Effect of Cu^2＋ on K^＋ Current in Acutely Isolated Rat Hippocampal Neurons by Whole Cell Patch Clamp Technique

用整个房间补丁夹钳技术，短暂的外面的 K+ 电流(Ito ) 和推迟的整流器 K+ 电流(Idr ) 上的 Cu2+ 的效果在尖锐地孤立的老鼠被学习海马趾的神经原。当 Cu2+was 的集中比 2H 降低时， Ito 和 Idr

Whole-cell recordings of calcium and potassium currents in acutely isolated smooth muscle cells

瞄准：在 mes 伤寒的尖锐地孤立的平滑肌房间记录钙和钾水流在老鼠的动脉的分支。方法：平滑肌房间被胶原酶文摘和机械研碎刚与擦亮的吸量管孤立。在整个房间的模式的补丁 clamp 技术被采用记录钙和钾水流。结果：过程分裂了没有损害电镀物品的平滑肌房间房间的生理的特征。电压门 Ca2+ 和钾水流成功地用整个房间的补丁 clamp 配置被记录。结论：方法分裂从老鼠 mes 伤寒的平滑肌房间动脉的分支。电压门隧道水流能在这准备被记录。

Whole-cell recordings of voltage-gated Calcium,Potassium and Sodium currents in acutely isolated hippocampal pyramidal neurons

Objective：To record Calcium, Potassium and Sodium currents in acutely isolated hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Methods：Hippocampal CA3 neurons were freshly isolated by 1 mg protease/3 ml SES and mechanical trituration with polished pipettes of progressively smaller tip diameters. Patch clamp technique in whole-cell mode was employed to record voltage-gated channel currents. Results：The procedure dissociated hippocampal neurons, preserving apical dendrites and several basal dendrites, without impairing the electrical characteristics of the neurons. Whole-cell patch clamp configuration was successfully used to record voltage-gated Ca^2＋ currents, delayed rectifier K^＋ current and voltage-gated Na^＋ currents. Conclusion：Protease combined with mechanical trituration may be used for the dissociation of neurons from rat hippocampus. Voltage-gated channels currents could be recorded using a patch clamp technique.

Effects of Lizhong Tang on cultured mouse small intestine interstitial cells of Cajal

AIM:To investigate the effects of Lizhong Tang,an herbal product used in traditional Chinese medicine,on mouse small intestine interstitial cells of Cajal(ICCs).METHODS:Enzymatic digestions were used to dissociate ICCs from mouse small intestine tissues.The ICCs were morphologically distinct from other cell types in culture and were identified using phase contrast microscopy after verification with anti c-kit antibody.A whole-cell patch-clamp configuration was used to record potentials(current clamp) from cultured ICCs.All of the experiments were performed at 30-32 ℃.RESULTS:ICCs generated pacemaker potentials,and Lizhong Tang produced membrane depolarization in current-clamp mode.The application of flufenamic acid(a nonselective cation channel blocker) abolished the generation of pacemaker potentials by Lizhong Tang.Pretreatment with thapsigargin(a Ca 2+-ATPase inhibi-tor in the endoplasmic reticulum) also abolished the generation of pacemaker potentials by Lizhong Tang.However,pacemaker potentials were completely abolished in the presence of an external Ca 2+-free solution,and under this condition,Lizhong Tang induced membrane depolarizations.Furthermore,When GDPβ-S(1 mmol/L) was in the pipette solution,Lizhong Tang still induced membrane depolarizations.In addition,membrane depolarizations were not inhibited by chelerythrine or calphostin C,which are protein kinase C inhibitors,but were inhibited by U-73122,an active phospholipase C inhibitors.CONCLUSION:These results suggest that Lizhong Tang might affect gastrointestinal motility by modulating pacemaker activity in interstitial cells of Cajal.

