Analysis of wheel-rail adhesion redundancy considering the thirdbody medium on the rail surface

Purpose–In response to the problem of insufficient traction/braking adhesion force caused by the existence of the third-body medium on the rail surface,this study aims to analyze the utilization of wheel-rail adhesion coefficient under different medium conditions and propose relevant measures for reasonable and optimized utilization of adhesion to ensure the traction/braking performance and operation safety of trains.Design/methodology/approach–Based on the PLS-160 wheel-rail adhesion simulation test rig,the study investigates the variation patterns of maximum utilized adhesion characteristics on the rail surface under different conditions of small creepage and large slip.Through statistical analysis of multiple sets of experimental data,the statistical distribution patterns of maximum utilized adhesion on the rail surface are obtained,and a method for analyzing wheel-rail adhesion redundancy based on normal distribution is proposed.The study analyzes the utilization of traction/braking adhesion,as well as adhesion redundancy,for different medium under small creepage and large slip conditions.Based on these findings,relevant measures for the reasonable and optimized utilization of adhesion are derived.Findings–When the third-body medium exists on the rail surface,the train should adopt the low-level service braking to avoid the braking skidding by extending the braking distance.Compared with the current adhesion control strategy of small creepage,adopting appropriate strategies to control the train’s adhesion coefficient near the second peak point of the adhesion coefficient-slip ratio curve in large slip can effectively improve the traction/braking adhesion redundancy and the upper limit of adhesion utilization,thereby ensuring the traction/braking performance and operation safety of the train.Originality/value–Most existing studies focus on the wheel-rail adhesion coefficient values and variation patterns under different medium conditions,without considering whether the rail surface with different medium can provide sufficient traction/braking utilized adhesion coefficient for the train.Therefore,there is a risk of traction overspeeding/braking skidding.This study analyzes whether the rail surface with different medium can provide sufficient traction/braking utilized adhesion coefficient for the train and whether there is redundancy.Based on these findings,relevant measures for the reasonable and optimized utilization of adhesion are derived to further ensure operation safety of the train.

Influence of railway wheel tread damage on wheel-rail impact loads and the durability of wheelsets

Dynamic wheel-rail contact forces induced by a severe form of wheel tread damage have been measured by a wheel impact load detector during full-scale field tests at different vehicle speeds.Based on laser scanning,the measured three-dimensional damage geometry is employed in simulations of dynamic vehicle-track interaction to calibrate and verify a simulation model.The relation between the magnitude of the impact load and various operational parameters,such as vehicle speed,lateral position of wheel-rail contact,track stiffness and position of impact within a sleeper bay,is investigated.The calibrated model is later employed in simulations featuring other forms of tread damage;their effects on impact load and subsequent fatigue impact on bearings,wheel webs and subsurface initiated rolling contact fatigue of the wheel tread are assessed.The results quantify the effects of wheel tread defects and are valuable in a shift towards condition-based maintenance of running gear,and for general assessment of the severity of different types of railway wheel tread damage.

Analyses of Creepages and Their Sensitivities for a Single Wheelset Moving on a Tangent Track

Creep forces depend greatly on creepages in the contact area forming between wheel and rail.The creepages are completely determined by the state of a wheelset moving on a track.In this paper the contact state of a single rigid wheelset moving on a tangent rigid rail,creepages and their sensitivities to some parameters of contact geometry are analyzed by semi analytical method and numerical method,respectively.Some important ideas will be provided for the studies done on the interactions between wheels and rails at high speed.

Effect of UV radiation aging on creepage discharge characteristics of high temperature vulcanized silicon rubber at high altitude

The physicochemical properties and creepage discharge characteristics of aged high temperature Vulca nized(HTV)silicone rubber materials were investigated by ultraviolet radiati on(UV)aging method in this study.The experimental results show that as the aging time increases,the creepage discharge flashover voltage increases first and then decreases.But the aging time has little effect on the creepage discharge inception voltage.With the aging time prolonged,the discharge endurance time of HTV silicone rubber is shortened,and the creepage discharge development velocity is accelerated.In the short time of applying voltage to aging material,the magnitude of discharge in creases rapidly.According to the partial discharge characteristic parameters of creepage discharge,the whole creepage discharge process is partitioned into four stages.Compared with unaged HTV silicone rubber,the aged HTV silicone rubber has less fluctuation in performance parameters and a clear trend.The study found that UV aging not only affects the physicochemical and hydrophobic properties of the HTV silicone rubber,but also accelerates the development of creepage discharge under AC voltage.

