Novel wild edible mushroom Astraeus hygrometricus(Pers.)Morgan induces robust apoptosis on human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells through a RONS-subsisted mitochondria-dependent pathway

Objective:To explore the therapeutic effects of the novel wild edible mushroom Astraeus hygrometricus(Pers.)Morgan(A.hygrometricus)on human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells.Methods:Extensive screening of the antiproliferative and chemopreventive potential of different extracts from 5 wild mushrooms,A.hygrometricus,Phallus sp.,Lentinus sp.,Tricholoma sp.,and Serpula sp.was performed against a panel of 6 cancer cell lines and normal cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assay.Apoptosis determination,cell cycle profiling,intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)and reactive nitrogen species(RNS),and mitochondrial membrane potential were analyzed by flow cytometry.The activity of caspases was measured colorimetrically,and the expression pattern of mitochondrial proteins was analyzed.Results:The methanol extract of A.hygrometricus and MOLT-4 cells were identified as the most potent extract exhibiting antiproliferative activity and most sensitive cell line,respectively.The mushroom extract induced robust selective apoptosis in MOLT-4 cells and arrested cell cycle progression at the G0/G1 stage.The extract disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential and enhanced ROS production in MOLT-4 cells.The methanol extract induced apoptosis by downregulating the expression of Bcl-2,increasing the expression of Bax,and activating the caspase cascade.Conclusion:The novel wild edible mushroom is a potential repository of biomolecules for the development of antileukemic drugs.

Mannogalactoglucan from mushrooms protects pancreatic islets via restoring UPR and promotes insulin secretion in TIDM mice

Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM) lacks insulin secretion due to autoimmune deficiency of pancreaticβ-cells.Protecting pancreatic islets and enhancing insulin secretion has been therapeutic approaches.Mannogalactoglucan is the main type of polysaccharide from natural mushroom,which has potential medicinal prospects.Nevertheless,the antidiabetic property of mannogalactoglucan in T1DM has not been fully elucidated.In this study,we obtained the neutral fraction of alkali-soluble Armillaria mellea polysaccharide(AAMP-N) with the structure of mannogalactoglucan from the fruiting body of A.mellea and investigated the potential therapeutic value of AAMP-N in T1DM.We demonstrated that AAMP-N lowered blood glucose and improved diabetes symptoms in T1DM mice.AAMP-N activated unfolded protein response(UPR) signaling pathway to maintain ER protein folding homeostasis and promote insulin secretion in vivo.Besides that,AAMP-N promoted insulin synthesis via upregulating the expression of transcription factors,increased Ca^(2+) signals to stimulate intracellular insulin secretory vesicle transport via activating calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase Ⅱ(CamkⅡ) and cAMP/PKA signals,and enhanced insulin secretory vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane via vesicle-associated membrane protein 2(VAMP2).Collectively,these studies demonstrated that the therapeutic potential of AAMP-N on pancreatic islets function,indicating that mannogalactoglucan could be natural nutraceutical used for the treatment of T1DM.

Mushroomβ-glucan and polyphenol formulations as natural immunity boosters and balancers:nature of the application

Mushrooms are experiencing a kind of renaissance as a part of the contemporary human diet.These valuable organisms are more than food,they fit in perfectly as a novel market group known as nutra-mycoceuticals.Immune-balancing mushroom dietary fibers and secondary metabolites such as polyphenols are the main focus of the healthcare industry.Wellness and cosmetic companies are increasingly using mushroom extracts rich in these ingredients.This review considers the basic molecular immunomodulatory mechanisms of action of the most commonly used mushroom dietary fibers,β-glucans.The literature data on their bioavailability,metabolic transformations,preclinical and human clinical research,and safety are discussed.Immunomodulatory mechanisms of polyphenol ingredients are also considered.These molecules present great potential in the design of the new immunity balancer formulations according to their widespread structural diversity.Finally,we draw attention to the perspectives of modern trends in mushroom nutraceutical and cosmeceutical formulations to strengthen and balance immunity.