Inhibitory Effects of Neferine on Na_v1.5 Channels Expressed in HEK293 Cells

Neferine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid in Lotus Plumule, was proved to have a wide range of biological activities. In the present study, using whole-cell patch-clamp technique, we investigated the effects of neferine on Nav1.5 channels that are stably expressed in HEK 293 cells. We found that neferine potently and reversibly inhibited Nav1.5 currents in a concentration dependent manner with a half-maximal inhibition（IC50） being 26.15 μmol/L. The inhibitory effects of neferine on Nav1.5 currents were weaker than those of quinidine at the same concentration. The steady-state inactivation curve was significantly shifted towards hyperpolarizing direction in the presence of 30 μmol/L neferine, while the voltage-dependent activation was unaltered. Neferine prolonged the time to peak of activation, increased the inactivation time constants of Nav1.5 currents and markedly slowed the recovery from inactivation. The inhibitory effect of neferine could be potentiated in a frequency-dependent manner. These results suggested that neferine can block Nav1.5 channels under the open state and inactivating state and it is an open channel blocker of Nav1.5 channels.

Effects of antigliomatin from the scorpion venom of Buthus martensii Karsch on chloride channels on C6 glioma cells

Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, the effects of antigliomatin were observed on chloride channels on C6 glioma cells cultured in vitro. Antigliomatin was extracted from the venom of the scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch. Chloride channels are closed under normal osmotic pressure. When osmotic pressure was reduced to 120, 110 and 100 mV, the cell volume enlarged, chloride channels opened, and the chloride channel current increased. Three minutes after antigliomatin treatment, the chloride channel current decreased in a dose-dependent manner. These results show that antigliomatin extracted from the venom of the scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch diminishes chloride channel currents on C6 glioma cells.

Induced neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells by a combination of cytokines One-step versus two-step methods

BACKGROUND： A combination of basic fibroblast growth factor （bFGF）, platelet-derived growth factor （PDGF）, human heregulin-beta-1, beta-mercaptoethanol retinoic acid and forskolin has been reported to induce the differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells into myelinating Schwann-like cells. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the inducing effects of a combination of bFGF, PDGF, human heregulin-beta-1, beta-mercaptoethanol retinoic acid and forskolin on neural stem cell differentiation by one- and two-step methods. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A cytobiology experiment was performed at the Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Nantong University, and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, China, between August 2005 and January 2007. MATERIALS： A total of 30 healthy Sprague Dawley rat embryos at gestational days 14-16 were selected, bFGF, PDGF, human heregulin-beta-t, beta-mercaptoethanol, retinoic acid, and forskolin were purchased from Sigma, USA. METHODS： Passage 3 rat neural stem cells were cultured by a one-step method in serum-free medium plus 10 ng/m/bFGF, 5 ng/mL PDGF, 200 ng/mL heregulin-beta-1,35 ng/mL all-trans retinoic acid, and 5 pmol/L forskolin or by a two-step method in serum-free medium plus 35 ng/m/ all-trans retinoic acid for 72 hours, followed by serum-free medium plus 10 ng/mL bFGF, 5 ng/mL PDGF, 200 ng/mL heregulin-beta-t and 5 μmol/L forskolin. The control condition consisted of 10% fetal bovine serum alone or 20 ng/mL bFGF alone. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Differentiated cells were identified by immunocytochemical staining for microtubule associate protein-2 （MAP2） and St 00 protein. Geometric parameters and sodium ion currents of the differentiated cells were measured by image analysis and whole-cell patch-clamp techniques, respectively. RESULTS： Compared with the two-step culture method, neuronal-like cells exhibited longer processes and a similar appearance to mature neurons using the one-step method. The percentage of MAP2 positive cells induced by the one-step method was significantly greater than the serum-alone group （P 〈 0.05）. Furthermore, the MAP2 positive cells induced by the one-step method had greater surface areas, cell body perimeters, and longer process than cells induced by serum-alone and bFGF-alone （P 〈 0.05）. There were no significant differences in these parameters between the one-step and two-step methods （P 〉 0.05）. In addition, 80% of the induced neuronal-like cells from the one-step method and 20% from the two-step method displayed inwardly-evoked currents. CONCLUSION： The combination of bFGF, PDGF, human heregulin-beta-t, beta-mercaptoethanol retinoic acid and forskolin successfully induced neuronal differentiation from neural stem cells, with the one-step induction being more effective than the two-step method.

