Antimicrobial resistance is an urgent global health challenge in human and veterinary medicine. Wild animals are not directly exposed to clinically relevant antibiotics; however, antibacterial resistance in wild anima...Antimicrobial resistance is an urgent global health challenge in human and veterinary medicine. Wild animals are not directly exposed to clinically relevant antibiotics; however, antibacterial resistance in wild animals has been increasingly reported worldwide in parallel to the situation in human and veterinary medicine. This underlies the complexity of bacterial resistance in wild animals and the possible interspecies transmission between humans, domestic animals, the environment, and wildlife. This review summarizes the current data on expanded- spectrum 13-1actamase (ESBL), AmpC IB-lactamase, carbapenemase, and colistin resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolates of wildlife origin. The aim of this review is to better understand the important role of wild animals as reservoirs and vectors in the global dissemination of crucial clinical antibacterial resistance. In this regard, continued surveillance is urgently needed worldwide.展开更多
Objective:To present results of virological study of wild birds inhabiting Western Mongolia. Methods:Over a period of 2003-2008,we isolated 13 influenza A viruses:H1N1,H3N6, H13N8 and H4N6 subtypes.We did not isolate ...Objective:To present results of virological study of wild birds inhabiting Western Mongolia. Methods:Over a period of 2003-2008,we isolated 13 influenza A viruses:H1N1,H3N6, H13N8 and H4N6 subtypes.We did not isolate any H5N1 subtype,that still cause epizooty in wild birds and poultry.Results:We revealed taxonomic and ecological heterogeneity of the birds involved in maintenance of circulation of influenza viruses in the given territory.Influenza viruses were isolated from birds of 6 orders;among them there are species preferring water and semi-aquatic biotopes,one species preferring dry plain region,and also one species which can inhabit both dry and water biotopes.Conclusions:Representatives of all main orders of Western Mongolia avifauna are involved in support of influenza A virus circulation,highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses were registered in Mongolia thus it’s necessary to continue permanent influenza virus surveillance in wild birds’ populations.展开更多
DEAR EDITOR,Since our first identification of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in 2015 (Liu et al., 2016), it has been described in human clinics, domestic animals, foods, and the environment worldwi...DEAR EDITOR,Since our first identification of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in 2015 (Liu et al., 2016), it has been described in human clinics, domestic animals, foods, and the environment worldwide (Schwarz & Johnson, 2016). Although it is still rare, the emergence of mcr-I in wild animals is of great concern. We summarized two previous reports on mcr-1 in wild birds from Lithuania and Argentina to describe its emergence and characteristics in wildlife and highlight the potentially important role of wild animals, particularly birds, in its global transmission (Wang et al., 2017). The first detection of mcr-1 in wildlife in Asia was identified in an extended-spectrum β- lactamase-producing Escherichia coil strain isolated from Eurasian coot (Fulica atra),展开更多
Objective:To investigate the genetic diversity of coronaviruses in wild and domestic birds in the bird park and live poultry markets of Ca Mau province in Vietnam in 2020.Methods:A total of 228 samples(121 from wild b...Objective:To investigate the genetic diversity of coronaviruses in wild and domestic birds in the bird park and live poultry markets of Ca Mau province in Vietnam in 2020.Methods:A total of 228 samples(121 from wild birds and 107 from poultry)were collected in the territory of Ca Mau province of Vietnam in 2020.The avian samples were tested for the presence of the four genera of coronaviruses using reverse transcription and nested PCR.Molecular genetic analysis using targeted NGS sequencing of RdRp gene was performed for 29 representative samples(12 samples from wild birds and 17 from poultry).Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the neighbour joininig method with 1000 bootstrap replications using MEGA X software.Results:Among wild birds,21.5%samples were positive for the genetic material of coronaviruses and 38.3%samples were positive for coronaviruses among poultry.Genetic analysis of the partial sequence of RdRp gene from representative samples revealed that wild birds were carriers of gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses.Among poultry,three genotypes of infectious bronchitis virus(QX,Mass and Q1)were detected in chickens,with QX genotypes being predominant,and viruses of DCoV group were detected in domestic ducks.There was no detection of alphacoronaviruses or betacoronaviruses in the studied birds.Conclusions:Coronaviruses of genera Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus were detected in wild birds.A high percentage of infectious bronchitis virus was detected in poultry.Thus,there is a need for broader surveillance of coronaviruses in birds,which can be used for evaluation of diversity,evolution and distribution of coronaviruses in Vietnam.Continuous surveillance of coronaviruses circulation in wild and domestic animals is necessary for implementing strategic measures for poultry and domestic animal protection and for evaluation of possible risk of circulating coronaviruses to human health.展开更多