Effects of temperature on creepage discharge characteristics in oil-impregnated pressboard insulation under combined AC–DC voltage

Due to the complexity of the valve side winding voltage of the converter transformer, the insulation characteristics of the oil-impregnated pressboard(OIP) of the converter transformer are different from those of the traditional AC transformer. The study on effect of temperature on the creeping discharge characteristics of OIP under combined AC–DC voltage is seriously inadequate. Therefore, this paper investigates the characteristics of OIP creepage discharge under combined AC–DC voltage and discusses the influence of temperature on creepage discharge characteristics under different temperatures from 70 °C to 110 °C. The experimental results show that the partial discharge inception voltage and flashover voltage decrease with increasing temperature. The times of low amplitude discharge(LAD) decrease and amplitude of LAD increases. Simultaneously, the times of high amplitude discharge(HAD) gradually increase at each stage of creepage discharge with higher temperature. The analysis indicates that the charge carriers easily accumulate and quickly migrate directional movement along the electric field ahead of discharging. The residual charge carriers are more easily dissipated after discharging.The ‘hump’ region of LAD moves to the direction of higher discharge magnitude. The interval time between two continuous discharges is shortened obviously. The concentration of HAD accelerates the development of OIP insulation creepage discharge. The temperature had an accelerating effect on the development of discharge in the OIP under applying voltage.

Correlation between surface charge and creepage discharge on polymeric dielectrics under high-frequency high-voltage stress

In the present work,creepage discharge characteristics,i.e.amplitudes,phases,and repetitiveness,and surface charge dynamic behaviors under a 20 kHz high-frequency sinusoidal waveform high-voltage electrical stress were captured in a discharge chamber with temperature and humidity control.The results showed that the creepage discharges mostly occurred in the positive half phase,whose maximum amplitude increased with the development of discharge.The inception voltage of the creepage discharge is independent of the frequency of the external electrical stress.Once the discharge occurred,there were a large number of positive and negative particles ionized by a high electric field.Because of the much higher velocity of electrons than positive ions,the energetic discharge-produced electrons are likely to disperse away along the surface and be accumulated through adsorption,collision,and reactions.Moreover,the positive ions join the high-conductive discharge channel and disappear though the ground electrode.Thus,after high-frequency creepage discharge,only negative charges remained on the dielectric surface,as measured.Particularly,the creepage discharges mostly occurred in the positive half phase,owing to the reverse electric field induced by the accumulated negative charges.With the development of creepage discharge,some large-amplitude discharges began to occur in the positive-peak-phase region.The research concluded that the synergistic effect of negative surface charges and large-amplitude discharges eroded the dielectrics and excited the streamer to creep toward the ground electrode until flashover along the surface.Therefore,the correlation between high-frequency creepage discharge and surface charge is preliminarily revealed.

Wheel-rail contact model for railway vehicle-structure interaction applications:development and validation

An enhancement in the wheel-rail contact model used in a nonlinear vehicle-structure interaction(VSI)methodology for railway applications is presented,in which the detection of the contact points between wheel and rail in the concave region of the thread-flange transition is implemented in a simplified way.After presenting the enhanced formulation,the model is validated with two numerical applications(namely,the Manchester Benchmarks and a hunting stability problem of a sus-pended wheelset),and one experimental test performed in a test rig from the Railway Technical Research Institute(RTRI)in Japan.Given its finite element(FE)nature,and contrary to most of the vehicle multibody dynamic commercial software that cannot account for the infrastructure flexibility,the proposed VSI model can be easily used in the study of train-bridge systems with any degree of complexity.The validation presented in this work proves the accuracy of the proposed model,making it a suitable tool for dealing with different railway dynamic applications,such as the study of bridge dynamics,train running safety under different scenarios(namely,earthquakes and crosswinds,among others),and passenger riding comfort.