Caribbean maitotoxin elevates [Ca^(2+)]i and activates non-selective cation channels in HIT-T15 cells

AIM:To investigate the cytotoxic mechanism of caribbean maitotoxin(MTX-C) in mammalian cells.METHODS:We used whole-cell patch-clamp techniques and fluorescence calcium imaging to determine the cellular toxic mechanisms of MTX-C in insulin secreting HIT-T15 cells,which is a system where the effects of MTX have been observed.HIT-T15 cells stably express L-type calcium current,making it a suitable model for this study.Using the fluorescence calcium indicator Indo-1 AM,we found that there is a profound increase in HIT-T15 intracellular free calcium 3 min after application of 200 nmol/L MTX-C.RESULTS:About 3 min after perfusion of MTX-C,a gradual increase in free calcium concentration was observed.This elevation was sustained throughout the entire recording period.Application of MTX-C did not elicit the L-type calcium current,but large cationiccurrents appeared after applying MTX-C to the extracellular solution.The current-voltage relationship of the cation current is approximately linear within the voltage range from-60 to 50 mV,but flattened at voltages at-80 and-100 mV.These results indicate that MTX-C induces a non-voltage activated,inward current under normal physiological conditions,which by itself or through a secondary mechanism results in a large amount of cationic influx.The biophysical mechanism of MTX-C is different to its isoform,pacific maitotoxin(MTX-P),when the extracellular calcium is removed.CONCLUSION:We conclude that MTX-C causes the opening of non-selective,non-voltage-activated ion channels,which elevates level of intracellular calcium concentration and leads to cellular toxicities.

川芎、当归、红花和人参萃取液对缺氧海马神经元NMDA受体的抑制

目的 :研究川芎、当归、红花和人参萃取液对缺氧海马神经元 NMDA(N-甲基 - D-天冬氨酸 )受体功能的影响 ,探讨川芎、当归、红花和人参萃取液保护神经元损伤的机制。 方法 :采用全细胞膜片钳记录模式记录正常培养 10 d左右的海马神经元和经缺氧处理的海马神经元 NMDA诱发电流 ;观察 0 .1%和 0 .5 %的川芎、当归、红花和人参萃取液对 NMDA电流的影响。结果 :与正常培养 10 d左右的海马神经元相比 ,经缺氧处理的海马神经元 NMDA诱发电流明显增大 ,而川芎、当归、红花和人参萃取液可快速、可逆地抑制经缺氧处理的海马神经元 NMDA诱发电流。 结论 :川芎、当归、红花和人参萃取液对缺血缺氧引起的海马神经元 NMDA受体活性过度增强有抑制作用 ,提示川芎、当归、红花和人参萃取液具有保护因 NMDA受体过度激活引起的神经元损伤的作用。

牛磺酸镁对乌头碱致大鼠心肌细胞心律失常模型钠离子通道的影响

目的研究牛磺酸镁配合物(taurine magnesium coordi-nation compound,TMCC)对乌头碱所致大鼠心室细胞心律失常模型的钠电流变化的影响,探讨其抗心律失常的作用机制。方法酶解法分离大鼠单个心室肌细胞,应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录不同浓度TMCC及胺碘酮对正常细胞及乌头碱所致大鼠单个心室肌细胞心律失常模型INa变化。结果TMCC对正常细胞INa呈浓度依赖性抑制作用。1μmol.L-1乌头碱使钠电流从(45.56±1.96)pA/pF增加到(59.19±11.49)pA/pF(n=5,P<0.01)。24.24μmol.L-1胺碘酮使电流减小到(34.23±1.33)pA/pF(n=5,P<0.01)。TMCC(100,200,400μmol.L-1)对乌头碱所致的细胞模型INa具有恢复作用,分别恢复为(51.61±5.96)pA/pF,(40.91±6.73)pA/pF,(41.50±5.50)pA/pF。胺碘酮则使之恢复为(40.22±1.47)pA/pF。结论TMCC能恢复乌头碱增大的钠电流,作用与胺碘酮相当,TMCC对钠电流的抑制作用可能是其发挥抗心律失常的机制之一。

