Design and Test of Closed Hydraulic Transmission System of 4WD High-clearance Wheeled Sprayer

In conjunction with the working characteristics of the high-clearance wheeled sprayer and the benefits of the closed hydraulic system,a series of reasonable working parameters should be established,and a hydraulic system that fulfills the requisite specifications should be designed.The AMESim software model is employed to construct a closed hydraulic transmission system,and the simulation analysis is then performed according to the data of hydraulic components.According to analysis results,the prototype can be optimized and upgraded,and a verification test is further carried out.The test results demonstrate that the designed closed hydraulic transmission system meets the actual working requirements of the high-clearance wheeled sprayer and provides a stable experimental platform for intelligent control of agricultural machinery.

Application of Self-propelled Boom Sprayers for Control of Rice Insects and Diseases

Comparisons were performed between self-propelled boom sprayer and traditional mechanis, such as knapsack sprayer and sprayer-duster, stretcher-type powered sprayer, as well as single rotor unmanned sprayer and multi-rotor un- manned sprayer. The effects on rice injury, lodging, and rehabilitation were conclud- ed and drug uniform distribution, sedimentation and prevention effects were ana- lyzed. The results showed that the self-propelled boom sprayer is characterized by high degree of automation, convenient operation, high adaptability, and high work efficiency. What＇s more, the sprayed fog quality is better, and fog distribution is more uniform. During the work process, fog loss would be diminished substantially, improving work efficiency and cutting down drug and water. It is notable that the underpart of the sprayer can be widely applied to plant protection in large-scale ar- eas in Jiangsu Province, significantly advancing whole-process mechanization of rice production.

Development and Application Prospects of Pneumatic Electrostatic Sprayer in Orchard

We firstly introduce existing situations of development of electrostatic spraying technology both at home and abroad. On the basis of such problems as serious drift, loss and deterioration of environment during orchard spraying in Xinjiang, we design and develop a new electrostatic sprayer which can effectively reduce the pesticide, improve the adhesion rate of pesticide in the target, and reduce pollution on human body and environment. Using electrostatic induction principle, this electrostatic sprayer directly sprays charged droplet onto target in the action of electrostatic force and high speed air flow. Besides, this sprayer has outstanding economic and social benefits. For farmers, it can raise the utilization ratio of pesticide to 60%, reduce the pesticide loss by 50%, and reduce prevention cost for 10% to 20%; for enterprises, this investment project has a trial profit-tax rate up to 21.4%; the entire sprayer only needs one person to operate; it is highly efficient and low pollution, conforming to national environmental protection and policy concerning agriculture, farmers and countryside. Therefore, this new pneumatic electrostatic sprayer in orchard will have bright popularization and application prospect.

Analysis and Simulation of Kinematical Performances of Two Kinds of Parallel Mechanisms Based on the Plane Sprayer

Two kinds of 2-dof parallel mechanisms are proposed in this paper which can be used as the actuator for the plane sprayer. The direct and inverse kinematics solutions of the two kinds of mechanisms are derived on the end operating point and two workspaces are analyzed and compared. The kinematics models of the end operating point of two mechanisms are simulated by Matlab examples obtaining variation of kinematics parameters of these two mechanisms. The research of this paper provides the basis for the selection of mechanism, trajectory planning of the end operating point on the sprayer and often some practical value for trajectory analysis and structure design of the plane sprayer.

Evaluation on Application and Spraying Effect of Air-Assisted Sprayer in Apple Orchard with Dwarfing Rootstocks

The application and spraying effect of 3 WG-1200 A air-assisted sprayer in dwarfing rootstock apple orchard were evaluated by investigating the droplet density, coverage and volume median diameter(VMD) in different canopy layers(2.0, 1.5, 1.0 m) and five directions(east, south, west, north and middle) of apple trees. The results showed that the droplet density was 166.99 per square centimeter, the coverage was 48.23%, and the VMD was 138.63 μm. The droplet density in different canopy layers of the trees had consistent trend with the coverage. The droplet density and coverage in the upper and middle canopy(2.0 m and 1.5 m) had no significant difference, but they were both higher than those in the lower canopy, while the VMD in different canopy layers showed an opposite trend. The change trends of the coverage and VMD in the five directions were consistent, and the values in the middle and east were the highest, followed by the north, south and west, respectively. The results indicated that droplet characteristics of the 3 WG-1200 A air-assisted sprayer met the basic requirements for pest and pathogen control. This study provides a theoretical basis and data support for the application and improvement of orchard application equipments in dwarfing rootstock apple orchard.