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N 1 have taken place in 15 countries in Asia, Europe and Africa since 2003, and have caused great economic losses. Much likelihood has been considered as risk ...Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N 1 have taken place in 15 countries in Asia, Europe and Africa since 2003, and have caused great economic losses. Much likelihood has been considered as risk factors, of which wild birds are attributed as one of the main factors. This is related to the environmental deterioration in the wetland and expanse of human's activities in production. The risk analysis in this paper only focused on the effect of wild birds to HPAI, and confirmed the high risk of wild birds in the spread of AIVs.展开更多
Background:The aim of the study was to explore the ecological diversity of wild birds in Siberia, which are the natural reservoir of avian influenza virus(AIV).Methods:Cloacal swabs and intestinal fragments were colle...Background:The aim of the study was to explore the ecological diversity of wild birds in Siberia, which are the natural reservoir of avian influenza virus(AIV).Methods:Cloacal swabs and intestinal fragments were collected from wild migratory birds from 2007-2014. Isolated viruses were grown in the allantoic cavity of embryonated chicken eggs. The presence of virus was determined using hemagglutination assays. Primary identification and subtyping of influenza viruses was confirmed by RT-PCR.Results:A total of 2300 samples obtained from wild migratory birds of 8 orders were collected and tested. Influenza was detected in 185 birds of 3 orders. Species of family Anatidae(order Anseriformes) such as European Teal(Anas crecca), Garganey Teal(A. querquedula), and Shoveler(A. clypeata) play the main role in AIV circulation in the south of Western Siberia. The proportion of viral carriers among waterfowl ranged from 5.6 to 20% in 2007-2014. The order Charadriiformes had lower virus isolation rates of not more than 1.4%.Conclusions:Wild migratory waterfowl of orders Anseriformes and Charadriiformes are the main reservoir of AIV in the south of Western Siberia. This area plays a key role in persistence, evolution, and geographical distribution of avian influenza.展开更多
Objective: To determine the occurrence of Chlamydia spp.in wild birds in Thailand.Methods: Cloacal and tracheal swabs of 313 wild birds from 11 orders, 27 families, and 51 species were tested to determine the occurren...Objective: To determine the occurrence of Chlamydia spp.in wild birds in Thailand.Methods: Cloacal and tracheal swabs of 313 wild birds from 11 orders, 27 families, and 51 species were tested to determine the occurrence of Chlamydia infection.The outer membrane protein A(ompA) gene was amplified from positive samples to construct a phylogenetic tree.Results: At the time of sample collection, none of the birds showed clinical signs of any disease.Of 313 wild birds, two Asian openbill stork(Anastomus oscitans) were positive for Chlamydia spp., representing 0.64%(2/313) and 4.9%(2/41) occurrence for birds overall and for the Asian openbill stork, respectively.Phylogram analysis based on deduced amino acid of the ompA gene showed that Chlamydia spp.in Asian openbill storks was closely related to that in wildfowl(Pica pica and Cygnus olor) from Poland in a different branch with a 95% bootstrap value and had a shorter evolutionary distance to Chlamydia abortus.Conclusions: Asymptomatic Asian openbill storks could be a potential source of Chlamydia infection in domestic animals, poultry, and humans who share their habitat.展开更多
DEAR EDITOR, We read with interest the article by Wang and colleagues regarding the role of wildlife in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) (Wang et al., 2017). Although we appreciate the efforts in...DEAR EDITOR, We read with interest the article by Wang and colleagues regarding the role of wildlife in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) (Wang et al., 2017). Although we appreciate the efforts in reviewing this important topic, we would like to comment on some statements that we believe are not up-to- date or properly cited.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the potential role of wild birds as fecal spreaders of enteropathogenic,enterohemorrhagic and Shiga-toxins producing Escherichia coli(E. coli),enteropathogenic E. coli,enterohemorrhagic E. co...Objective: To investigate the potential role of wild birds as fecal spreaders of enteropathogenic,enterohemorrhagic and Shiga-toxins producing Escherichia coli(E. coli),enteropathogenic E. coli,enterohemorrhagic E. coli and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains. Methods: Fecal samples collected from 121 wild birds of different orders and species were submitted to molecular analyses. In particular,eaeA encoding intimin,hlyA encoding for hemolysin,stx1 and stx2 genes encoding Shiga-toxins 1 and 2,respectively,were investigated. Results: Overall,21(17.35%) fecal samples resulted positive for at least one of the investigated genes. In detail,12(9.91%) samples were positive for eaeA,10(8.26%) for stx1,4(3.31%) for hylA and 1(0.83%) for stx2. An owl(Athene noctua) positive for the four investigated genes suggesting that it harbored a STEC strain. However,virulence genes characterizing EPEC,and EHEC strains were mainly found among seagulls,waterfowl and feral pigeons. Conclusions: Seagulls,waterfowl and feral pigeons,which frequently reach and contaminate rural,urban and peri-urban areas with their droppings,may be important sources of E. coli infection for other animals and humans.展开更多
