Breeding wheat for resistance to Fusarium head blight in the Global North: China, USA, and Canada

The objective of this paper is to review progress made in wheat breeding for Fusarium head blight(FHB) resistance in China, the United States of America(USA), and Canada. In China,numerous Chinese landraces possessing high levels of FHB resistance were grown before the 1950 s. Later, pyramiding multiple sources of FHB resistance from introduced germplasm such as Mentana and Funo and locally adapted cultivars played a key role in combining satisfactory FHB resistance and high yield potential in commercial cultivars.Sumai 3, a Chinese spring wheat cultivar, became a major source of FHB resistance in the USA and Canada, and contributed to the release of more than 20 modern cultivars used for wheat production, including the leading hard spring wheat cultivars Alsen, Glenn, Barlow and SY Ingmar from North Dakota, Faller and Prosper from Minnesota, and AAC Brandon from Canada. Brazilian wheat cultivar Frontana, T. dicoccoides and other local germplasm provided additional sources of resistance. The FHB resistant cultivars mostly relied on stepwise accumulation of favorable alleles of both genes for FHB resistance and high yield,with marker-assisted selection being a valuable complement to phenotypic selection. With the Chinese Spring reference genome decoded and resistance gene Fhb1 now cloned, new genomic tools such as genomic selection and gene editing will be available to breeders, thus opening new possibilities for development of FHB resistant cultivars.

Expression of the N-terminal 99 Amino Acids of Yeast Ribosomal Protein L3 in Transgenic Wheat Confers Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a worldwide disease for wheat or barley. The contamination of important agricultural products with the trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) or 4,15-diacetoxyscirpe-

Validation of EST-derived STS markers localized on Qfhs.ndsu-3BS for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat using a‘Wangshuibai’derived population

A few EST-derived STS markers localized on Qfhs.ndsu-3BS, a major QTL for resistance to Fusarium head blight （FHB） in wheat, have been previously identified in the ＇Sumai 3＇/＇Stoa＇ population. In this study, we used a ＇Wangshuibai＇ （resistant）/＇Seri82＇ （susceptible） derived population, linkage group, QTL, and quantitative gene expression analysis to assess the genetic background dependence and stability of the EST-derived STS markers for use in marker aided selection to improve FHB resistance in wheat. Based on our results, a QTL in the map interval of Xsts3B-138_1-Xgwrn493 on chromosome 3BS was detected for FHB resistance, which accounted for up to 16% of the phenotypic variation. BLASTN analysis indicated that Xsts3B-138_1 sequence had significant similarity with the resistance gene analogue. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that the relative expression of Xsts3B-138_1 in ＇Wangshuibai＇ at 96 h after inoculation was 2.6 times higher than ＇Seri82＇. Our results underlined that EST-derived STS3B-138 markers could be predominantly used in marker aided selection to improve FHB resistance in wheat.

Efficacy of Biological Control and Cultivar Resistance on <i>Fusarium</i>Head Blight and T-2 Toxin Contamination in Wheat

Laboratory and green house experiments were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of fungicides, biological agents and host resistance in managing FHB and the associated T-2 toxin. In vitro activity of fungicides and antagonists was determined by paired culture method. Effect of microbial agents on FHB severity and mycotoxin content was determined by co-inoculating F. graminearum and F. poae with Alternaria spp., Epicoccum spp. and Trichoderma spp. Fungicides Pearl? (500 g/L carbendazim), Cotaf? (50 g/L hexaconacole), Thiovit? (micronised sulphur 80% w/w) and Folicur? (430 g/L tebuconazole) were the standard checks. Host resistance was determined by inoculating F. poae and F. graminearum to four wheat cultivars and fifteen lines in pot ex-periments. Fungicides resulted in 100% inhibition of pathogen radial growth in in vitro while microbial agents suppressed pathogen growth by up to 53%. Thiovit? and Trichoderma were the most effective in reducing FHB severity in green house pot experiments. The wheat cultivars and lines varied in susceptibility with cultivar Njoro BW II showing least susceptibility while line R1104, cv. Mbuni and cv. KIBIS were most susceptible. All the wheat cultivars and lines accumulated T-2 toxin by up to 5 to 28 μg/kg. The results indicated that neither fungicides nor antagonists can solely be relied on in managing FHB and toxin accumulation. Therefore, integration of biocontrol agents, fungicides and further breeding efforts to improve lines and cultivars with promising resistance to FHB and T2-toxin contamina-tion is recommended.

