Analysis of Meteorological Disasters in the Flowering and Fruiting Period of Sugar Orange in Guilin

The yield of sugar orange is closely related to meteorological conditions in the flowering and fruiting period, and meteorological disasters at the flowering and early fruiting stage seriously affect its yield. To study influences of meteorological disasters in the flowering and early fruiting stage on sugar orange industry in Guilin, meteorological disasters in the flowering and early fruiting stage and its defense measures were analyzed and studied. The flowering and early fruiting stage of sug- ar orange in Guilin is from March to June, and sudden change of temperature, thunderstorm, hale, hail, rainstorm and other natural disasters can cause the falling of large numbers of flowers and young fruit, damage of tree body, reduction of fruit in quantity, and decrease of its yield. Timely understanding information of disastrous weather and implementing management of water and fertilizer can effectively reduce the loss caused by meteorological disasters and ensue high quality and high yield of sugar orange.

Development of a Non-Pollution Orange Fruit Expert System Software Based on ASP.NET

Based on ASP.NET,a orange fruit tree fertilizer expert system software was developed.The system could simulate and decide an annual fertilization plan for young and mature trees in terms of geographical position and climate.This paper introduced the design conditions,framework,production,and deployment of the system.It exhibited characters of orange specialty and was a typical online agriculture expert system.The use of the system for orange fruit management could decrease production cost,guarantee orange quality and improve economical benefit at the same time.Farmer using the system saved N input by 41-238 g/plant,P2O5 input 3-24 g/plant,and K2O input 1-36 g/plant,and got higher yield by 6-17 kg/plant.

Ca(NO3)2 canopy spraying during physiological fruit drop period has a better influence on the tree character and fruit quality of Newhall navel orange(Citrus sinensis Osbeck)

This study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for adopting suitable cultivation measures to tackle calcium （Ca） deficiency in citrus leaves. The Newhall navel orange （Citrus sinensis Osbeck） canopy was sprayed with 20.0 mmol L-1 of Ca（NO3）2 during physiological fruit drop period, fruit expanding period, and fruit maturing period on 30, 90, and 210 days after full bloom （DAFB）, respectively, and its effects on leaf gas exchange parameters and leaf mineral nutrition and fruit quality were analyzed. The results showed that： （1） The photosynthetic rate （ACO2） at 9：00 a.m. and 16：00 p.m. of fruit expanding period with 30 and 90 DAFB Ca（NO3）2treatments slightly or significantly improved mainly by decreasing stomatal limitation and nonstomatal limitation, respectively. （2） Compared with control （CK）, the Ca concentration in leaves with 30, 90, and 240 DAFB Ca（NO3）2 treatments increased by 127.16; 97.53, and 33.33%, respectively, and the leaf magnesium concentra- tion also increased by more than 32.26%. However, Ca（NO3）2 canopy spraying on 30 DAFB significantly reduced the leaf potassium concentration, by 22.14% compared with CK. （3） Ca（NO3）2 canopy spraying on 30 DAFB decreased the second fruit drop rate by 30.55% and increased the weight per fruit by 25.04%, thus resulting in a significant increase in citrus yield. （4） Spraying Ca（NO3） on 30 DAFB mainly affected the metabolism of titratable acid （TA） to improve the maturity of citrus fruits. Whilst it improved the external quality and the coloring of citrus fruit significantly. Therefore, Ca（NO3）2 canopy spraying during physiological fruit drop period has a better influence on the tree character and fruit quality of Newhall navel orange （Citrus sinensis Osbeck）.

Optimization of Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Conditions for the Identification of Volatiles Compounds from the Whole Fruit of Lemon, Lime, Mandarin and Orange