Operations of Knapsack Sprayer and Its Impacts on Physiological Parameters of Selected Operators

The study was aimed at determining the impacts of operating Manually Operated Hand Lever Knapsack Sprayers (MOHLKS) on physiological responses of the operators as dependent on anthropometric variations and sex. Twenty eight subjects, (4 female, 24 male) Mean ± SD: Age 22.5 ± 1.92, 24.29 ± 2.2 years;Body Mass Index 24.6 ± 4.8, 21.7 ± 2.4 kg/m2 were employed in the study. Selected anthropometric parameters of weight and height were used to determine body mass index (BMI), with these are arm-reach forward, elbow to fingertip, hand length and hand width were measured to establish human variations in diversity. Subjects undertook the operation at 5 replicates each, before and after which information about operators’ body pain locations and body physiological changes of heart rates were obtained. Measured parameters were used in the determination of expended energy (EE), physiological cost (PC), oxygen intake (VO2) and aerobic power (VO2max). Alongside with these were operational parameters of stroke, pace and time taken to get the operation done and environmental factors of temperature and relative humidity. The results revealed on the average that the BMI (24.61 ± 4.78 kg/m2) in female operators was higher, this corresponded to PC and VO2, while the VO2max (34.83 ± 3.30 ml/min/kg) in males is higher. More EE was obtained in female subjects (3.53 ± 3.76 kCal/min) as compared to male subjects (3.42 ± 7.48 kCal/min). The main effects plot of operational factors on EE displayed the stroke made by the subjects during spraying operation as parameter with largest effect on EE. Regression equation for EE and PCI is given as PCI = 1.97 + 25.2 EE, while the P-value at α = 0.05 is 0.000 and R2 = 98.8%. Post operational body pain showed that 19 out of 28 subjects incurred at least one type of body pain, with shoulder pain as most frequent. The results of the study suggest that early incidence of fatigue may occur in female operators as compared to the males, and in addition, cumulative trauma at shoulder, back, and upper and lower arm may result over time. Hence, it is recommended that the tank volume should be reduced and the straps for the shoulders should be supported with additional cushion.

Design and Evaluation of a User Interface for an Autonomous Agricultural Sprayer

This paper describes the design and evaluation of a user interface for a remotely supervised autonomous agricultural sprayer. The interface was designed to help the remote supervisor to instruct the autonomous sprayer to commence operation, monitor the status of the sprayer and its operation in the field, and intervene when needed (i.e., to stop or shut down). Design principles and guidelines were carefully selected to help develop a human-centered automation interface. Evaluation of the interface using a combination of heuristic, cognitive walkthrough, and user testing techniques revealed several strengths of the design as well as areas that needed further improvement. Overall, this paper provides guidelines that will assist other researchers to develop an ergonomic user interface for a fully autonomous agricultural machine.

Contrast Test of Precision Electric Mist Duster and Electric Sprayer

[Objectives]The paper was to compare and verify the operation performance of precision electric mist duster and electric sprayer,and to select the optimum plant protection equipment suitable for greenhouse application.[Methods]Agents were sprayed by precision electric mist duster and electric sprayer to control tomato downy mildew in greenhouse,and the control effect and pesticide utilization rate were compared.[Results]Compared with electric sprayer,precision electric mist duster improved the pesticide utilization rate by 31.7%,improved the spray efficiency by 20 times,and increased the control effect by 13.2%.[Conclusions]The study provides technical support for the popularization and application of precision electric mist duster in greenhouse and other facilities cultivation.

Packing Container Sprayer

Sprayers produced by the Zhuhai Huaxun Precision Chemicals Co. Ltd. Chinese-foreign joint venture are mainly used as packing containers for perfume, hair sprays, bathing shampoo. different kinds of freshener, deodorant, insecticides, etc. Our products are made with imported equipment, imported model plates, imported raw materials. They are sophisticated in design, and can match the world’s advanced level of the 1990s in integral function. After scientific and technical appraisal by the Light Industry Bureau