Detection of Genetic Markers of Am3 / Laizhou 953 Introgression Lines for Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight

Fusarium head blight （FHB） is a destructive disease widespread in warm humid and semi-humid areas, which not only causes yield and grain quality losses, but also produces myeatoxin deoxynivalenol, thus posing a serious threat to wheat production in the world. In this study, 15 introgression lines with signifi- cantly different levels of resistance to FHB were screened as experimental materials to detect the intmgressed fragments by SSR markers from BC4F5 progenies of Atrd/Laizhou 953. The results showed that the number of polymorphic markers detected on each chromosome varied greatly, and polymorphic markers detected on chromosomes 5D and 5A were more than on other chromosomes. Am3 fragment could be detected in 15 introgression lines with 38 pairs of primers; the number of detected introgressed fragments varied among different introgression lines. Among 21 linkage groups, no introgressed fragments were detected on chromosomes 1A, 6D and 7A; the largest number of intregressed fragments was detected on chromosomes 3D and 5B. In 15 intregression lines, three QTLs for plant height, spike length and disease index detected. Qdi-caas-5A, which was derived from Am3, might be related with Type III resistance.

Occurrence of <i>Fusarium</i>species and associated T2-toxin in Kenyan wheat

Survey covering 120 wheat fields was conducted in three wheat-growing districts of Kenya during the 2008 cropping season to determine the incidence of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and T2-toxin contamination in grain. FHB incidence was determined as the number of blighted ears per 10m2. Information gathered included wheat production practices, rainfall and temperature data. Fungal pathogens were isolated from wheat stems, heads, straw, grains and soil and identified based on cultural and morphological characteristics. Wheat grain samples were analyzed for T2-toxin by competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). High FHB incidences of up to 88% were recorded. Fungal genera isolated included Fusarium, Epicoccum, Trichoderma, Alternaria and Penicilium. Wheat plant parts with high infection with Alternaria and Epicoccum had corresponding low levels of Fusarium spp. Whereas Fusarium spp. were the most common fungal pathogens in stems, heads and soil, Epicoccum was frequently isolated from straw and grains. Fusarium speciesisolated included F. poae, F. graminearum, F. stilboides, F. verticilloides, F. fusarioides, F. tricinctum and F. heterosporum with F. poae and F. graminearum accounting for approximately 40% of all Fusarium infections. T-2 toxin was detected in all the grain samples and varied from 3 to 22 ppb. The study showed that FHB and T2-toxin are prevalent in the study districts and the high diversity of Fusarium species implies a challenge in FHB management as well as a risk of chronic T2-toxin exposure to humans and livestock.

小麦新品系赤霉病抗性鉴定及基因效应分析

为创制黄淮麦区小麦新品系、提高小麦抗赤霉病育种效率,2022年在小麦扬花期利用喷洒孢子液的方法对81份抗赤霉病高代品系和4份对照品种在濉溪柳湖试验基地开展了赤霉病抗性鉴定,并利用与4个抗赤霉病主效基因Fhb1、Fhb2、Fhb4和Fhb5紧密连锁的6个标记对供试小麦材料进行了基因型检测。结果表明,供试81份材料的赤霉病抗性整体较好,平均病小穗率为27.95%,其中13份自育品系平均病小穗率低于扬麦20;携带单个或多个赤霉病抗性基因的品系共有60份,Fhb1、Fhb2、Fhb4、Fhb5检出频率分别为64.20%、12.35%、20.99%、34.57%;携带单个抗病基因Fhb1、Fhb4、Fhb5的小麦品系分别为18份、3份、2份;有45.68%品系同时携带2~3个赤霉病抗性基因。携带抗性基因的品系平均病小穗率低于不含抗性基因的品系;聚合多个抗赤霉病基因可以有效提高小麦品种的抗赤霉病水平。