An optimum method has been developed for extracting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which contribute to the aroma of different species of citrus fruit (orange, lemon, lime, and mandarin). Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography (GC) coupled with flame ionization detection (FID) is used as a very simple, efficient and non-destructive extraction method. A three phase 50/30 μm PDV/DVB/CAR fibre was used for the extraction process. The optimal sealing time for volatiles reaching equilibrium from whole fruit in the headspace of the chamber was 20, 16, 8 and 16 hours for lemon, lime, mandarin, and orange respectively. Optimum fibre exposure times for whole fruit were 2, 4, 2 and 2 hours for lemon, lime, mandarin, and orange respectively. Three chamber volumes (500, 1000 and 2000 ml) were evaluated for the collection of VOCs with the 500 ml chamber being selected. The 500ml chamber produced the highest quality peak areas and quantity of extracted volatiles. As a result of fruit respiration, the percentage of oxygen (O2) of all citrus fruit species in 500 ml chamber decreased from 21.8% to 18.8% in the 20 hours sealing time, while carbon dioxide (CO2) contents increased to 2.9% also in the 20 hours sealing time. The results of this study showed the feasibility of this technique for identifying VOCs from four of the citrus fruit species and its potential as a routine method for physiological studies on citrus fruit or on other fruit species.

Effects of Wet Superfine Grinding on Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activities of Whole Fruit Pulp of Navel Orange

The navel orange were cleaned and pulverized by a wet superfine grinding and a broken wall cooking machine,then the navel orange whole fruit pulp were obtained by wet superfine grinding once,wet superfine grinding twice,and broken wall cooking machine processing.The particle size distribution,free polyphenols,bound polyphenols and antioxidant activity of whole fruit pulp prepared by the three kinds of pulverization methods were discussed.The results showed that the particle size distribution of the whole fruit pulp by wet superfine grinding was more concentrated compared with the broken-wall cooking machine processing,and the total phenols dissolution rate of the navel orange whole pulp was increased by 6.9%,and the total flavonoid dissolution rate was increased by 13.5%.The results also suggested that wet superfine grinding twice could improve 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)free radical scavenging activity of polyphenols in the whole fruit pulp,wet superfine grinding once and wet superfine grinding twice also could obviously enhance the reducing power and iron reduction ability of polyphenols in the whole fruit pulp.In conclusion,wet superfine grinding could increase both the polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of navel orange whole fruit pulp,it can be used as a pretreatment processing method for preparing navel orange whole fruit pulp.

Pre-harvest Treatment of Zn ＆ B Affects the Fruit Quality and Storability of Sweet Orange

Physico-chemical composition of sweet orange （Citrus sinensis L.） cv. blood red was determined in relation to different storage conditions and micronutrients application at department of horticulture, Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan during 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. The post-harvest quality of sweet orange was evaluated for 60 days storage with 20 days intervals. Fruit were harvested after the foliar application of zinc and boron in two consecutive seasons. The harvested fruits were stored at an ambient temperature （ATS） of 25 ＋ 2 ℃ and at low temperature storage （LTS） of 15 ± 2 ℃ with 60%-70% relative humidity （RH） for 60 days. Sweet oranges stored at LTS maintained better fruit quality than ATS. The foliar application of zinc and boron significantly enhanced fruit juice content, total soluble solids （TSS）, ascorbic acid （AA） and non-reducing sugar （NRS） of fruit. However, fruit juice content, TSS and AA were observed significantly higher, when the fruit was treated with high zinc （1%） and low boron （0.02%）. The percent of weight loss, disease incidence, TSS and reducing sugar （RS） increased with increasing the storage durations. A reduction was noted in fruit juice, AA and NRS with increasing the storage durations.

The effects of rootstocks on performances of three late-ripening navel orange varieties