遥控自走式雪茄植株中下层烟叶植保喷雾机设计与试验

针对雪茄烟叶在旺长期及成熟期因植株高大及叶片生长致使烟田垄间空间小,且雪茄烟叶生产对烟叶色泽及完整度要求高,田间管理要求不能损伤烟叶,导致生产中雪茄烟叶植株中下层烟叶植保困难的问题,结合烟叶植株生长特征,设计了一种遥控自走式雪茄植株中下层烟叶植保喷雾机,该装置主要包括喷雾系统、履带底盘及控制系统,可实现装置在烟田垄间遥控行走、中下层烟叶喷雾及路况可视等功能。为获取烟株生长特征,运用三维激光扫描仪对其进行扫描并建立了植株叶片田间空间分布模型;根据烟叶田间分布特征,确定装置总体结构和工作方式;结合烟叶形态特征和植保农艺要求,对喷雾系统进行了结构设计及分析,确定了参数范围;根据田间作业需求,对履带底盘进行了动力学分析,对控制系统进行了设计。开展了场地试验,利用Box-Behnken优化了喷雾系统参数,当喷雾压力为0.65 MPa、喷嘴夹角为20.4°、喷嘴孔径为0.4 mm时,经垂直雾滴分布测量仪模拟雪茄烟叶叶片层垂直方向的药液附着性能试验表明,雾滴沉积量垂直分布满足雪茄烟叶植保要求。田间试验结果表明,雪茄植株中下层烟叶正面药液覆盖率为52%~83%,背面药液覆盖率为22%~45%,可实现雪茄植株中下层烟叶药液的有效喷施。

酿酒葡萄生长过程喷药机田间作业调度研究

酿酒葡萄产区喷药机的田间调度需求较高,而实际作业中喷药机型号不一、药箱容量不一、转弯速度不一,且传统农机调度研究中很少有针对喷药机田间作业调度的研究。为此,基于车辆路径规划问题(Vehicle Routing Problem,VRP),以成本最小为目标构建酿酒葡萄生长过程喷药机田内作业调度模型,提出改进种马遗传算法(Stud Genetic Algorithm,SGA)进行求解。结合宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄产区实际作业田块信息与农机信息进行仿真实验,并与传统遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)进行对比,结果表明:相比于GA,SGA有着较强的收敛性,不易陷入局部最优;在调度结果上,调度总时间能够缩短3.5%,调度总成本降低6.2%,在实际喷药作业中能在一定程度上节约时间并降低作业成本。

基于变量马达控制的喷雾机驱动防滑系统设计与试验

高地隙自走式喷雾机因其作业环境复杂易产生车轮滑转,影响静液压驱动系统流量及压力稳定性,严重时导致整机失去通过性能,故须进行防滑控制,保证其具备驱动稳定性和脱困能力。本文提出一种高地隙自走式喷雾机静液压驱动系统防滑控制方法,采用双线性模型定义滑转率与附着系数之间的关系,设计了滑模控制器,并通过田间非道路试验验证了驱动防滑系统的控制性能。试验结果表明,该系统可将喷雾机滑转率控制在0.15以内。在起步加速与匀速工况下,喷雾机滑转率均值为0.020和0.019;在越沟工况下,可2 s内实现整机快速脱困。以上结果验证了所设计的喷雾机滑模驱动防滑系统具有良好的防滑性能,能够保证喷雾机在典型工况下平稳行驶,有效减少了地面不利条件对整机行驶稳定性的影响。

基于农药喷施溯源的精准变量喷药监控系统设计与试验

针对现有大田精准施药系统主要以药量变量控制为主,缺乏农药喷施作业数据远程监测与溯源管理等问题,本文设计了基于农药喷施溯源的精准变量喷药监控系统,可实现农药精准变量喷施,作业地块、作业时间、作业面积、农药种类与配比、喷施药量、喷雾压力、实时流量和作业速度等信息的在线监测、实时显示和溯源管理。基于该系统分别开展了施药量计算精度、作业面积计算精度、物联网数据传输稳定性、变量调控系统动态响应、变量调控精度和农药喷施均匀性等试验。试验结果表明,北斗定位测速最大误差为1.33%,平均误差为0.82%,施药量计算误差为1.73%,作业面积计算误差为2.61%,数据丢失率为3.51%;速度连续变化下系统稳定调节时间为4~5 s;不同设定施药量和作业速度下,变量调控精度误差为2.45%;雾滴沉积点密度大于20滴/cm^(2)下,在喷雾机行走和喷雾方向上的喷雾覆盖率变异系数均小于10%,满足精准变量作业要求。本研究可在实现药量变量调控下对农药喷施数据进行溯源管理,为后续开展大田作物农药残留风险评估提供支撑。