大蒜素对大鼠心室肌细胞L-型钙通道的影响

目的:探讨大蒜素对大鼠心室肌细胞L-型钙通道的作用。方法:用急性酶解法获得大鼠的单个心肌细胞,用标准的全细胞膜片钳技术记录钙通道电流。结果:5、50、250和500μmol/L大蒜素分别抑制钙电流4.4%、26.91%、38.06%、72.90%。250μmol/L大蒜素能使心肌细胞钙电流-电压曲线明显上移,峰电流密度从(7.17±0.65)pA/pF减少至(4.44±0.52)pA/pF(n=15,P<0.05),但激活电位、峰电位和翻转电位无明显改变(P>0.05)。大蒜素能使钙电流失活曲线明显左移(P<0.05)。大蒜素对钙电流激活曲线、失活再复活曲线和频率依赖性无明显影响(P>0.05)。结论:大蒜素呈浓度依赖性地抑制心肌细胞L-型钙通道。

SO_2衍生物对大鼠神经元和心肌细胞几种离子通道的影响

为了阐明大气污染物SO2对神经系统和心血管系统的毒作用机制,采用全细胞膜片钳技术研究了SO2衍生物(NaHSO3和Na2SO3,分子比为1∶3)对大鼠海马、背根节神经元和心肌细胞膜上钠、钾、钙离子通道的影响.结果显示:(1)SO2衍生物可显著增大大鼠海马CA1区神经元钠电流,不影响钠通道的激活过程,但可使钠电流的失活曲线向去极化方向移动,延迟钠通道的失活过程;另外,SO2衍生物可显著增大瞬间外向钾电流(IA)和延迟整流钾电流(IK),不影响IA的激活过程,使IK的激活过程向负电压方向移动,促进IK的激活过程,而使IA的失活曲线向正电压方向移动,延迟IA的失活过程.(2)SO2衍生物显著增大大鼠背根节神经元钠电流(TTX-S钠电流和TTX-R钠电流),可使两种钠电流的激活和失活曲线均向去极化方向移动,但对失活的影响大于对激活的影响,即延迟钠通道的失活过程;SO2衍生物显著增大背根节神经元瞬间外向钾电流(TOCs)和延迟整流钾电流(IK),不影响TOCs的激活过程,但可使IK的激活曲线向超极化方向移动,促进IK的激活.另外,还可使TOCs的失活曲线向去极化方向移动,即延迟TOCs的失活.(3)SO2衍生物可显著增大大鼠心肌细胞L-型钙电流(ICa,L),使ICa,L的激活和失活曲线均向去极化方向移动,但对失活的影响大于对激活的影响;SO2衍生物显著增大心肌细胞钠电流,不影响钠通道的激活过程,但可使钠电流的失活曲线向去极化方向移动,延迟钠通道的失活过程;SO2衍生物显著增大心肌细胞瞬间外向钾电流(Ito),使Ito的激活曲线向超极化方向移动,促进Ito的激活过程,但可使Ito的失活曲线向去极化方向移动,延迟Ito的失活过程;此外,SO2衍生物还可显著增大心肌细胞内向整流钾电流(IK1),但不影响其反转电位.结果表明,SO2衍生物可能通过影响神经元和心肌细胞膜上离子通道的活动而对中枢神经、传导神经以及心血管系统产生不利影响.提示大气SO2污染可能与神经系统和心血管系统疾病的发生有关.

成年蜜蜂脑神经细胞的培养和电生理特征

为了研究杀虫剂等对蜜蜂毒性作用的神经机制,需在体外建立成年蜜蜂脑神经细胞的分离培养和电生理记录技术并研究其正常电生理特征,而对成年蜜蜂脑神经细胞的分离培养和电生理特性的研究报道甚少。我们采用酶解和机械吹打相结合的方法获得了数量较多且活力较好的成年意大利蜜蜂Apismellifera脑神经细胞,并用全细胞膜片钳技术研究了成年意大利蜜蜂脑神经细胞对电流和电压刺激的反应,获得了成年意蜂脑神经细胞的基本电生理特征以及钠电流和钾电流的特性。全细胞电流钳的记录结果表明,在体外培养条件下,细胞无自发放电发生,注射电流后仅引起细胞单次放电,引起细胞放电的阈电流平均为60.8±6.3pA;细胞动作电位产生的阈电位平均为-27.4±2.3mV。用全细胞电压钳记录了神经细胞的钠电流和钾电流。钠电流的分离是在电压刺激下通过阻断钾通道和钙通道实现。细胞的内向钠电流在指令电压为-40～-30mV左右激活,-10mV达峰值,钠通道的稳态失活电压V1/2为-58.4mV;外向钾电流成份至少包括较小的快速失活钾电流和和较大的缓慢失活钾电流(占总钾电流的80%),其半激活膜电位V1/2为3.86mV,无明显的稳态失活。结果提示缓慢失活钾电流的特征可能是细胞单次放电的机制之一。