Energy status regulated umami compound metabolism in harvested shiitake mushrooms(Lentinus edodes)with spores triggered to release

The molecular mechanisms of energy status related to the umami taste of postharvest shiitake mushrooms during spore release remain poorly understood.In this study,the variations of energy status and umami taste of mushrooms were measured at 25℃.At 24 h storage,slight spore prints of mushrooms were first pictured,respiration peaked.Significant ATP decrease and ADP increase were also observed as the initiation of postharvest senescence(P<0.05).Meanwhile,the activities of phosphohexose isomerase,succinate dehydrogenase,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase and the contents of umami nucleotides and amino acids were maintained at higher levels in mushrooms with spore release.Notably,the equivalent umami concentration(EUC)was strongly correlated with energy levels(R=0.80).Fifteen related gene expression levels in the energy metabolism pathway were downregulated.LecpdP1 and LeAK were significantly expressed in the conversion of ATP into AMP and played key roles in connecting the energy state and umami level.These results provided valuable insights on the umami taste associated with energy metabolism mechanism during postharvest mushroom spore release.

The effects of dietary supplementation with mushroom or selenium enriched mushroom powders on the growth performance and intestinal health of post-weaned pigs

Background There is an urgent need to identify natural bioactive compounds that can enhance gastrointestinal health and promote pig growth performance in the absence of pharmacological levels of zinc oxide(ZnO).The objectives of this study were to:1)compare the effects of mushroom powder supplemented with inorganic selenium(inSeMP)to mushroom powder enriched with organic selenium(orgSeMP)to pharmacological levels of ZnO on growth performance and faecal scores(FS)for the first 21 d post-weaning(Period 1);and 2)compare the molecular and microbial effects of inSeMP and orgSeMP in these pigs on d 39 post-weaning(Period 2).Methods In Period 1,pigs(3 pigs/pen;8 pens/treatment)were assigned to:(1)basal diet(control);(2)basal diet+zinc oxide(ZnO)(3100 mg/kg d 1–14,1550 mg/kg d 15–21);(3)basal diet+mushroom powder supplemented with inorganic selenium(inSeMP)containing selenium(selenite)content of 0.3 mg/kg feed;(4)basal diet+mushroom powder enriched with organic selenium(orgSeMP)containing selenium(selenocysteine)content of 0.3 mg/kg feed.Mushroom powders were included at 6.5 g/kg of feed.Results In Period 1,there was no effect of diets on average daily gain(ADG)and gain:feed(G:F)ratio(P>0.05).The orgSeMP supplemented pigs had a lower average daily feed intake(ADFI)compared to all other groups(P<0.05).The ZnO supplemented pigs had reduced FS compared to the basal and mushroom group,while the orgSeMP supplemented pigs had lower FS compared to the basal group during the 21 d experimental period(P<0.05).In Period 2,there was no effect of diets on ADFI,ADG and G:F ratio(P>0.05).The orgSeMP supplementation increased the caecal abundance of bacterial members of the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phylum,including Lactobacillus,Agathobacter,Roseburia,and Prevotella and decreased the abundance of Sporobacter compared to the basal group,while inSeMP increased the caecal abundance of Prevotella and decreased the caecal abundance of Sporobacter compared to the basal group(P<0.05).Dietary supplementation with inSeMP increased expression of TLR4 and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene IL10 and decreased nutrient transporter gene FABP2 compared to the orgSeMP group(P<0.05).Conclusion OrgSeMP is a novel and sustainable way to incorporate selenium andβ-glucans into the diet of weaned pigs whilst improving FS and modulating the caecal microbiota.