Objective To improve the understanding of the virome and bacterial microbiome in the wildlife rescue station of Poyang Lake,China.Methods Ten smear samples were collected in March 2019.Metagenomic sequencing was perfo...Objective To improve the understanding of the virome and bacterial microbiome in the wildlife rescue station of Poyang Lake,China.Methods Ten smear samples were collected in March 2019.Metagenomic sequencing was performed to delineate bacterial and viral diversity.Taxonomic analysis was performed using the Kraken2 and Bracken methods.A maximum-likelihood tree was constructed based on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp)region of picornavirus.Results We identified 363 bacterial and 6 viral families.A significant difference in microbial and viral abundance was found between samples S01–S09 and S10.In S01–S09,members of Flavobacteriia and Gammaproteobacteria were the most prevalent,while in S10,the most prevalent bacteria class was Actinomycetia.Among S01–S09,members of Myoviridae and Herelleviridae were the most prevalent,while the dominant virus family of S10 was Picornaviridae.The full genome of the pigeon mesivirus-like virus(NC-BM-233)was recovered from S10 and contained an open reading frame of 8,124 nt.It showed the best hit to the pigeon mesivirus 2 polyprotein,with 84.10%amino acid identity.Phylogenetic analysis showed that RdRp clustered into Megrivirus B.Conclusion This study provides an initial assessment of the bacteria and viruses in the cage-smeared samples,broadens our knowledge of viral and bacterial diversity,and is a way to discover potential pathogens in wild birds .展开更多
Background:Avian influenza viruses(AIVs)have been identified from more than 100 different species of wild birds around the globe.Wild migratory birds can act as potential spreaders for AIVs to domestic birds between d...Background:Avian influenza viruses(AIVs)have been identified from more than 100 different species of wild birds around the globe.Wild migratory birds can act as potential spreaders for AIVs to domestic birds between different countries.Egypt is situated on important migratory flyways for wild birds between different continents.While much is known about circulation of zoonotic potential H5N1 and H9N2 AIVs in domestic poultry in Egypt,little is known about the pivotal role of migratory birds in the maintenance and transmission of the viruses in Egypt.Methods:Targeted AIV surveillance has been conducted in 2017 in different wetlands areas in Northern and Eastern Egypt.Results:AIV of subtype H5 was detected in two bird species.In addition,a novel reassortant strain of the H6N2 subtype was identified which reveals the continuous risk of new influenza virus(es)introduction into Egypt.This novel virus possesses a reassortant pattern originating from different AIV gene pools.Conclusions:Intervention control strategies should be performed to minimize the possible contact of domestic birds with wild birds to lower the risk of virus transmission at this interface.In addition,constant monitoring of AIVs in migratory birds is essential in the early detection of influenza virus introduction into Egypt.展开更多
The rising trend of resistance in Acintobacter baumannii had in recent days become a public health care concern with most literature reported from samples collected from hospital environment. This research therefore, ...The rising trend of resistance in Acintobacter baumannii had in recent days become a public health care concern with most literature reported from samples collected from hospital environment. This research therefore, wishes to determine the occurrence of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii in birds’ droppings, associated with irrigated farms vegetables, for epidemiological update and future clinical forecast. Forty eight birds fecal samples were collected and processed for isolation and identification of A. baumannii on MacConkey agar and Microbact 24E (Oxoid), and tested against 10 commonly used antibiotics (quinolones, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides). A. baumannii was isolated from 31.25% of samples and had shown more resistant to ceporex (100.00%) and to streptomycin with 80.00% and 90.00% for Jakara and Sharada farms’ fecal samples respectively;isolates were however sensitive to co-trimoxazole. Forty eight (46.67%) of the isolates were resistant to at least 6 drugs, with strong correlation between some drugs. By this result, wild birds’ fecal materials demonstrate high potential of A. baumannii carrying capacity and dissemination, and thus pose risk of contaminating vegetables, infecting human and transmitting resistance phenotype to other non-multidrug-resistant bacteria—a situation quite challenging to health care management and public health. And thus it further suggests for screening of additional probable contributing factors, so as to develop possible detailed transmission pathway and control strategies.展开更多