Selection of rootstock is very important for citrus production. Besides its major role on resistance, the rootstock also can affect fruit production and quality. Currently, the main concerns on selection of rootstock for citrus production are compatibility and resistance, due to less information on the impacts of rootstock to the performance of scion varieties. This study aims to provide information on performances of navel orange varieties on different rootstocks. Three late-ripening navel orange varieties(Citrus sinensis var. Powell, Chislett and Banfield) grafted on seven rootstocks(Swingle citrumelo(C. paradisi× P. trifoliata), Carrizo citrange(C. sinensis×P. trifoliata), X639(C. reticulata×P. trifoliata), MXT(C. sinensis×P. trifoliata), Hongju(C. reticulata), Ziyang Xiangcheng(C. junos) and trifoliate orange(P. trifoliata)) were used as plant materials for comprehensive comparison of the performances on tree growth, fruit yield and quality in 21 scion–stock combinations. Investigation was carried out in these combinations in field nine years after planting. Vigorous growth of all the three late-ripening navel orange varieties was observed on Carrizo citrange with the largest canopy volume at 33.34 m3 and the highest yield at 29.43 kg per tree, but a low yield efficiency at 2.87 kg m–3. On the contrary, those on trifoliate orange had the smallest canopy volume at 10.79 m3 and the lowest fruit yield at 12.51 kg per tree, but the highest yield efficiency at 3.95 kg m–3. Rootstocks did not show significant effects on fruit size, fruit shape index, peel thickness and the edible rate of the fruits, but fruit quality was significantly affected by the rootstocks. Fruits from the trees grafted on trifoliate orange presented the best quality with significantly higher total soluble solids(TSS) content than those on Ziyang Xiangcheng and Hongju, and also the highest ratio of TSS/titratable acidity(TA). The TA content was observed from the fruits on X639 at 0.59 g 100 mL–1. Vitamin C(Vc) content of fruits on Hongju was the highest at 49.25 mg 100 mL–1. Growth vigor of the trees was positively correlated with fruit yield at an extremely significant level. The canopy volume was negatively correlated with yield efficiency, but positively correlated with compatibility index. Results of this study indicated that the rootstock has great impacts on the growth vigor of the tree, yield efficiency and quality of the fruit. In order to achieve good quality and yield efficiency for navel orange production, less growth vigor rootstock such as trifoliate orange is highly recommended.

Influences of rootstock and agro-climatic condition on physico-chemical and bioactive compounds of Gunda Gundo orange(Citrus sinensis L.Osbeck)in the Northern Ethiopia

Rootstocks have a significant influence on adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress conditions and quality of fruit.So,choice of rootstock for a specific growing region is an important decision for a grower to make when establishing a commercial citrus orchard.This study was undertaken to assess effects of rootstock and location on quality of orange fruit.The study was conducted over two consecutive years(2017/18 and 2018/19).Scions from the Gunda Gundo orange grove were grafted on rough lemon and sour orange rootstocks and planted in Tigray and Afar,Ethiopia at four sites(Abala,Agulae,Adiha and Rama).The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design(RCBD)with four replications.Data on different physico-chemical and bioactive compounds were collected and analyzed using R software(version 4).Compared to sour orange,rough lemon rootstock revealed higher fruit mass(151.96 g,195.38 g),fruit length(62.27 mm,68.88 mm)and fruit diameter(65.58 mm,71.3 mm),in 2017/18,2018/19,respectively.Among the four locations(Abala,Agulae,Adiha and Rama),higher juice percentage was found in Adiha(43.47%in 2017/18)and Abala(49.87%,in 2018/19).In 2017/18 higher total soluble solid(TSS,13.87%),TSS/acid ratio(19.18)and fruit rag(32.77%),were obtained at the Rama site.On the one hand,higher vitamin C(826.6 mg·kg^(-1))and total phenolic content(208 mg·kg^(-1 )GAE)were recorded at Agulae than Abala,Adiha and Rama sites from sour orange rootstock.High TSS,TSS/acid ratio and antioxidant were recorded from orange fruits at Rama site.This was expected to have resulted from hot climate conditions at the site.Besides,at a relatively cooler condition of the Agulae site,high phenolic,reduced ferric power and high vitamin C were recorded.Rough lemon rootstock improved fruit size,while rootstock did not affect the contents of TSS,TSS/acid ratio across the sites in both harvesting years.

Evaluation of Washington Navel Orange Economic Indicators

In Egypt, oranges are the most important citrus crops for local consumption or export. It represents approximately 72.2% of the total Egyptian citrus production in 2019/2020. The main cultivated variety of orange is the Washington navel orange and it is more popular because of its delicious taste, nutrition, and its seedless besides being rich in vitamin C. Washington navel orange is susceptible to fruit cracking, and it is a common physiological disorder that takes place during fruit development. This work aims to investigate the negative effect of fruit cracking in reducing the yield and quality of Washington navel orange produced in Egypt by studying major economic indicators and estimating an economical evaluation of using treatment of Washington navel orange during the period time of 2007/2008 until 2019/2020. Results showed that fruit areas and production of Washington navel orange represented about 52.9% and 53.2% of fruit areas and production of orange during the study period. However, the yield was unstable with a significant annual growth rate of about 1.1%. Also, the last mentioned treatment achieved a high price for farmers by about 5.1% and total revenue of about 3.2% during the study period. Nowadays, Egypt has become the largest exporter of oranges in the world within the last year and the achieved earnings reached $661 million in 2019/2020. In addition, results showed that evaluation of using a treatment to reduce the rate of Washington navel orange cracking was economical to be applied.