我国小麦赤霉病流行与化学防控现状及控病降毒关键技术理论创新与应用

概述了我国小麦赤霉病发生危害现状,深入剖析了该病流行危害的原因,回顾了近年来我国小麦赤霉病化学防控历程,综述了化学防控及其抗药性发生的现状,并总结了小麦赤霉病菌抗药性检测技术的发展过程。此外,对小麦赤霉病控病降毒关键技术理论创新与应用成果进行了分析和总结,展望了小麦赤霉病精准防控的科学用药技术方案,并对其可行性和有效性进行了阐释。旨在为小麦赤霉病的精准选药、科学用药提供重要的参考数据,保障我国的粮食生产安全和食品安全,进而推动我国农业实现可持续、高质量发展。

耕作方式和药剂处理对小麦产量和赤霉病发生的影响

研究旨在明确不同耕作措施和药剂处理对小麦产量以及赤霉病防控效果的影响。2019-2022年,设置2种耕作方式(深旋+秸秆旋埋和免耕+秸秆覆盖)、3种药剂(对照、化学药剂和生防制剂)以及5个小麦品种,研究不同耕作和秸秆利用方式下,小麦赤霉病发生情况、药剂防治效果以及基因型差异。结果表明,2022年赤霉病发生较2020年重,主要与花后的降雨量有关;免耕+秸秆覆盖处理的产量较深旋+秸秆旋埋处理高11.76%~58.82%,主因是穗数较高,免耕+秸秆覆盖的土壤禾谷镰刀菌含量和病籽率明显低于旋耕处理,但病穗率和子囊壳数量显著高于深旋+秸秆旋埋处理;在赤霉病发生较轻年份,生防制剂防控效果最佳,其次是化学药剂处理,但在赤霉病发生偏重年份,化学药剂的防治效果略优于生防制剂;‘绵麦902’产量高但易感染赤霉病,‘川麦618’产量较高且赤霉病抗性好。总体来看,免耕秸秆覆盖产量高,选用抗性品种和合理运用药剂能够有效抑制小麦赤霉病的发生。

454份小麦品种(系)赤霉病抗性鉴定及优异种质筛选

赤霉病是由禾谷镰刀菌等引发的小麦真菌病害,严重影响小麦的产量和品质。本研究选取了来自江苏、湖北、安徽、四川、河南等地区的454份小麦品种(系),采用单花滴注法鉴定赤霉病抗性,检测Fhb1、Fhb2、Fhb4、Fhb5和QFhs.crc-2DL紧密连锁的分子标记,并对其株高、穗长、千粒重等农艺性状进行筛选。结果表明,454份小麦品种(系)中,7份表现为高抗赤霉病,115份中抗赤霉病,177份中感赤霉病。分子标记检测结果显示,同时含4个抗病基因的材料有5份,其中4份达到高抗水平;同时含3个抗病基因的材料有10份,达中抗以上材料有7份;有12份材料仅含有Fhb1,平均病小穗率25.48%;有100份材料仅含QFhs.crc-2DL,平均病小穗率32.24%。同时赤霉病抗性与高秆、穗稀等不良农艺性状连锁。结合农艺性状表现,筛选出生选4号、襄麦35、宁麦19等26份农艺性状优良兼抗赤霉病的小麦品种(系),可作为小麦赤霉病遗传育种的种质资源。