四种喷雾器械对刺梨白粉病施药效果比较研究

为筛选出适合刺梨病虫害防治采用的高效低耗新型植保喷雾器械,本研究比较了手动喷雾器、电动喷雾器、汽油喷雾器以及植保无人机等4种植保喷雾器械喷施30%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂对刺梨白粉病的田间防控效果,及4种植保喷雾器械的作业效率和作业成本。研究结果表明,4种喷雾器械在施药后7和14 d的防控效果均>80%。在喷雾器械工作效率方面,无人机作业效率最高,手动喷雾器作业效率最低。在喷雾器械作业成本方面,电动喷雾器成本最低为345元/hm2,手动喷雾器作业成本最高,为495元/hm2。本研究结果为刺梨病虫害防控喷雾器械的选择提供了科学指导。

自走式果园喷雾机设计与试验

针对新疆果园喷雾施药作业劳动强度大、雾滴穿透性差、机具适用范围小等问题,结合果园农机农艺及病虫害防治要求,设计了一款自走式果园喷雾机,主要由履带式行走系统、喷雾系统和远程控制系统等组成。通过计算分析确定各部分主要结构参数,并通过有限元模拟分析机架结构合理性。为验证喷雾机作业性能,以喷头流量为试验因素,以喷雾附着率与喷雾穿透性为试验指标,针对整机喷杆喷雾装置与风送喷雾装置开展田间试验。结果表明:在相同工作条件下,喷杆式喷雾装置平均喷雾附着率高于风送式喷雾装置,两种喷雾装置平均喷雾附着率分别为71.99%与66.35%,均能满足喷雾附着要求。在穿透性试验中,风送式喷雾装置内外冠层药液沉积变异系数平均比喷杆式喷雾装置小14%,风送式喷雾装置穿透性明显强于喷杆式喷雾装置。喷雾机两种喷雾装置在附着率与穿透性上都有较好的作业效果,可根据果树不同生长时期以及不同农艺需求选择适合的喷雾方式,来达到更好的喷雾效果。

基于大豆玉米带状复合种植下的分带式喷杆喷药机设计与试验

针对大豆玉米带状复合种植模式下的现有喷药机无法分带定向喷施、适用性差的问题,设计一款适应于该模式、具有药物分带定向喷施、喷施高度分带可调节、防止药物发生带间飘移功能的自走式喷杆喷药机。根据4+2大豆玉米带状复合种植模式的农艺要求,确定整机机构方案;确定喷药机的喷杆高度调节装置、喷杆折叠装置和防飘移装置三个关键装置方案并进行结构设计。在灌云县大豆农场种植基地,对样机的高度调节性、可折叠性及防飘移性进行试验验证。结果表明,高度调节、折叠装置可以有效满足作业需求,防飘装置能够减少92.52%的液滴飘移,能够满足对玉米大豆的化学除草阶段及化学控旺阶段作业要求。

果园风送式喷雾机在现代矮砧苹果园的喷施效果评价

【目的】探究风送式塔型喷雾机在矮砧宽行密植苹果园中的施药效果,优化施药参数,为现代矮砧苹果园农药施用“减量增效”提供理论参考。【方法】以5年生烟富3苹果为试验材料,采用水敏纸雾滴测试卡测定3WF-1000风送式塔型喷雾机雾滴粒径、雾滴密度与覆盖率,并利用示踪剂诱惑红测定喷雾机的药液沉积量及地面沉积量。【结果】在5年生现代矮砧宽行密植苹果园中,喷雾机在不同牵引速度下的雾滴特性差异显著,与牵引速度为1.16 m·s^(-1)(4.18 km·h^(-1))时相比,牵引速度为1.77 m·s-(16.37 km·h^(-1))时的雾滴覆盖率和雾滴粒径由62.19%和142.67μm下降到57.03%和131.67μm,而雾滴密度由141.72点·cm^(-2)增加到179.86点·cm^(-2);牵引速度为1.77 m·s^(-1)时的叶面平均沉积量、地面沉积量和农药利用率分别为0.24μg·cm^(-2)、0.55μg·cm^(-2)和47.1%,均高于1.16 m·s^(-1)时(分别为0.22μg·cm^(-2)、0.43μg·cm^(-2)和43.7%)。【结论】3WF-1000型风送式喷雾机两个牵引速度(1.16 m·s^(-1)和1.77 m·s^(-1))的雾滴特性均能满足矮砧宽行密植苹果园病虫害的防治要求,喷雾机在牵引速度1.77 m·s^(-1)时农药利用率更高,但易导致土壤流失率增高。