The alkynyl-containing compounds from mushrooms and their biological activities

Mushrooms have been utilized by humans for thousands of years due to their medicinal and nutritional properties.They are a crucial natural source of bioactive secondary metabolites,and recent advancements have led to the isolation of several alkynyl-containing compounds with potential medicinal uses.Despite their relatively low abundance,naturally occurring alkynyl compounds have attracted considerable attention due to their high reactivity.Bioactivity studies have shown that alkynyl compounds exhibit significant biological and pharmacological activities,including antitumor,antibacterial,antifungal,insecticidal,phototoxic,HIV-inhibitory,and immunosuppressive properties.This review systematically compiles 213 alkynyl-containing bioactive compounds isolated from mushrooms since 1947 and summarizes their diverse biological activities,focusing mainly on cytotoxicity and anticancer effects.This review serves as a detailed and comprehensive reference for the chemical structures and bioactivity of alkynyl-containing secondary metabolites from mushrooms.Moreover,it provides theoretical support for the development of chemical constituents containing alkynyl compounds in mushrooms based on academic research and theory.

A narrative review on inhibitory effects of edible mushrooms against malaria and tuberculosis-the world’s deadliest diseases

The isolated secondary metabolites from 39 edible mushrooms are reported,among which 107 compounds were active,61 demonstrated antitubercular activities with IC_(50) range of 0.2-50μg/mL and 46 manifested antimalarial effects with IC_(50) range of 0.061-36μg/mL.While more than 2000 strains of edible mushrooms are identified,this review shows the paucity of research in these rich organisms featuring a vital culinary ingredient worldwide.A thorough search was conducted on basidiomycetes to discuss the chemistry and biology of the isolated compounds,structure activity relationships(SAR)as well as the cytotoxicity profiles of,primarily,the active anti-plasmodial and antitubercular molecules.With a safe cellular profile,lanostane triterpenoids were found to be the only molecules with combined activities against both diseases.SAR correlations reviewed here indicated the significance of 3β-and 7α-hydroxylation in the anti-tuberculosis activity and the terminal unsaturated moiety between C-4 and C-28 in the antimalarial activity in the same terpene skeleton.This review will attract the attention of medicinal chemists,and food scientists to optimize and rationalize the use of mushrooms both as unexploited sources of novel molecules and as nutraceuticals to treat two of the deadliest infectious diseases,malaria,and tuberculosis.

Edible mushrooms as a potent therapeutics of subclinical thyroid dysfunction among adults,especially in obese individuals:a prospective cohort study

Background:Mushrooms are a good source of many nutrients which are potentially beneficial for chronic diseases.We speculated that due to its abundant nutrients edible mushrooms might have a beneficial effect on the prevention of subclinical thyroid dysfunction(SCTD).Therefore,we designed a large-scale cohort study to examine whether mushrooms consumption is a protective factor for SCTD in adults.Methods:This prospective cohort study investigated 6631 participants(mean age:(45.0±10.2)years;55.1%men).Edible mushrooms consumption was measured at baseline using a validated food frequency questionnaire.SCTD was defined as abnormal serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and normal free thyroxine.Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine the association of edible mushrooms consumption with incident SCTD.Results:During follow-up period,a total of 262 new cases of SCTD were identified,the incidence rate of subclinical hypothyroidism was 8.9/1000 person-years and subclinical hyperthyroidism was 7.2/1000 person-years.After adjusting potential confounding factors,the multivariable hazard ratios(95%confidence intervals)for subclinical hypothyroidism were 1.00(reference)for almost never,0.53(0.29,0.97)for 1-3 times/week and 0.30(0.10,0.87)for≥4 times/week(P for trend=0.02).It also showed edible mushrooms consumption was inversely associated with subclinical hypothyroidism in obese individuals but not non-obese individuals,the final hazard ratios(95%confidence intervals)were 0.14(0.03,0.73)(P for trend<0.01).Conclusions:This population-based prospective cohort study has firstly demonstrated that higher edible mushrooms consumption was significantly associated with lower incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism among general adult population,especially in obese individuals.

