2D-simulation of wet steam flow in a steam turbine with spontaneous condensation

Removal of condensates from wet steam flow in the last stages of steam turbines significantly promotes stage efficiency and prevents erosion of rotors. In this paper, homogeneous spontaneous condensation in transonic steam flow in the 2-D rotor-tip section of a stage turbine is investigated. Calculated results agree with experimental data reasonably well. On the basis of the above work, a 2-D numerical simulation of wet steam flow in adjacent root sections of a complex steam turbine stage was carried out. Computational results were analyzed and provide insights into effective removal of humidity.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WET STEAM CONDENSING FLOW WITH AN EULERIAN/EULERIAN MODEL

Wet steam condensing flow in low-pressure steam turbine leads to efficiencylosses and blade erosions. In order to investigate this problem by numerical approach, anEulerian/Eulerian model has been developed, in which the wet steam is regarded as mixture comprisingtwo coupled systems: the vapor phase and the liquid phase. These two systems are both described byconservation equations. High resolution TVD scheme is employed to capture condensing phenomena inwet steam flow. This model has been validated by numerical simulations of condensing flows in 1D and2D nozzles. Compared with experimental data, a good agreement is observed. This Eulerian/Eulerianmodel can be extended to 3D calculation of condensing flow.

Correction of Non-Isokinetic Sampling of Wetness Measurement for Wet Steam Flow

A mathematical model for predicting the behavior of wet steam flow in the vicinity of the intake head of the sampling probe is presented. The vapor flow field and droplet trajectory in the calculated region have been obtained. The errors caused by non-isokinetic sampling for different conditions have been analyzed and the analytical results would provide useful data for the design and application of a heating method-based wetness measurement probe in practice.

Losses Estimation in Transonic Wet Steam Flow through Linear Blade Cascade

Experimental investigations of non-equilibrium spontaneous condensation in transonic steam flow were carried out in linear blade cascade. The linear cascade consists of the stator blades of the last stage of low pressure steam turbine. The applied experimental test section is a part of a small scale steam power plant located at Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice. The steam parameters at the test section inlet correspond to the real conditions in low pressure part of 200 MWe steam turbine. The losses in the cascade were estimated using measured static pressure and temperature behind the cascade and the total parameters at inlet. The static pressure measurements on the blade surface as well as the Schlieren pictures were used to assess the flow field in linear cascade of steam turbine stator blades.

Improvement of Heating Method for Measuring the Wetness of Flowing Wet Steam

In this paper, an improvement of heating method for measuring wetness of the flowing wet steam is developed, the basic principle of the heating method is presented and the mathematical model has been built for analyzing the thermodynamics problezns during the process of heating. Moreover, an instru-ment for measuring wetness of wet steam flow was designed and made out. This instrument has been used for measuring wetness of the wet steam flow at the outlet of the nozzle rig in Thermal TUrbine Laboratory Xi’an Jiaotong University. By analyzing the relative error of the result, it was found that this instrument has fairly high accuracy it can be used as the prototype of practical instrument and has an important applicable value in engineering.

Research on Wet Steam Spontaneous Condensing Flows Considering Phase Transition and Slip

A new dual-fluid model considering phase transition and velocity slip was proposed in this paper and the Cunningham correction was used in the droplet resistance calculation. This dual-fluid model was applied to the numerical simulations of wet steam flow in a 2D LAVAL nozzle and in the White cascade respectively. The results of two simulations demonstrate that the model is reliable. Meanwhile, the spontaneous condensing flow in White cascade was analyzed and it infers that the irreversible loss caused by condensation accounts for the largest share (about 8.78% of inlet total pressure) in total pressure loss while the loss caused by velocity slip takes the smallest share (nearly 0.42%), and another part of total pressure loss caused by pneumatic factors contributes a less share than condensation, i.e. almost 3.95% of inlet total pressure.