Gaps,challenges and possible solution for prediction of wheel-rail rolling contact fatigue crack initiation

The prediction of wheel/rail rolling contact fatigue(RCF)crack initiation during railway operations is an important task.Since RCF crack evolution is influenced by many factors,its prediction process is complex.This paper reviews the existing approaches to predict RCF crack initiation.The crack initiation region is predicted by the shakedown map.By combining the shakedown map with various initiation criteria and the critical plane method,the crack initiation life is calculated.The classification,methodologies,theories and applications of these approaches are included in this paper.The advantages and limitations of these methods are analyzed to provide recommendation for RCF crack initiation prediction.This review highlights that wheel/rail dynamic characteristic,complex working conditions,surface defects and wear all affect the RCF crack initiation.The optimal selection of criteria is essential in the crack initiation prediction.Based on the research gap regarding the challenging process of crack initiation prediction detailed in this review,a proposed prediction process of RCF crack initiation is proposed to achieve a more accurate result.

采用径向转向架的大轴重内燃机车曲线通过研究

为探究径向转向架在33 t轴重内燃机车的可行性,从径向转向架的概念、结构和原理出发,为大轴重内燃机车提供了一种径向转向架方案。在多体动力学软件中建立动力学模型,对比研究了采用径向转向架和传统转向架的重载机车通过曲线时导向轮对的黏着系数、蠕滑率和磨耗功。通过计算分析发现,与传统转向架相比,径向转向架可以减少车轮的滑动量,提高机车通过曲线时的黏着利用率,降低轮轨磨耗和左右车轮的不一致磨耗,降低轮对镟修频率,该结论可为今后我国研制大轴重高黏着内燃机车提供一定参考。

不同牵引特性城轨列车车轮磨耗与疲劳研究

针对列车频繁牵引起动对车轮磨耗与疲劳损伤产生的影响问题,在恒定牵引力的基础上,探究了不同牵引特性曲线恒功率区转折点速度对车轮磨耗与疲劳的影响规律。采用SIMPACK和MATLAB软件进行联合仿真,建立了不同牵引特性下城轨列车动力学模型和基于Archard的车轮磨耗模型,分析在牵引电机不同起动转矩下牵引特性曲线恒功率区转折点速度对城轨列车轮轨蠕滑率、车轮磨耗深度、磨耗面积以及疲劳指数的影响规律。结果表明:列车牵引起动过程中,电机起动转矩越大,轮轨蠕滑率、车轮磨耗深度和磨耗面积也越大,而疲劳指数则越小;电机起动转矩一定时,随着列车牵引特性曲线恒功率区转折点速度的增大,轮轨蠕滑率、车轮磨耗深度和磨耗面积也增大,疲劳指数则有所减小;当电机起动转矩从800 N·m增大到1400 N·m,车轮磨耗深度和磨耗面积增长率最大为6.9%和12.6%,而疲劳指数下降率最大为7.2%;当恒功率区转折点速度从50 km/h增加到80 km/h,车轮磨耗深度和磨耗面积增长率最大为4.4%和4.3%,疲劳指数下降率最大为1.9%。本文研究了车辆起动转矩与恒功率转折点速度变化对车轮磨耗与疲劳的影响规律,可为车辆牵引特性设计和电机控制以及车轮运维提供参考。

基于遗传算法的实测轮轨蠕滑曲线模拟

轮轨黏着-蠕滑特性直接影响着轮轨系统的工作性能和列车的运行安全。为在轮轨接触数值模型中合理地表征实测黏着-蠕滑曲线的影响,在KP模型和改进FASTSIM模型的基础上,提出了黏着-蠕滑特征参数初值计算方法,结合遗传算法设计参数拟合过程并选取合适的适应度函数,形成了一种获取描述轮轨黏着-蠕滑特性特征参数的通用方法,随后以160 km/h速度的实测蠕滑数据为例,分析对比了本文算法拟合蠕滑曲线的计算效率及与理想工况下局部接触结果的差异。研究表明:(1)本文提出的算法在拟合不同速度工况对应的实测黏着-蠕滑曲线时均具有较高的精度,提出的拟合特征参数取值范围提高了遗传算法收敛速度,与遍历法相比计算速度提高18.5倍;(2)考虑潮湿环境实测轮轨黏着-蠕滑曲线时,轮轨黏滑分布、切向接触应力较干态理想工况有显著差异,主要体现在接触斑最大切向接触应力减小、滑动区面积随蠕滑率增大的速度减缓等。本文算法满足车辆-轨道耦合动力学数值仿真要求,可更真实地模拟实际环境条件下的轮轨相互作用。