甘草柑橘皮果醋发酵工艺研究

以柑橘皮为主料,甘草为辅料,采用液态发酵法制备甘草柑橘皮果醋。先以总黄酮含量为指标,在单因素试验的基础上通过响应面法优化酒精液制备工艺;再在最佳酒精液制备条件下,以总酸含量和感官评分为指标,通过响应面法优化果醋制备工艺,并对其理化及微生物指标进行分析。结果表明:酒精液最佳工艺参数为酵母菌接种量0.5%(以原料液体积为基准)、原料液糖度16%、发酵时间9 d,在此条件下果醋总黄酮含量为5.37%。最佳果醋制备参数为醋酸菌接种量2.0%(以酒精液体积为基准)、发酵温度35℃、初始乙醇体积分数8.5%、发酵时间9 d,在此条件下果醋总酸含量为5.61 g/100 mL,感官评分为8.74,微生物指标符合相关标准要求。

重构本草——枳壳(枳实)

通过中医经典古籍等文献调研、中药现代临床及药理研究等成果的整理和汇总,结合中医临床及中药学等学科领域专家的临床经验及研究,经讨论认为:枳壳的功效为理气宽中,行滞消胀;枳实的功效为破气消积,化痰散痞;症靶为胸腹胀满、脏器下垂、便秘;现代药理研究表明枳壳与枳实具有调节胃肠平滑肌、预防心血管疾病、抗肿瘤、降低血脂、免疫调节、抗炎等作用;枳壳与枳实均无毒,但孕妇、脾胃虚弱者慎用;临床常用剂量枳壳为3~30 g,枳实为6~15 g,根据不同疾病及疾病的不同阶段辨证用药,并积极探索枳壳与枳实用量与症靶、标靶的量效关系构建。

重庆三峡库区塔罗科血橙不同树形的冠层特性、产量和品质分析

以11年生枳橙砧塔罗科血橙为试验对象,设计圆头形、主干形、开心形等3种树形处理,研究不同树形对血橙冠层特性、快速叶绿素荧光、果实产量及品质等的影响,提出重庆三峡库区塔罗科血橙最适宜的树形,为血橙优质丰产树形培养和树体改造提供技术支撑与理论依据.结果表明,3种树形的冠层特性存在明显差异,其中冠层透光性从强到弱依次为开心形、主干形、圆头形;主干形和开心形的PSII原初最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、春梢叶片单位面积吸收的光能(ABS/CSo)明显提升,反应中心的热消耗(DIo/RC)和秋梢叶片单位面积热耗散能量(DIo/CSo)显著降低.主干形和开心形均能有效提升春、秋梢叶片的光合结构性能(PI abs,PI total),以主干形处理相对最佳.2022-2023年度产量、单果质量、固酸比和维生素C含量从高到低均依次为主干形、开心形、圆头形,可溶性固形物和花色苷含量从高到低依次为开心形、主干形、圆头形.因此,重庆三峡库区塔罗科血橙宜选择主干形树形进行培养,以获得最佳产量和品质.

液体有机肥对冰糖橙土壤肥力及果实品质的影响

为探明液体有机肥对冰糖橙土壤肥力及果实品质的影响,设置不施有机肥(CK)、常规有机肥(CF,固体)、YHY液体有机肥(T1)、YLG液体有机肥(T2)4个处理,研究不同处理对土壤肥力和果实品质的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,施用液体有机肥均能不同程度地提升土壤中的有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,增加了大于0.25 mm粒径土壤水稳定性团聚体含量,降低了土壤团聚体破坏率,提高冰糖橙果实产量,同时改善果实品质,与固体有机肥有类似的效果。综合考虑肥料成本、土壤改善效果以及对冰糖橙的叶片养分状况和果实品质的影响,液体有机肥在冰糖橙栽培中可以作为固体有机肥的一种短期替代或作追肥使用。

