法进行对比。结果表明:与箱线图相比,“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线可量化关键水质评判点与特征值信息,使水质时空变异过程更为清晰。在时间上“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线的最佳形式为线性曲线,水质浓度一般不会发生突变;在空间上“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线的最佳形式为指数曲线,水质浓度有较大可能发生突增。各时间段高活动区氮磷浓度大于低活动区,各水体断面丰水期氮磷浓度低于枯水期。该方法分析过程简单方便,结果直观有序,能将水质信息以统计规律自动反映出来,在水质采样点、采样时间和采样频率典型时可作为优选方法用于河流水质时空特征研究。