野木瓜注射液镇痛作用的药理机制研究

目的研究野木瓜注射液对背根神经节细胞电压门控性钠通道电流的影响,分析野木瓜注射液阻滞神经传导、产生镇痛作用的药理机制。方法在急性分离的大鼠背根神经节细胞膜上,进行全细胞膜片钳记录,观察10%、25%和50%的野木瓜注射液对电压门控性钠通道电流的影响。结果野木瓜注射液浓度依赖地抑制背根神经节细胞钠通道电流峰值,并影响通道的激活和失活过程。结论野木瓜注射液除影响髓鞘和轴突膜结构外还通过调制初级感觉神经元电压门控性钠通道,影响痛觉信息中枢传入产生镇痛作用。

大黄素增强SD大鼠脑基底动脉平滑肌细胞BK_(Ca)电流

目的研究大黄素对SD大鼠脑基底动脉的影响。方法应用压力型小动脉测量仪观察给予大黄素前后脑基底动脉直径的变化;应用全细胞膜片钳技术观察大黄素对离体的SD大鼠脑基底动脉平滑肌细胞电流的调节作用。结果(1)大黄素舒张脑基底动脉(P<0.05);(2)大黄素呈电压依赖性增强脑基底动脉平滑肌细胞外向电流(P<0.05);(3)大黄素呈浓度依赖性增强脑基底动脉平滑肌细胞外向电流,10-7、10-6和10-5mol·L-1的大黄素分别增加脑基底动脉平滑肌细胞外向电流(+60mV)从(173±43)pA到(226±36)pA、(266±54)pA和(303±71)pA(P<0.05);(4)给予10-3mol·L-1的BK Ca通道阻断剂四乙胺(tetraethyl ammonium;TEA)不仅取消了大黄素对脑基底动脉平滑肌细胞外向电流的增强作用,而且使外向电流减小到(61.2±6.5)pA,比对照组电流减小了(0.65±0.06)倍(P<0.01)。结论大黄素通过增强BK Ca通道的开放促进钾离子外流从而舒张脑基底动脉血管。

稳心颗粒甘松提取物对大鼠心室肌细胞钠电流和瞬时外向钾电流激活动力学的影响

目的研究步长稳心颗粒中甘松提取物对大鼠心室肌细胞钠电流(INa)、瞬时外向钾电流(Ito)激活动力学的影响。方法采用全细胞膜片钳技术,研究10 g/L甘松提取物对急性分离的成年大鼠心室肌细胞INa、Ito激活动力学的影响。结果①10 g/L甘松提取物使大鼠心室肌细胞INa峰值(INa,max)从-58.96±2.71 pA/pF降至-31.66±1.29 pA/pF(n=5,P<0.01);②10 g/L甘松提取物使Ito峰值(Ito,max)由3.40±1.52 pA/pF降到1.43±0.64 pA/pF(n=7,P<0.05)。10 g/L甘松提取物对INa和Ito的抑制率分别达38.2%和57.9%。结论10 g/L甘松提取物对大鼠心室肌细胞INa、Ito具有显著抑制作用。