不同植物生长调节剂与叶面肥组合对冬小麦的影响研究

为筛选适用于冬小麦生产的植物生长调节剂和叶面肥,本研究通过对冬小麦喷施不同植物生长调节剂和叶面肥组合,分析其赤霉病防效、产量及经济效益等方面表现。结果表明,在冬小麦初花期施用不同植物生长调节剂与叶面肥,在小麦赤霉病发生较重年份可以实现赤霉病病指防效增加1.92%~31.74%,产量增加3.84%~16.97%,经济效益增加;不同生长调节剂与叶面肥组合的增产增效程度不同,其中0.25%的28-表芸薹素内酯·S-秀抗素与叶面肥磷酸二氢钾混配组合使用效果较佳,可作为提高小麦分蘖成穗率,提高小麦千粒重和产量的药剂组合,0.4%28-表芸·赤霉酸与叶面肥磷酸二氢钾混配效果次之,可作为轮换药剂使用。

小麦抗赤霉病遗传育种研究进展

小麦赤霉病是世界性病害,严重危害小麦生产,已成为我国粮食安全的重大威胁。国内外在小麦赤霉病抗源筛选、抗病基因发掘与克隆、抗赤霉病育种等方面取得重大进展。在综述小麦赤霉病危害、小麦赤霉病抗性鉴定技术及评价指标、抗赤霉病QTL与基因定位、抗赤霉病育种技术、育种成果等方面研究进展的基础上,提出了相关展望,包括对全世界的抗赤霉病小麦品种及与其亲缘关系较近的小麦种属和一些野生资源材料进行征集和鉴定,通过物理和化学诱变创造新抗源,加强已有抗赤霉病材料的应用。

Breeding for the resistance to Fusarium head blight of wheat in China

With the changes of climate and cultivation systems, the Fusarium head blight(FHB) epidemic area in China has extended since 2000 from the reaches of the Yangtze River to the north and west winter wheat region.Breeding for FHB resistance in wheat is an effective way to control the disease.Chinese wheat breeders commenced research on FHB in the 1950 s.Sumai 3, Ning 7840,Yangmai 158, Ningmai 9 and other cultivars with improved FHB resistance were developed through standard breeding methods and widely applied in production or breeding programs.In addition to intervarietal crosses,alien germplasm was used to improve FHB resistance of wheat.Addition, substitution and translocation lines with alien chromosomes or chromosome fragments were created to enhance FHB resistance.Somaclonal variation was also used to develop a FHB resistant cv.Shengxuan 3 and other cultivars with moderate resistance to FHB were released by such methods.QTL(quantitative trait loci) for FHB resistance were characterized in cultivars originating from China.The major QTL, Fhb1, was identified on chromosome 3 BS in Sumai 3, Ning 894037, Wangshuibai and other Chinese resistant sources.Diagnostic molecular markers for Fhb1 have been applied in wheat breeding and breeding lines with improved FHB resistance and desirable agronomic traits have been obtained.However, breeding for FHB resistance is a long-term task, new technologies are likely to increase the efficiency of this process and better FHB resistance of new cultivars is expected to be achieved within the next decade.

东北春小麦赤霉病抗性鉴定及抗病基因Fhb1检测

为明确东北春小麦赤霉病抗性水平和抗源分布,本研究对1592份东北春小麦品种/系进行赤霉病抗性鉴定和抗病基因Fhb1检测。赤霉病抗性鉴定结果发现:在供试材料中,赤霉病中抗材料仅29份,占1.82%;中感材料549份,占34.48%;高感材料1014份,占63.69%。分子标记结果显示:供试材料中未检测到赤霉病抗性基因Fhb1,推测29份材料抗性来源于其它抗性基因。东北春小麦抗性材料遗传基础不明,抗病基因Fhb1缺失。因此,挖掘当地小麦赤霉病抗性基因以及加强Fhb1基因的应用,对于提升东北春小麦赤霉病抗性水平十分重要。