基于GB 9706.1—2020的医用电气设备爬电距离与电气间隙试验的实验室能力验证

目的:通过验证实验室对于医用电气设备爬电距离与电气间隙检测的能力,了解不同类型实验室和生产企业对GB 9706.1—2020《医用电气设备第1部分:基本安全和基本性能的通用要求》的理解和掌握程度。方法:依据GB 9706.1—2020中的检测方案拟订作业指导书,依据CNAS-GL003:2018《能力验证样品均匀性和稳定性评价指南》对样品进行均匀性及稳定性评价。根据GB/T 28043—2019《利用实验室间比对进行能力验证的统计方法》中的要求,采用稳健统计方法对参加实验室的测试结果进行定量参数的评定;以专家实验室报出的结果作为定性参数的指定值。采用SPSS 25.0统计学软件进行数据分析。结果:医用电气设备爬电距离与电气间隙的试验结果均满足均匀性和稳定性要求。在报名参加本次计划的46家实验室中,有37家的综合判定结果为满意,9家的综合判定结果为不满意。结论:个别实验室对于标准的理解和掌握不够,实验室须做好分析及整改工作,进一步提升自身能力水平。

金属封装微系统内部高压击穿和爬电问题的点云分析方法

面对金属封装高压隔离微系统内部潜在的击穿和爬电风险,结合高精度建模和图论思想建立一种新的可靠性分析方法,为产品的设计和测试提供有力保障。首先,将微系统三维模型转化为点云模型,经滤波和曲面重构形成可计算的数值模型;之后,根据几何特征和物理关系,将表面爬电问题和击穿问题分别等效为测地路径和欧氏路径的计算;并根据微系统布局方式优化Dijkstra算法,计算封装后的击穿和爬电路径;最终,参考实验标准判断产品风险等级。对照实验结果与计算匹配,精度理想,表明该方法对微系统相关问题的有效性。

考虑混凝土徐变效应的城市轨道交通标准简支梁桥铺轨时机研究

为保证城市轨道交通轨道平顺性和后期行车安全,文章运用Midas软件建立简支梁桥-无砟轨道/二期恒载加载周期徐变模型,结合对简支梁张拉后不同铺轨时间监测的简支梁徐变情况,对简支梁铺轨后徐变上拱值进行研究。结果表明:预应力张拉15天后进行轨道铺设与预应力张拉60天后进行轨道铺设相比,跨中徐变上拱值在铺轨后差6mm,在180天时(初期运营)差3.2mm,在1年及10年时徐变上拱值分别相差2.9mm、3.0mm,且15天铺轨后期徐变上拱值小于5mm,满足相关规范要求。相关研究可为其他类似工程中标准简支梁最佳铺轨时机和施工流程的确定提供参考和借鉴。

Influence of Anteroposterior Symmetrical Aero-Wings on the Aerodynamic Performance of High-Speed Train

The running stability of high-speed train is largely constrained by the wheel-rail coupling relationship,and the continuous wear between the wheel and rail surfaces will profoundly affect the dynamic performance of the train.In recent years,under the background of increasing train speed,some scientific researchers have proposed a new idea of using the lift force generated by the aerodynamic wings(aero-wing)installed on the roof to reduce the sprung load of the carriage in order to alleviate the wear and tear of the wheel and rail.Based on the bidirectional running characteristics of high-speed train,this paper proposes a scheme to apply aero-wings with anteroposterior symmetrical cross-sections on the roof of the train.After the verification of the wind tunnel experimental data,the relatively better airfoil section and extension formof anteroposterior symmetrical aero-wing is selected respectively in this paper,and the aero-wings are fixedly connected to the roof of the train through the mounting column to conduct aerodynamic simulation analysis.The research shows that:compared with the circular-arc and oval crosssections,this paper believes that the crescent cross-section can form greater aerodynamic lift force in a limited space.Considering factors such as aerodynamic parameters,ground effect,and manufacturing process,this paper proposes to adopt aero-wings with arc type extension form and connect them to the roof of the train through mounting columns with shuttle cross-section.When the roof of the train is covered with aero-wings and runs at high speed,the sprung load of the carriages can be effectively reduced.However,there are certain hidden dangers in the tail carriage due to the large amount of lift force,so,the intervention of the aero-wing lifting mechanism is required.At the same time,it is necessary to optimize the overall aerodynamic drag force reduction in the followup work.