炙甘草汤含药血清对兔心肌细胞动作电位的影响

目的:用血清药理学的方法研究炙甘草汤含药血清对兔心肌细胞动作电位的影响。方法:进行单个心室肌细胞的分离和膜片钳全细胞记录,实验分为对照组、空白血清组及5%、10%、20%、40%含药血清组,分别以普通细胞外液及加入上述浓度血清的细胞外液进行灌流,检测各组对动作电位的影响。结果:空白血清组对动作电位各参数均无明显影响(P>0.05);含药血清各组对APA均无明显影响,但可延长APD,5%、10%、20%、40%含药血清分别将APD50从198.8±35.9ms延长至352.7±39.2ms、430.1±28.8ms、521.2±35.3ms、539.3±26.8ms,将APD90从340.1±32.9ms延长至447.1±26.8ms、526.0±39.4ms、595.7±53.3ms、624.3±54.0ms。结论:炙甘草汤含药血清可延长APD,且呈浓度依赖性作用增强,这可能就是炙甘草汤抗心律失常作用的机理之一。

牛磺酸镁对豚鼠心室肌细胞钾离子通道的影响

目的研究牛磺酸镁(taurine magnesium coordination compound,TMC)对正常豚鼠心室肌细胞钾电流的影响,旨在探讨TMC抗心律失常的作用机制。方法酶解法分离豚鼠单个心室肌细胞,应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录豚鼠单个心室肌细胞IK、IK1的影响。结果应用200μmol·L-1TMC使豚鼠单个心室肌细胞IK在实验电压+70mV时,从给药前(8.67±1.04)pA/pF减少到(6.31±1.16)pA/pF(n=5,P<0.01);TMC对IK1无影响。结论本实验表明TMC具有直接抑制心室肌细胞IK作用,减少IK可能会使动作电位时程(APD)和有效不应期(ERP)延长,这可能是其发挥抗心律失常作用的基础之一。

丹参注射液对模拟缺血预适应引起兔心室肌细胞动作电位和ATP敏感性钾电流变化的影响

目的:探讨丹参注射液对模拟缺血预适应引起兔心室肌细胞动作电位和ATP敏感性钾电流(IK(ATP))变化的影响,试图揭示其保护心肌缺血-再灌注损伤,抗缺血性心律失常作用的离子机制。方法:采用酶解法分离兔左心室细胞,按先后顺序,用正常Tyrode液和模拟缺血液以及模拟缺血液加丹参(750 mg.L-1)灌流,利用膜片钳全细胞记录技术记录不同条件下动作电位和IK(ATP)前后变化。结果:①模拟缺血液灌流后动作电位时程(APD)复极化的50%(APD50)和90%(APD90)分别缩短(与正常组相比P<0.05,n=12);模拟缺血液加丹参灌流,APD50和APD90缩短更加明显,分别缩短了80.46%和71.87%(与正常组相比P<0.01,与模拟缺血液组相比P<0.05,n=12)。静息电位和动作电位幅值无明显改变;②经模拟缺血液灌流,引起IK(ATP)通道的开放,膜电流显示外向性直线形,发生率为58.33%(7/12,P<0.05)。模拟缺血液加丹参,更容易引起IK(ATP)开放,膜电流曲线完全成为直线,诱发率为91.67%(11/12,与正常组和模拟缺血液组相比P<0.05);③Glibenclimide能使这种外向性直线形膜电流恢复为“N”形,证明这种膜电流为IK(ATP);经丹参作用后,改用正常Tyrode液冲洗,心肌细胞上结合的丹参可以被洗脱以及从模拟缺血液中得到恢复。结论:丹参能产生类似心肌缺预适应的病理生理过程,起到了ATP敏感性钾通道开放剂效应,这可能是丹参对心肌缺血预适应的保护作用具有增强效应电生理基础。

大鼠下丘脑离体脑薄片视上核神经元的全细胞记录

在大鼠下丘脑薄片标本上对52例视上核神经元进行了全细胞膜片箝记录。膜被动及主动电生理参数测量如下：静息电位，59±8mV；输入阻抗，535±129MΩ；时间常数，32±9ms；动作电位幅度，99±11mV；超射值，37±13mV（n＝39）。大多数神经元在接受去极化刺激时出现明显的慢后超极化电位或电流。我们发现，在电压箱状态下几乎所有的视上核神经元均接受兴奋性和／或抑制性突触传λ（n=13）。药理学实验表明，兴奋性突触后电流是由non－NMDA亚型谷氨酸受体介导，而抑制性突触后电流由GABAA受体介导。