分子标记辅助选择小麦赤霉病抗病基因聚合体

赤霉病和条锈病是小麦的两种主要病害,两种病害都会影响小麦的品质和产量。贵协2号高抗条锈病、感赤霉病,NMAS22高抗赤霉病并携带4个抗赤霉病基因。为选育抗赤霉病、抗条锈病的品种,本研究将贵协2号与NMAS22组配,在其分离世代(F 2)采用自然诱发法、单花滴注法分别对条锈病和赤霉病进行抗性鉴定,同时利用与抗赤霉病基因Fhb1、Fhb2、Fhb4、Fhb5紧密连锁的6个分子标记对群体中条锈病抗病株进行检测,筛选具有单个或多个抗赤霉病基因组合的抗病株。抗性鉴定显示,共有349个单株抗条锈病,467个单株抗赤霉病;分子检测显示,携带Fhb1、Fhb2、Fhb4、Fhb5基因的单株分别有201,245,248,194株,同时携带有2,3,4个基因的单株分别有79,140,85株。相关分析显示,携带Fhb1基因与赤霉病抗性呈极显著相关。

利用EMS诱变创制淮麦33抗赤霉病突变体

【目的】创制黄淮麦区抗赤霉病新材料,为该地区抗赤霉病育种提供亲本。【方法】利用甲基磺酸乙酯(Ethyl Methane Sulfonate,EMS)创制淮麦33突变群体,早代(M2和M3代)采用单花滴注法进行赤霉病抗性鉴定,筛选抗性显著提高的突变体。世代稳定后(M4),对目标材料进行农艺性状和品质性状分析,筛选农艺性状和品质指标符合黄淮麦区育种需求的抗赤霉病新材料。【结果】赤霉病抗性鉴定结果显示,M2代有73份穗行出现抗感分离;M3代进行抗性验证,最终筛选到17份赤霉病抗性明显提高(平均严重度≤3.10)的稳定突变家系,其中8份达到中抗水平(1.45<平均严重度≤2.55),9份为中感水平(2.55<平均严重度≤3.10)。M4代中选突变体农艺性状调查结果显示,有4份株高极显著变矮(P<0.01,下同)、1份单株穗数显著增加(P<0.05,下同)、1份穗粒数极显著增多、8份千粒重极显著增加、2份产量显著提升。品质相关性状鉴定发现,部分材料品质指标与淮麦33差异显著,筛选到2份品质指标显著提升(偏强筋类型)、1份品质指标显著下降(偏弱筋类型)的优异突变体。【结论】以育种应用为出发点,创制出一批赤霉病抗性显著提升且农艺性状符合育种需要的新种质,可作为黄淮麦区抗赤霉病品种选育的亲本材料。

基于主成分分析的不同小麦品种产量性状的综合评价

为选择适宜长江中下游淮南地区栽培环境的高产、抗赤霉病小麦品种,以长江中下游地区种植的8个品种为材料,分析参试品种的产量水平、产量构成因素、赤霉病抗性、灌浆速率,利用主成分分析对8个品种进行综合评价。结果表明:不同小麦品种在产量、生育期、灌浆速率和赤霉病抗性方面的差异均存在统计学意义,镇麦12、扬麦33产量优势明显,产量在8000 kg/hm^(2)以上,其中镇麦12灌浆速率高于其他品种,千粒质量最高;镇麦21和扬麦33表现出较强的赤霉病抗性。主成分分析将各性状提取为3个主成分因子,分别为籽粒因子、群体结构因子、成穗率因子,其累计贡献率达89.77%。根据综合评价得分高低,将品种排序为镇麦12>扬麦33>镇麦21>镇麦15>镇麦18>扬麦23>镇麦168>农麦88。因此,扬麦33、镇麦12、镇麦21在长江中下游地区具有生长优势,可以作为当地小麦生产的主推品种和小麦育种亲本选配的骨干材料。