Research on the influence of flexible wheelset rotation effect on wheel rail contact force

Purpose-Under the high-speed operating conditions,the effects of wheelset elastic deformation on the wheel rail dynamic forces will become more notable compared to the low-speed condition.In order to meet different analysis requirements and selecting appropriate models to analyzing the wheel rail interaction,it is crucial to understand the influence of wheelset flexibility on the wheel-rail dynamics under different speeds and track excitations condition.Design/methodology/approach-The wheel rail contact points solving method and vehicle dynamics equations considering wheelset flexibility in the trajectory body coordinate system were investigated in this paper.As for the wheel-rail contact forces,which is a particular force element in vehicle multibody system,a method for calculating the Jacobian matrix of the wheel-rail contact force is proposed to better couple the wheel-rail contact force calculation with the vehicle dynamics response calculation.Based on the flexible wheelset modeling approach in this paper,two vehicle dynamic models considering the wheelset as both elastic and rigid bodies are established,two kinds of track excitations,namely normal measured track irregularities and short-wave irregularities are used,wheel-rail geometric contact characteristic and wheel-rail contact forces in both time and frequency domains are compared with the two models in order to study the influence of flexible wheelset rotation effect on wheel rail contact force.Findings-Under normal track irregularity excitations,the amplitudes of vertical,longitudinal and lateral forces computed by the flexible wheelset model are smaller than those of the rigid wheelset model,and the virtual penetration and equivalent contact patch are also slightly smaller.For the flexible wheelset model,the wheel rail longitudinal and lateral creepages will also decrease.The higher the vehicle speed,the larger the differences in wheel-rail forces computed by the flexible and rigid wheelset model.Under track short-wave irregularity excitations,the vertical force amplitude computed by the flexible wheelset is also smaller than that of the rigid wheelset.However,unlike the excitation case of measured track irregularity,under short-wave excitations,for the speed within the range of 200 to 350 km/h,the difference in the amplitude of the vertical force between the flexible and rigid wheelset models gradually decreases as the speed increase.This is partly due to the contribution of wheelset's elastic vibration under short-wave excitations.For low-frequency wheel-rail force analysis problems at speeds of 350 km/h and above,as well as high-frequency wheel-rail interaction analysis problems under various speed conditions,the flexible wheelset model will give results agrees better with the reality.Originality/value-This study provides reference for the modeling method of the flexible wheelset and the coupling method of wheel-rail contact force to the vehicle multibody dynamics system.Furthermore,by comparative research,the influence of wheelset flexibility and rotation on wheel-rail dynamic behavior are obtained,which is useful to the application scope of rigid and flexible wheelset models.

Multi-Body Dynamics Modeling of Heavy Goods Vehicle-Rail Interaction

Based on the principle of vehicle-track coupling dynamics, SIMPACK multi-body dynamics software is used to establish a C80 wagon line-coupled multi-body dynamics model with 73 degrees of freedom. And the reasonableness of the line-coupled dynamics model is verified by using the maximum residual acceleration, the nonlinear critical speed of the wagon. The experimental results show that the established vehicle line coupling dynamics model meets the requirements of vehicle line coupling dynamics modeling.

爬电距离与电气间隙测量的最短路径不合格分析研究

爬电距离与电气间隙是电气产品安规测试的基本参数,在防止电气产品发生绝缘击穿和人体危险触电起至关重要的作用,却在每年家电产品市场监督抽查中经常出现此项不合格情况。本文结合标准差异分析,对威凯检测技术有限公司实施的多轮爬电距离与电气间隙试验能力验证不合格结果进行汇总分析,研究了爬电距离与电气间隙测量的最短路径的不合格主要原因,以期提高相关从业人员的能力水平从而提升电气产品的安全质量。

IEC 60384-14:2023附录J电气间隙与爬电距离测量解析

安规电容在电路中起到保护元件的作用。本文对新版IEC 60384-14:2023中新增的附录J针对电气间隙和爬电距离的测量要求进行简要介绍,结合检测时的实例,对新版标准要求进行解读及探讨。

基于Plaxis对软土路基竹桩-竹排垫层有限元分析

利用Plaxis 2d AE软件对印尼常用的软土路基处理方法:竹桩-竹排垫层进行有限元分析,探讨其作用功能,考虑土体蠕变对工程沉降结果的影响,并利用二维数值模拟结果,分析实际施工期间土体的沉降变形,保证路基填筑期间稳定,以便安全指导工程施工,为后续工程提供经验。