Sexual spores in edible mushroom: bioactive components, discharge mechanisms and effects on fruiting bodies quality

Edible mushroom sexual spores have been gaining more interest due to their bioactive components and functions.Spore discharge(SD)is an important factor affecting the quality of edible mushrooms.In this review,the bioactive nutrients of sexual spores of edible mushrooms were summarized,the SD mechanism was described,and the relationship between postharvest SD and the quality of edible mushrooms was analyzed.Spores contain various bioactive nutrients that are benefi cial to the human body.Mature mushrooms can actively discharge spores in a process affected by light,relative humidity,and temperature.During storage,the physiological metabolism of spore-bearing gill tissue is vigorous,promoting the release of postharvest spores and changing the nutritional value of fruiting bodies.The flavor of the fruiting bodies also varied signifi cantly during SD.Edible mushroom sexual spores have the potential to become new raw materials for functional food and medical resources.Research on the effect of the mechanism of SD on the quality of edible mushrooms and the development of SD regulation technology may be a new trend in the quality control of edible mushrooms,which will promote the development of the edible mushroom industry.

Purification of β-Glucan of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) and Its Application in Model Food

Mushrooms are recognized as sources of β-glucan. The aim of this study was to purify β-glucan from oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus pulmonarius) by alkaline extraction. The extracted β-glucan was added to a cracker recipe and the sensory, physical and estimated glycemic index of the final product were evaluated. Optimum extraction parameters were determined to be 80˚C, 90 minutes and 30% KOH. The β-glucan crackers had a glycemic index ranging from 88.07 to 67.32, while glucose had a glycemic index of 100. Based on the sensory study, it can be concluded that crackers enriched with β-glucan and possessing functional qualities may meet consumer expectations.

Protection of Allergic Asthma in Mice by Black Rice Bran Bioprocessed with Shiitake Mushroom Mycelia

We evaluated the potential of orally fed new food formulations to inhibit biomarkers reported to be involved in the causes of allergic asthma in mice. Asthma, a serious non-communicable disease, affects both adults and children and can be undertreated. New functional foods could provide therapeutic approaches. Here, the anti-asthma mechanism of a new functional food and three isolated fractions produced by bioprocessing black rice bran with shiitake mushroom mycelia was evaluated in mast cells, B cells, and orally fed mice and compared with non-bioprocessed black rice bran. In vitro, the treatments inhibited RBL-2H3 cell degranulation and immunoglobulin E (IgE) production. The in vitro anti-asthma effects were confirmed in orally fed mice following asthma induction by alumina and chicken egg ovalbumin (OVA). The suppression of asthma resulted from the inhibition of inflammation- and immune-related substances, including OVA-specific IgE, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, eotaxin, leukotriene C4, prostaglandin D2, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum. The treatment also reversed the thickening of the lung airway wall. The inflammation and asthma inhibition seems to be regulated by the balance of the T-helper cells’ Th1/Th2 immune response and the inhibition of multiple biomarkers associated with the cause of asthma. Future human clinical studies with adults and children should determine the potential therapeutic value of the anti-asthma effects of the new functional foods.

食用菌产业:一个原则 一种模式

食用菌是大型真菌的子实体。它们是异养生物,必须从基质中获得所有的营养需求。食用菌栽培以木质纤维素为基质,它们是农林产业副产品。这些木质纤维素材料与真菌结合后就在生物世界创造一些特殊的东西。因为食用菌的细胞壁含有几丁质而不是纤维素,所以它们既不是植物也不是动物。最近对一个4.4亿年前的蘑菇化石研究结果表明,蘑菇可能是生活在陆地上最古老的生物。食用菌生物学是一门相对较新的科学学科,它涉及蘑菇科学研究的所有方面。应用食用菌生物学主要是两个领域的研究:一个是关于食用菌生产的食用菌科学,另一个是关于食用菌产品的食用菌生物技术。因此,食用菌科学和食用菌生物技术可以说是食用菌产业的两条腿。应用食用菌生物学的目标就是解决当今世界以及随着人口持续增长,未来世界将持续面临的两个基本问题。这两个问题就是食物和健康,它们紧密相关,并且我们正在试图提供解决方案。