支持地址自设定的喷雾机喷头流量总线监测系统设计

针对现有宽幅喷杆喷药机多喷头堵塞监测扩展性差的问题,研制了一种自动地址设定的喷药机喷头流量总线监测系统。以STM32F030F4为主控核心,设计了基于RS-485软件地址自设定、喷雾流量总线传输的控制器,并开发了上位机软件,完成多路流量信息实时监测和总线挂载模块的地址自动设定。为了验证系统地址自动设定可靠性,开展了地址自设定成功率试验,结果表明:当总线挂载最多5个设备时,3次地址自设定的成功率达到100%;开展了喷头流量监测精度试验,结果表明:LICHENG 11004 VP、DG9503EVS和XR8002VS 3种类型喷头,在0.3MPa和0.4MPa两种压力下,系统流量监测总体准确率平均值为94.51%,流量监测准确率最大偏差小于等于10%,流量监测准确率标准差在2.49%~4.09%范围内波动,证明了系统具有较好的流量监测稳定性。进行了宽幅喷杆喷药机喷头堵塞监测田间性能试验,结果表明:系统同时监测20个喷头流量,在0.4、0.5、0.6MPa下,对喷头堵塞位置和个数的监测准确率为100%。研究结果可为宽幅喷杆喷药机喷头流量独立精准监测的研究提供一种可行的解决方案。

基于药液电导率特性的植保机械在线混药系统设计与试验

针对传统喷雾机械普遍采用人工预混药方式,对作业人员危害大、配比误差大、农药浪费等问题,设计一种基于药液电导率特性的在线混药系统,实现即混即施和混药比的精准控制。选用草甘膦农药为试验对象,通过标定试验获取草甘膦混药比与电导率值之间的关系;选用可编程逻辑控制器(LK3 U-14)为控制单元,设计药液浓度监测系统和控制系统。试验结果表明:草甘膦溶液混药比和电导率呈线性比例关系,决定系数为0.9985;系统混药比相对误差在±5%区间,混药比时间变异系数<5%,满足喷雾作业要求。

宽幅喷杆喷雾机振动传递特性分析与试验

宽幅喷杆喷雾机作业过程中,田间路面激励和拖拉机自身的振动导致喷杆发生振动,喷杆末端触地现象频发,对雾滴沉积均匀性和喷杆寿命产生很大影响。为抑制喷杆振动对喷雾质量的影响,解译喷杆振动传递特性,以幅宽为24 m的喷杆式喷雾机为载体,通过试验模态分析获得固定支撑方式下喷杆的约束模态信息;对被动激励源之一的支撑架进行运行模态分析获取工况工作频率,并在此基础上通过建立支撑架的有限元模型以阐明药箱液位对支撑架模态参数的影响。最后,通过试验获得机械激励和不同工况下喷杆振动的时、频域信号,结合模态分析结果,分析了主、被动激励源对喷杆振动传递特性的影响。结果表明:喷杆的前8阶试验模态频率均低于120 Hz,模态振型以弯曲变形为主,变形主要分布在喷杆的第一段和末端;发动机的2阶惯性力频率与喷杆的第3阶试验模态频率43.562 Hz接近,支撑架前16阶运行模态的固有频率与前8阶的喷杆模态频率范围重合;机械激励下,0~150 Hz频率范围内的响应包含整个喷杆的模态特性,且在该频率范围内振动在传递过程中存在很大损失;在怠速工况下,喷杆振动主要由发动机的2阶惯性力所致,振动主频为40 Hz,支撑架模态对振动的影响忽略不计;颠簸路面工况下,喷杆振幅随着行驶速度的提升而增加,主振频率在20 Hz和120 Hz处,而平滑路面工况下振动信号几乎不受行驶速度的影响;药液负载下,激励源与药液晃动的耦合振动增加了喷杆的振动响应,且药液还增加了支撑架结构的质量和阻尼,对支撑架振动有抑制效果。研究结果可以为喷杆结构的优化设计与减振提供理论依据。