基金partially supported by grants from the National Key Basic Research Program of China(2013CB127200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81661138002)
文摘Antimicrobial resistance is an urgent global health challenge in human and veterinary medicine. Wild animals are not directly exposed to clinically relevant antibiotics; however, antibacterial resistance in wild animals has been increasingly reported worldwide in parallel to the situation in human and veterinary medicine. This underlies the complexity of bacterial resistance in wild animals and the possible interspecies transmission between humans, domestic animals, the environment, and wildlife. This review summarizes the current data on expanded- spectrum 13-1actamase (ESBL), AmpC IB-lactamase, carbapenemase, and colistin resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolates of wildlife origin. The aim of this review is to better understand the important role of wild animals as reservoirs and vectors in the global dissemination of crucial clinical antibacterial resistance. In this regard, continued surveillance is urgently needed worldwide.
文摘Objective:To present results of virological study of wild birds inhabiting Western Mongolia. Methods:Over a period of 2003-2008,we isolated 13 influenza A viruses:H1N1,H3N6, H13N8 and H4N6 subtypes.We did not isolate any H5N1 subtype,that still cause epizooty in wild birds and poultry.Results:We revealed taxonomic and ecological heterogeneity of the birds involved in maintenance of circulation of influenza viruses in the given territory.Influenza viruses were isolated from birds of 6 orders;among them there are species preferring water and semi-aquatic biotopes,one species preferring dry plain region,and also one species which can inhabit both dry and water biotopes.Conclusions:Representatives of all main orders of Western Mongolia avifauna are involved in support of influenza A virus circulation,highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses were registered in Mongolia thus it’s necessary to continue permanent influenza virus surveillance in wild birds’ populations.
基金partially supported by grants from the National Key Basic Research Program of China(2013CB127200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81661138002)
文摘DEAR EDITOR,Since our first identification of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in 2015 (Liu et al., 2016), it has been described in human clinics, domestic animals, foods, and the environment worldwide (Schwarz & Johnson, 2016). Although it is still rare, the emergence of mcr-I in wild animals is of great concern. We summarized two previous reports on mcr-1 in wild birds from Lithuania and Argentina to describe its emergence and characteristics in wildlife and highlight the potentially important role of wild animals, particularly birds, in its global transmission (Wang et al., 2017). The first detection of mcr-1 in wildlife in Asia was identified in an extended-spectrum β- lactamase-producing Escherichia coil strain isolated from Eurasian coot (Fulica atra),
基金The reported study was funded by RFBR,project number 20-04-60051.
文摘Objective:To investigate the genetic diversity of coronaviruses in wild and domestic birds in the bird park and live poultry markets of Ca Mau province in Vietnam in 2020.Methods:A total of 228 samples(121 from wild birds and 107 from poultry)were collected in the territory of Ca Mau province of Vietnam in 2020.The avian samples were tested for the presence of the four genera of coronaviruses using reverse transcription and nested PCR.Molecular genetic analysis using targeted NGS sequencing of RdRp gene was performed for 29 representative samples(12 samples from wild birds and 17 from poultry).Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the neighbour joininig method with 1000 bootstrap replications using MEGA X software.Results:Among wild birds,21.5%samples were positive for the genetic material of coronaviruses and 38.3%samples were positive for coronaviruses among poultry.Genetic analysis of the partial sequence of RdRp gene from representative samples revealed that wild birds were carriers of gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses.Among poultry,three genotypes of infectious bronchitis virus(QX,Mass and Q1)were detected in chickens,with QX genotypes being predominant,and viruses of DCoV group were detected in domestic ducks.There was no detection of alphacoronaviruses or betacoronaviruses in the studied birds.Conclusions:Coronaviruses of genera Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus were detected in wild birds.A high percentage of infectious bronchitis virus was detected in poultry.Thus,there is a need for broader surveillance of coronaviruses in birds,which can be used for evaluation of diversity,evolution and distribution of coronaviruses in Vietnam.Continuous surveillance of coronaviruses circulation in wild and domestic animals is necessary for implementing strategic measures for poultry and domestic animal protection and for evaluation of possible risk of circulating coronaviruses to human health.