全球香菇产业发展历史、现状及趋势

采用文献查阅和电话访谈相结合的方法,详细分析全球香菇(Lentinula edodes)产业发展历史、现状及趋势,并对推进中国香菇产业强国建设提出政策建议。研究结果表明:香菇自然分布区域主要集中于东亚和东南亚地区;随着全球人口迁移,香菇栽培区域已扩大到除南极洲以外的各大洲。2022年,中国香菇产量为1.296×10~7 t,占全球香菇总产量的98.3%;人均年消费香菇8.9 kg,中国是全球最大的香菇生产国和消费国。全球香菇产业在消费端呈现市场规模持续增长、鲜香菇比重逐渐增加、加工品市场规模扩大的趋势,在生产端呈现劳动力老龄化、产业集中度提升、生产模式持续优化和生产科技创新水平提高的趋势。建议通过建立中央财政扶持体系、强化行业组织服务功能、加大工厂化生产技术研发力度和推动香菇全产业链发展,稳步推进中国香菇产业强国建设。

基于改进ResNet18的干香菇等级识别

为解决干香菇等级识别技术复杂及识别精度不高的问题,提出了一种基于残差神经网络ResNet18的干香菇等级识别方法。首先将传统的ResNet18中Stem的7×7卷积层替换为3个3×3卷积层串联,保证在感受野保持不变的情况下进一步减小计算量;其次针对残差块中线性变换和非线性变换不足的问题,引入融合非对称卷积和h-swish激活函数,增加了模型的复杂性,使其能够进行更深层次的特征学习;最后在ResNet18骨干网络中引入高效通道注意力机制,加强模型提取特征的能力。实验结果表明,改进后的ResNet18网络模型准确度达97.04%,相比ResNet18网络模型方法提升了4.81%,且性能优于VGG16、MobileNetV2、DenseNet121、ResNet34等网络模型方法,可提高干香菇等级的识别精度,单幅图像的检测时间为5.91 ms,对干香菇智能分拣过程中的等级识别具有借鉴意义。

对92个茶树菇菌株的遗传多样性分析和农艺性状的评价

为了解茶树菇(Agrocybe aegerita)种质资源的遗传多样性和筛选优良的茶树菇新品种,采用菌株拮抗试验方法观察了92株茶树菇菌株间拮抗反应及其类型,ISSR-PCR(inter-simple sequence repeat-PCR)分子标记方法对92株茶树菇菌株的遗传多样性进行了综合分析。拮抗试验将92株茶树菇菌株分为27组;筛选出的20条ISSR引物共扩增出317条清晰条带,多态性条带平均比率为82.60%;在遗传相似系数为0.742时,ISSR分子标记分析可将92株茶树菇划分为6大类群,拮抗试验和ISSR分子标记分析的结果基本一致。通过对比农艺性状分析,初步筛选出滇农5、滇农14、茶5-800、白茶、闽农5及滇农8作为工厂化生产茶树菇菌种。结果表明茶树菇的遗传多样性丰富,结合栽培出菇试验可为茶树菇品种选育和杂交育种的亲本选择提供参考。

康县香菇产业现状及发展建议

香菇生产是康县农业农村经济重要的优势产业和支柱性产业之一。基于实地调研,分析了康县香菇的产业基础、品牌建设、产业模式、技术特色等方面的优势。针对康县香菇产业发展中存在的主要问题,提出了扶持龙头企业、研发推广新技术新产品、开展地理标志认证、扩大林地规模等发展建议。

鹿茸菇多糖的提取工艺优化及其对大鼠运动性骨骼肌损伤影响的研究

采用响应面法优化提取鹿茸菇中的多糖,考察酶添加量、酶解温度、酶解时间对鹿茸菇多糖得率的影响,并研究其对大鼠运动性骨骼肌损伤的影响。结果表明:添加量2.1%、酶解温度50.4℃、酶解时间98 min,据此调整后的工艺参数重复3次实验,得出鹿茸菇多糖平均得率为9.24%,与预测值接近。大鼠运动试验表明,灌胃鹿茸菇多糖的大鼠超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶水平明显提高,丙二醛含量降低,乳酸脱氢酶、肌酸激酶水平明显降低,表明鹿茸菇多糖具有良好的抗氧化能力,可以降低骨骼肌细胞膜的通透性,从而降低大鼠力竭运动之后产生的自由基对其骨骼肌造成的损伤,进而提高了大鼠的抗氧化能力。