透平叶轮内湿蒸汽凝结水滴流动的三维数值模拟

以水蒸汽为介质的透平膨胀机,其内部流场可能会出现湿蒸汽凝结现象,形成的水滴将进一步导致叶片损伤和机组效率降低。因此,研究透平叶轮内湿蒸汽凝结水滴的流动,对于评估叶片侵蚀损伤和气动设计,具有重要意义。本文在Euler-Lagrange两相流动模型的基础上,开发水滴示踪程序,用以捕捉三维流场中凝结水滴的运动轨迹。计算结果表明,该程序能较好地追踪水滴的运动及碰撞信息。

Numerical Investigation on Wet Steam Non-equilibrium Condensation Flow in Turbine Cascade

Based on the two-phase wet steam flow with spontaneous condensation,experimental verification and flow analysis on nozzle and 2D cascade are carried out.The 3D Reynolds-Averaged gas-liquid two-phase flow control equation solver is explored with k ε k p turbulence model.Furthermore,3D flow numerical simulation on the last stage stator of the steam turbine is carried out.The results show that a sudden pressure rise on blade suction surface is mainly caused by the droplet growth in condensation flow.The more backward the condensation position is in cascade passage,the less the sudden pressure rise from condensation is,and the larger the nucleation rate is,the maximum under-cooling and the number of droplets per unit volume are.Interaction of condensation wave and shock wave has imposed greater influence on the parameters of the blade cascade outlet.

一种基于布拉格光纤光栅测量湿蒸汽两相流湿度场的新方法

在论述 Bragg 光纤光栅传感测试技术独特性能的基础上,提出了一种基于 Bragg 光纤光栅传感技术测量湿蒸汽两相流湿度场的新方法。重点对光纤光栅测量湿蒸汽两相流湿度场以及温度场的机理进行研究,对实验系统装置的构建作了详尽的描述。讨论光纤光栅的湿增敏机理、湿敏材料的选择和涂覆方法,并对测量的影响因素和误差进行分析。该测试新方法将能解决湿蒸汽两相流中湿度的动态、准分布测量的技术难题。

300MW直接空冷汽轮机低压末级鼓风态流场及湿度测量

研制了基于多波长消光法和4孔楔形气动探头的改进型联合探针,用该探针测量了某电厂300MW直接空冷机组低压汽轮机末级后在满负荷40kPa背压运行时末级后的流场和湿蒸汽。测量结果表明该汽轮机在该工况运行时低压缸末级产生鼓风,并有叶片根部的回流,鼓风区域约占叶高的51%,在鼓风区蒸汽湿度为零,鼓风状态时末级平均湿度仅0.23%,低压缸效率84.9%,次末级也存在鼓风现象。鼓风时运行表计指示的第7级抽汽温度不是汽缸内汽流的真实温度,而是鼓风温度。

布拉格光纤光栅测量湿蒸汽两相流温/湿度的理论数学模型

基于布拉格(Bragg)光纤光删(FBG)测量湿蒸汽两相流温度和湿度的物理模型,推导测量湿蒸汽两相流温度和湿度的数学模型,设计了新颖的测量结构和实验系统,并进行了分析。在同一光纤两段区域上写入不同中心反射波长的FBG,在一处FBG外面涂覆了湿敏材料(如PI材料),增强其感湿能力,把湿敏材料吸湿后发生湿膨胀引起的膨胀量当作产生湿应变来处理,同时还引入了湿敏材料与FBG的界面粘接系数,得出由于温度和湿度变化湿敏材料产生的应变使FBG波长发生漂移;把另一处FBG封装在温敏材料(如铝材料)中,只感受温度的响应,通过热应变对FBG作用,波长发生漂移,从而推导出测量的理论数学模型。

水蒸气喷射泵的数值研究

建立了描述水蒸气喷射泵内部跨音速流动的理论模型。以FLUENT 12.0为计算平台,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,获得沿喷射泵轴向静压分布数值模拟结果,并与实验数据进行对比,两者很好的一致性验证了理论模型的适用性。CFD数值模拟结果表明,数值模拟方法能够准确捕获到喷射泵内部跨音速激波流动行为,为理解喷射泵内在抽汽机制提供了帮助。基于湿蒸气模型的数值模拟结果显示,湿蒸气模型能够捕获到喷嘴内工作蒸气的自发凝结现象,更准确地预测了水蒸气喷射泵的抽气特性,对喷射泵的结构优化和性能提高更具指导意义。

一种新型的测量汽轮机内湿蒸汽两相流的集成化探针系统

汽轮机内湿蒸汽两相流中一次、二次水滴的参数和流场是密切相关的，但国内外迄今没有能同时测量这些参数的技术和设备。作者成功研制了能同时测量湿蒸汽两相流中一次、二次水滴和流场的集成化探针。该探针已在３５０ＭＷ汽轮机上进行了实测。本文介绍了该测量系统的原理和构成。