花蕾期施肥对冰糖橙生长发育和果实品质形成的影响

为探索花蕾期提早施用稳果肥对冰糖橙树体生长发育和果实品质的影响,以常规管理方式中花后10 d施肥为对照(CK),露白后开花前的花蕾期施肥替代稳果肥为处理,分析比较了春梢长度、春梢粗度、叶片形态、叶片叶绿素SPAD值、叶片色泽、果实外观品质和内在品质等指标。结果表明:花蕾期施肥后,春梢长度和粗度显著高于CK,叶长、叶宽相较CK显著提升14.5%~27.2%和18.6%~331.7%,叶绿素SPAD值显著增加7.1%~15.2%,叶片转绿老熟更快。花蕾期施肥促进了柑橘细胞的分裂和果实增大,5月中旬至6月上旬幼果横径为13.91~21.67 mm,单果重为1.83~5.95 g,显著高于CK;膨大期果实横径和单果重显著增加了7.2%和26.7%,可滴定酸含量比CK高0.39个百分点;进入果实转色期,果实横径和单果重显著比CK高5.8%和17.7%,可滴定酸含量比CK高0.39个百分点;果实达到成熟期时,果实横径和单果重仍比CK高3.4%和13.1%,且成熟果实着色更饱满,果面光亮,果皮橙黄,但果实内在品质并无显著差异。因此,花蕾期提早施用稳果肥更有利于加速春梢发育和增进果实膨大。

Effects of Fertilizers with Different Proportions of N, P and K on Citrus Fruit Cracking

[Objective] The aim was to explore fertilizers with different proportions of N, P and K on citrus fruit cracking and to seek best treatment in preventing fruit cracking. [Method] Compound fertilizers with different proportions of N, P and K were prepared, supplemented by leaf fertilizers with varying mineral elements. [Result] It is proved the treatment II containing spring fertilizers （N：P2O5：K2O=20：10：10）, summer fertilizers （N：P2O5：K2O=16：8：16）, and leaf fertilizers with calcium nitrate solu- tion （0.5%） achieved the best prevention effects of fruit cracking. In the meantime, N-to-K ratio and N-to-Ca ratio were proved of positive correlation with cracked fruits, and the higher the ratios, the higher the proportion of cracked fruits, vice versa. On other hand, Ca-to-K ratio was of negative correlation with cracked fruits, and the higher the ratio, the lower the proportion of cracked fruits. [Conclusion] In practical production, fertilization should be conducted as per soil moisture content, tree growth, and seasons, in a balanced and comprehensive way.

怀化市水果产业发展现状与对策研究

通过实地调研获取相关数据,对2020—2022年怀化市水果产业发展现状进行了分析,并针对存在的问题提出相应建议,以进一步推进怀化市水果产业的发展。结果表明,2020—2022年怀化市水果种植主要集中在麻阳县、洪江市、溆浦县,其水果种植面积占全市水果种植总面积的56.45%。柑橘类水果种植面积占该市水果种植总面积的比重最大,而冰糖橙种植面积占柑橘类水果种植总面积的比重最大,其余依次为脐橙、蜜柑、杂柑、柚子、椪柑,杂柑中的“黄金贡柚”已形成较强的品牌影响力。各县市区主打的时鲜水果各有特色,如溆浦县的枣、麻阳县的西(甜)瓜和黄桃、靖州县的杨梅、中方县的刺葡萄等,时鲜水果的单价和单位面积产值均高于柑橘类水果。在此基础上,提出怀化市在发展柑橘类水果产业方面可通过高效利用优质冰糖橙芽变资源促进冰糖橙品种改良,通过进一步引进和研发优质早中熟杂柑促进杂柑品种改良;各县市区可进一步打造具有地方特色的时鲜水果品牌,以提高时鲜水果竞争力。