食用菌菌渣资源化循环利用的研究进展

综述了近年来菌渣在无土栽培、土壤肥料、环境修复剂、动物饲料、生产新能源、活性物质的提取等方面的利用现状,以及菌渣资源化循环利用途径,并指出了菌渣在循环利用过程中存在的问题,以期为菌渣再循环利用技术的进一步研究提供参考。

基于主成分分析的聚乙烯醇-金针菇水提取物复合膜制备、表征与保鲜应用

为开发新型食品包装膜,提高金针菇资源化利用水平,以可降解的聚乙烯醇(PVA)和金针菇水提取物共混制备PVA-金针菇水提取物复合膜。以拉伸强度、断裂延伸率、耐水性系数、厚度、不透明度及水蒸气透过系数等复合膜物理性能参数,研究PVA添加量、2-乙酰柠檬酸三乙酯(ATEC)添加量、金针菇水提物添加量、干燥时间和干燥温度对复合膜物理性能的影响;采用主成分分析法对复合膜性能进行综合评价;并结合响应面分析法,建立了PVA-金针菇水提取物复合膜制备的多元二次回归方程模型,优化了复合膜制备条件,并研究了复合膜在20℃条件下对草莓贮藏期间(6 d)褐变度、失重率、维生素C、丙二醛等保鲜指标的影响。研究结果表明,PVA添加量4.0 g、ATEC添加量4.0 g、金针菇水提物添加量3.9 g、干燥温度62℃,干燥时间3.5 h为最佳制备条件,所得复合膜拉伸强度为31.76±0.50 N/cm^(2)、断裂延伸率为97.99%±0.25%、水蒸气透过系数为1.44×10^(-9)±1.53×10^(-11) g·mm/m^(2)·h·kPa、耐水性系数为549.14±0.94 s/mm、膜厚度为0.062±0.002 mm、不透明度为20.97±0.39,物理性能综合得分为102.25±0.16,与模型预测结果的相对误差为0.57%。红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射分析表明复合膜结构完整,金针菇水提取物与基质相容性较好,并以氢键结合。通过草莓贮藏期间褐变度、失重率、维生素C以及丙二醛的测定,制备的复合膜显示出较好的保鲜效果。

不同水平金针菇菌糠对育肥猪生长性能、养分表观消化率及经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究不同水平的金针菇菌糠对育肥猪生长性能、养分表观消化率及经济效益的影响。选择200头体重相近、健康的“杜×长×大”三元杂交育肥猪,随机分成4组,每组5个重复,每个重复10头猪。对照组育肥猪饲喂基础饲粮,试验组育肥猪分别饲喂含有2.5%、5.0%和10.0%的金针菇菌糠的试验饲粮。试验期8周。结果表明,与对照组相比,5.0%菌糠组育肥猪的平均日增重显著升高(P<0.05),料重比显著降低(P<0.05);2.5%、5.0%菌糠组育肥猪对干物质的表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05),5.0%菌糠组育肥猪对粗纤维的表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05),2.5%、5.0%、10.0%菌糠组育肥猪对粗蛋白的表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05);2.5%、5.0%、10.0%菌糠组的增重收入分别提高了21.60、43.20、21.28元/头,利润分别提高了14.45%、25.29%和18.13%;5.0%、10.0%菌糠组育肥猪血清球蛋白水平显著提高(P<0.05),血清尿素氮、胆固醇及甘油三酯水平显著降低(P<0.05)。研究表明,育肥猪饲喂适量的金针菇菌糠可以提高生长性能、养分表观消化率、养殖利润,改善部分血清生化指标,且金针菇菌糠的适宜添加量为5.0%。