试验汽轮机末级内湿蒸汽流动特性的实验研究

为了充分了解汽轮机内湿蒸汽两相流的特性,在试验汽轮机末级前后应用光学-气动联合探针(基于消光法的光学探针和四孔楔形探针)进行测量,不仅给出了末级前后流场,湿度和水滴粒径的径向分布,而且给出了末级后相关参数的圆周分布,为理论模拟计算结果的验证和设计计算提供完整的事实依据。在理论分析尾迹涡流特性基础上,进一步定性地分析了尾迹涡流对凝结过程和水滴生长过程的影响。

基于双流体模型的湿蒸气凝结流动三维数值模拟

建立湿蒸气凝结流动的双流体模型,考虑了湿蒸气汽液两相流动中相间速度滑移、耦合以及湍流扩散作用的影响。针对蒸汽透平叶栅中流动的湍流特性,在单相湍流计算中数值模拟精度相对良好的两方程SSTk-ω湍流模型基础上,参照颗粒湍能输运方程理论,推导建立了湿蒸气两相流动SSTk-ω-kp湍流模型,模型中引入了液相粘性、导热及扩散系数等拟流体概念。对一直列叶栅中存在自发凝结的湿蒸气流动进行了三维数值模拟,结果表明:与中心截面相比,端壁附近汽流首先出现大量凝结核,并较早恢复到平衡状态,由于涡系结构的存在使得沿叶高汽液两相叶栅出口马赫数之间存在一定差异。本文建立的模型提高了湿蒸气凝结流动三维数值模拟的精度,更好地揭示叶栅中凝结流动的相间作用。

汽轮机湿蒸汽两相流中水滴尺寸研究进展

综述了国内外湿蒸汽两相流的理论和实验研究进展,分析了目前湿蒸汽中水滴尺寸研究的状况和遇到的困难,并详细介绍了能同时测量一次水滴和二次水滴的集成化探针,给出了在电厂350 MW汽轮机上的测量结果.

汽轮机内湿蒸汽两相流流场的实验研究

凝汽式汽轮机末几级往往工作于湿蒸汽区 ,工作条件恶劣。作者研制了能同时测量汽液两相流动状况的集成化探针 ,并成功地在电厂进行了实测。实验结果表明 :汽轮机中湿蒸汽的流动特性沿叶高是不均匀的 ,湿蒸汽中二次水滴的流动速度和方向与主汽流都有很大差别。讨论了湿蒸汽流场的测量方法并对部分实验结果进行了分析。图 1 0参

汽轮机叶栅内湿蒸汽两相凝结流动的数值研究

对存在自发凝结的湿蒸汽两相流动进行研究,在欧拉/欧拉坐标系下建立数学模型。气相采用N-S方程,液相凝结过程应用对所构造的多阶参数积分方法进行求解,对汽轮机叶栅中跨音速两相流动进行了数值模拟。与实验数据对比,结果正确预测了凝结冲波的位置和强度,证明所采用模型的准确性和全面性。由液相参数的分布和变化趋势可知吸力面汽流膨胀率和尾缘处蒸汽流动情况是影响主流中液相参数分布的主要因素。

核电站汽轮机运行性能监测与诊断

就核电汽轮机与火电汽轮机的差异以及由此差异引起的湿蒸汽汽轮机通流性能表征与热平衡计算的难点进行了论述,提出了利用特征通流面积CFA来表征核电汽轮机的通流性能和采用小误差热平衡法来计算核电汽轮机的热平衡图,应用小误差热平衡法和特征通流面积成功开发了核电站热力性能在线监测与分析系统和核电站汽轮机全面热力试验计算软件,并将这两项技术应用在大亚湾核电机组热力性能在线监测与分析系统和岭澳二期核电机组全面热力试验中.结果表明:实际运行监测中特征通流面积监测值的测量精度可控制在1%以内.

汽轮机内湿汽损失定量评估研究进展

汽轮机内汽液两相非平衡凝结、两相间的速度差异、叶片表面形成水膜等均会引起湿汽损失,从而导致机组效率下降和叶片水蚀损坏。对此,本文通过分析比较国内外湿汽损失评估的研究进展,总结了现有的研究方法和目前存在的问题,讨论了湿汽损失系数的影响因素,并对其进行修正。结果表明:湿汽损失可分为热力学损失、水滴阻力损失、制动损失、疏水损失、离心损失和汽轮机出口损失,热力学损失占湿汽损失的80%以上,水滴阻力损失和制动损失所占比例较小;机组类型、盐分含量、运行工况等因素均会对湿汽损失系数产生影响。湿汽损失定量评估为汽轮机通流部分的设计和改造提供了理论参考。