文摘Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N 1 have taken place in 15 countries in Asia, Europe and Africa since 2003, and have caused great economic losses. Much likelihood has been considered as risk factors, of which wild birds are attributed as one of the main factors. This is related to the environmental deterioration in the wetland and expanse of human's activities in production. The risk analysis in this paper only focused on the effect of wild birds to HPAI, and confirmed the high risk of wild birds in the spread of AIVs.
文摘Background:The aim of the study was to explore the ecological diversity of wild birds in Siberia, which are the natural reservoir of avian influenza virus(AIV).Methods:Cloacal swabs and intestinal fragments were collected from wild migratory birds from 2007-2014. Isolated viruses were grown in the allantoic cavity of embryonated chicken eggs. The presence of virus was determined using hemagglutination assays. Primary identification and subtyping of influenza viruses was confirmed by RT-PCR.Results:A total of 2300 samples obtained from wild migratory birds of 8 orders were collected and tested. Influenza was detected in 185 birds of 3 orders. Species of family Anatidae(order Anseriformes) such as European Teal(Anas crecca), Garganey Teal(A. querquedula), and Shoveler(A. clypeata) play the main role in AIV circulation in the south of Western Siberia. The proportion of viral carriers among waterfowl ranged from 5.6 to 20% in 2007-2014. The order Charadriiformes had lower virus isolation rates of not more than 1.4%.Conclusions:Wild migratory waterfowl of orders Anseriformes and Charadriiformes are the main reservoir of AIV in the south of Western Siberia. This area plays a key role in persistence, evolution, and geographical distribution of avian influenza.
基金financially supported by the Faculty of Veterinary Science,Mahidol Universitycollected by the project of Establishment of zoonotic viral networking system:developmental phase+1 种基金subproject of Influenza A virus surveys in migratory and residence birds of Thailand granting from Cluster and Program Management Office(P-15-50535)the National Science and Technology Development Agency,Thailand
文摘Objective: To determine the occurrence of Chlamydia spp.in wild birds in Thailand.Methods: Cloacal and tracheal swabs of 313 wild birds from 11 orders, 27 families, and 51 species were tested to determine the occurrence of Chlamydia infection.The outer membrane protein A(ompA) gene was amplified from positive samples to construct a phylogenetic tree.Results: At the time of sample collection, none of the birds showed clinical signs of any disease.Of 313 wild birds, two Asian openbill stork(Anastomus oscitans) were positive for Chlamydia spp., representing 0.64%(2/313) and 4.9%(2/41) occurrence for birds overall and for the Asian openbill stork, respectively.Phylogram analysis based on deduced amino acid of the ompA gene showed that Chlamydia spp.in Asian openbill storks was closely related to that in wildfowl(Pica pica and Cygnus olor) from Poland in a different branch with a 95% bootstrap value and had a shorter evolutionary distance to Chlamydia abortus.Conclusions: Asymptomatic Asian openbill storks could be a potential source of Chlamydia infection in domestic animals, poultry, and humans who share their habitat.
文摘DEAR EDITOR, We read with interest the article by Wang and colleagues regarding the role of wildlife in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) (Wang et al., 2017). Although we appreciate the efforts in reviewing this important topic, we would like to comment on some statements that we believe are not up-to- date or properly cited.
文摘Objective: To investigate the potential role of wild birds as fecal spreaders of enteropathogenic,enterohemorrhagic and Shiga-toxins producing Escherichia coli(E. coli),enteropathogenic E. coli,enterohemorrhagic E. coli and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains. Methods: Fecal samples collected from 121 wild birds of different orders and species were submitted to molecular analyses. In particular,eaeA encoding intimin,hlyA encoding for hemolysin,stx1 and stx2 genes encoding Shiga-toxins 1 and 2,respectively,were investigated. Results: Overall,21(17.35%) fecal samples resulted positive for at least one of the investigated genes. In detail,12(9.91%) samples were positive for eaeA,10(8.26%) for stx1,4(3.31%) for hylA and 1(0.83%) for stx2. An owl(Athene noctua) positive for the four investigated genes suggesting that it harbored a STEC strain. However,virulence genes characterizing EPEC,and EHEC strains were mainly found among seagulls,waterfowl and feral pigeons. Conclusions: Seagulls,waterfowl and feral pigeons,which frequently reach and contaminate rural,urban and peri-urban areas with their droppings,may be important sources of E. coli infection for other animals and humans.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[81961128002].