分子标记辅助选育抗赤霉病小麦新品系

赤霉病严重影响小麦的产量和品质,利用抗病基因改良品种的赤霉病抗性是防治赤霉病危害的有效途径。为创制适用于黄淮麦区抗赤霉病小麦新品系,提高半冬性品种抗赤霉病育种效率。本研究以携带赤霉病抗性主效基因Fhb1、Fhb2、Fhb4和Fhb5的高秆抗赤霉病品系L06486为供体,与黄淮麦区丰产、广适但高感品种济麦24进行杂交,得到的杂种再与矮秆种质206A杂交,于F3至F6连续进行大规模育种田弥雾接种鉴定。通过田间选择,在F7获得106个新品系。采用单花滴注法对106份品系进行抗性评价,同时利用7个与抗赤霉病主效基因Fhb1、Fhb2、Fhb4和Fhb5紧密连锁的分子标记进行基因型分析。结果表明,与亲本济麦24相比,F7品系的赤霉病抗性明显提高。106份新品系中,有98份赤霉病抗性水平达中感以上;有105份携带1~4个抗病基因。Fhb1、Fhb2、Fhb4和Fhb5的检出频率分别为96.23%、41.51%、18.87%和87.74%。携有单个或多个抗性基因的小麦品系较不携带抗性基因的品系表现出更强的赤霉病抗性,聚合抗病基因越多,品系的赤霉病抗性越强。创制的14份携有Fhb1基因组合、中抗赤霉病且农艺性状优良的小麦新品系将为黄淮麦区小麦赤霉病抗性的改良提供帮助。

小麦响应禾谷镰刀菌侵染的核心基因筛选与鉴定

【目的】筛选鉴定小麦品种连麦12响应禾谷镰刀菌侵染过程中的核心基因,为小麦赤霉病防御分子网络提供理论参考。【方法】对成功感染禾谷镰刀菌的连麦12小穗进行转录组测序,通过DESeq筛选差异表达基因(DEGs),对DEGs进行GO功能注释和KEGG信号通路富集分析,构建DEGs的蛋白质互作网络,通过MCODE和cytoHubba筛选核心基因。【结果】对小麦品种连麦12接种禾谷镰刀菌(处理组)和接种无菌去离子水(对照,CK)72 h后的DEGs进行筛选,结果共筛选出14180个DEGs,其中有10966个DEGs上调表达,有3214个DEGs下调表达。经GO功能注释分成三大类,共51个条目,其中,细胞组分包含14个条目,主要富集在细胞、细胞部件和膜3个条目;分子功能包含11个条目,主要富集在催化活性和结合2个条目;生物学过程包含26个条目,主要富集在细胞过程、代谢过程和刺激反应3个条目。KEGG信号通路富集分析结果显示,富集到代谢、次级代谢物生物合成、苯丙烷类生物合成、植物信号激素转导、植物MAPK信号通路的DEGs数量最多;富集到光合作用—天线蛋白通路,苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成,谷胱甘肽代谢,黄酮和黄酮醇的生物合成,亚油酸代谢等通路的程度最高。以combined score>0.7构建蛋白质互作网络,共筛选出258个上调表达的DEGs。MCODE聚类构建筛选重要基因互作功能模块,获得2个重要基因功能模块分别包含13个(Score=7.67)和6个(Score=5.60)重要的DEGs。利用cytoHubba筛选蛋白质相互作用最紧密的10个核心基因,其结果与MCODE筛选结果重合。利用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)对筛选的10个核心基因验证结果,与转录组测序结果基本一致。【结论】筛选的10个核心基因在禾谷镰刀菌侵染后均上调表达,说明这10个核心基因在连麦12对禾谷镰刀菌侵染的响应中发挥重要调控作用。

江苏省不同麦区小麦品种(系)对赤霉病的抗性及籽粒DON积累分析

为拓宽小麦抗赤霉病育种资源库,收集江苏省淮南和淮北麦区共69份小麦品种(系),在大田自然发病条件下调查赤霉病的发病情况,同时测定籽粒中的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)毒素;并利用抗赤霉病基因Fhb1、Fhb2和Fhb5的功能标记或连锁标记对供试小麦品种(系)进行检测。结果表明,淮北麦区小麦品种(系)的赤霉病发病程度明显高于淮南麦区品种(系);不同小麦品种(系)籽粒中DON毒素含量与病情指数、病穗率均呈极显著正相关;携带单个或多个抗性基因的小麦品种(系)的病情指数和籽粒DON含量大都有所降低,其中扬大617可能同时携带3个抗性基因(Fhb1+Fhb2+Fhb5),其病穗率、病情指数及籽粒中DON含量均较低,可作为新的赤霉病抗源加以利用。