赣南脐橙果实品质现状及分布特征分析

为了解赣南脐橙品质现状及其不同区域、树龄及土壤类型对果实品质的影响,2020—2021年每年11月25—30日在17个县(市、区)66个主产乡镇的204个脐橙果园采果实样品测定内在品质。结果表明,赣南脐橙果实整体品质优良,且中部盆地区域(北纬25°34′33″~26°8′5″)品质更优,当栽植地向北或向南推移时,可溶性固形物(TSS)含量呈下降趋势,尤其南部低纬度区域可能出现显著下降;低龄树果实TSS含量较低,14~20年生树果实品质趋于稳定且TSS含量高,但树龄≥21年则品质开始降低;土壤类型对赣南脐橙果实品质影响甚弱,仅果实维生素C含量可能出现差异。为了使上市果品质量相对一致,赣南脐橙应根据区域和树龄等分批次采摘上市,中部果园和壮年园适时采收,南部和北部果园、低龄果园适当延迟采收;栽培管理方面,低龄园应通过控制氮肥施用等措施缓和树势,老龄园应通过更新复壮及扩穴增施有机肥等措施恢复树势,以改善品质。目前赣南脐橙绝大部分为2014年后定植,随树龄增长,未来十多年内赣南脐橙整体品质可能还会提升。

屈原《橘颂》与米尔恩Golden Fruit之比较

被当今国人忽视的英国作家米尔恩的文学成就远在一般作家之上,他的散文《橘颂》和屈原的《橘颂》虽同为颂橘,但在内容与形式以及主题思想和写作风格上却明显不同,通过对两篇《橘颂》在上述诸方面的比较分析,揭示了中英乃至东西方在文人、文学和文化传统上存有显著差异。

树冠覆盖材料对塔罗科血橙果实品质的影响

【目的】晚熟柑橘果实若遇到低温冻害天气,则会出现落果、枯水等现象,严重影响果实商品价值,树冠覆膜是防控晚熟柑橘冬季冻害的有效方式之一,为此,研究不同树冠覆盖材料对血橙果实品质的影响,以期为柑橘生产中树冠覆膜技术的科学应用提供理论依据。【方法】比较了农用塑料薄膜、无纺布、遮阳网3种树冠覆盖材料对塔罗科血橙果实品质的影响。【结果】农用塑料薄膜在提高果面亮度(L值),果实可溶性固形物、维生素C、可食率方面效果最好;遮阳网在提高果面呈现红色(a值)、黄色(b值)效果最好;无纺布在降低果实酸度,提高果实固酸比方面效果最好。【结论】综合果实内外品质来看,农用塑料薄膜最适宜作为塔罗科血橙冬季树冠覆盖材料,无纺布次之,而利用遮阳网进行树冠覆盖虽然能使果实更偏向于红—黄色,但会明显降低果实可食率。

Detection of Mediterranean Fruit Fly Larvae Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Different Types of Fruit by HS-SPME GC-MS Method

Timely detection of Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) is very important so that eradication action can be taken on time. The larvae stage of this insect is the most dangerous stage as it is within the pulp of the fruit, making it hard to detect by visual inspection. In most countries at ports of entry the inspector check a small sample of fruit by visual inspection or by cutting the produce and searching for fungus and pests. This paper will investigate a quick, reliable and sensitive method to determine the presence of fruit flies. Our research focuses on developing the technology for detecting hidden infestations by using the Head Space-Soild Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME) method coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrocopy (GC-MS) technique. Five different types of fruit were infested with an early stage of Medfly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephidae). We investigated to detect the differences in volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) between infested and non- infested fruits by using HS-SPME with (GC-MS). The results indicated that for few chemicals no significant differences between infested and non-infested fruit can be seen, especially in the fruits with first instar. However, in case of third instar larvae infested fruits significant differences in the chemicals can be seen as compare to non infested fruits and other instar infestations. These chemicals include ethyl (Z)-2 butenoate, 2-heptanone, anisole, β-cis-ocimene, 1,3,7-nonatriene,4,8-dimethy-,ethyl octyate, isoamyl caproate and 1β,4βh,10βh- guaia-5,11-diene, in apple. Ethyl (Z)-2-butenoate, (+)-2-bornanone, (-)-trans- isopiperitenol, methyl caprate, caryophyllene and farnesene in orange. Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-,2-methylbutul acetate, sabinene, β-myrcene, octanoic acid, methyl ester, dihydrocarvone, (-)-trans-isopiperitenol and ethyl laurate in mandarin. Butyl 2-methylbutanoate, terpinen-4-ol, P-menth-8-en-2-one, E-,(3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene and dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester in lemon. Decane, 3-methyl-, p-menth-1,4(8)-diene, 1-undecene and α-cubebene in avocado. Thus, the VOC’s method could provide a possible tool for detecting tephritid larvae and this method could be adopted by industries importing and exporting fruit.