文摘Objective To improve the understanding of the virome and bacterial microbiome in the wildlife rescue station of Poyang Lake,China.Methods Ten smear samples were collected in March 2019.Metagenomic sequencing was performed to delineate bacterial and viral diversity.Taxonomic analysis was performed using the Kraken2 and Bracken methods.A maximum-likelihood tree was constructed based on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp)region of picornavirus.Results We identified 363 bacterial and 6 viral families.A significant difference in microbial and viral abundance was found between samples S01–S09 and S10.In S01–S09,members of Flavobacteriia and Gammaproteobacteria were the most prevalent,while in S10,the most prevalent bacteria class was Actinomycetia.Among S01–S09,members of Myoviridae and Herelleviridae were the most prevalent,while the dominant virus family of S10 was Picornaviridae.The full genome of the pigeon mesivirus-like virus(NC-BM-233)was recovered from S10 and contained an open reading frame of 8,124 nt.It showed the best hit to the pigeon mesivirus 2 polyprotein,with 84.10%amino acid identity.Phylogenetic analysis showed that RdRp clustered into Megrivirus B.Conclusion This study provides an initial assessment of the bacteria and viruses in the cage-smeared samples,broadens our knowledge of viral and bacterial diversity,and is a way to discover potential pathogens in wild birds .
基金funded by an internal project of the Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production,Animal Health Research Institutesupported in part by the Swedish Research Council VR(Grant Numbers 2016-02596 and 2018-02569)to MMN
文摘Background:Avian influenza viruses(AIVs)have been identified from more than 100 different species of wild birds around the globe.Wild migratory birds can act as potential spreaders for AIVs to domestic birds between different countries.Egypt is situated on important migratory flyways for wild birds between different continents.While much is known about circulation of zoonotic potential H5N1 and H9N2 AIVs in domestic poultry in Egypt,little is known about the pivotal role of migratory birds in the maintenance and transmission of the viruses in Egypt.Methods:Targeted AIV surveillance has been conducted in 2017 in different wetlands areas in Northern and Eastern Egypt.Results:AIV of subtype H5 was detected in two bird species.In addition,a novel reassortant strain of the H6N2 subtype was identified which reveals the continuous risk of new influenza virus(es)introduction into Egypt.This novel virus possesses a reassortant pattern originating from different AIV gene pools.Conclusions:Intervention control strategies should be performed to minimize the possible contact of domestic birds with wild birds to lower the risk of virus transmission at this interface.In addition,constant monitoring of AIVs in migratory birds is essential in the early detection of influenza virus introduction into Egypt.
文摘The rising trend of resistance in Acintobacter baumannii had in recent days become a public health care concern with most literature reported from samples collected from hospital environment. This research therefore, wishes to determine the occurrence of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii in birds’ droppings, associated with irrigated farms vegetables, for epidemiological update and future clinical forecast. Forty eight birds fecal samples were collected and processed for isolation and identification of A. baumannii on MacConkey agar and Microbact 24E (Oxoid), and tested against 10 commonly used antibiotics (quinolones, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides). A. baumannii was isolated from 31.25% of samples and had shown more resistant to ceporex (100.00%) and to streptomycin with 80.00% and 90.00% for Jakara and Sharada farms’ fecal samples respectively;isolates were however sensitive to co-trimoxazole. Forty eight (46.67%) of the isolates were resistant to at least 6 drugs, with strong correlation between some drugs. By this result, wild birds’ fecal materials demonstrate high potential of A. baumannii carrying capacity and dissemination, and thus pose risk of contaminating vegetables, infecting human and transmitting resistance phenotype to other non-multidrug-resistant bacteria—a situation quite challenging to health care management and public health. And thus it further suggests for screening of additional probable contributing factors, so as to develop possible detailed transmission pathway and control strategies.