Investigation on the Harm of Wild Boar in Mingtong Town, Chengkou, Chongqing

Through the investigation and analysis of the wild boars in Mingtong Town, Chengkou, Chongqing, it was concluded that the area had long been seri- ously affected by wild boars and some of the human activities were potentially threatened, and the potential threat areas were identified. Corresponding suggestions were proposed to guide the prevention and control work, so as to protect the habi- tat and reproduction of wildlife and ensure the normal production and life of the masses.

Identification of Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 4 Gene in Wild Boar

Toll-like receptor （TLR） 4 plays an important role in the innate immune system and has been involved in resistance/ susceptibility to a number of diseases as revealed by studies in human and other domestic animals. Wild boar survives in natural environment without artificial interference and may be different from domestic pig in innate immune system. Here, the complete coding sequence of TLR4 and TLR4A was cloned in wild boar, and two other alternative splicing variants, TLR4B and TLR4C, were obtained. Compared to the counterpart from domestic pig （GcnBank No. AJ628065）, there were five SNPs, c.510T〉C, c.960A〉G, c.962A〉G, c.1605T〉G and c.1824A〉G, in the coding sequence of wild boar TLR4A gene. TLR4 gene was expressed in all the tissues from wild boar studied with the most abundance in spleen tissue, and mRNA level was significantly lower in spleen from wild boar than that from Min pig. The allele distribution was significantly different at polymorphic loci c.962G〉A and c.1027C〉A （p〈0.01） between wild boar and Min pig. The results would contribute to understand the innate immune system in wild boar.

Genetics Research and Advance on Development and Utilization of Wild Boars

Wild boar is one of the most important beast resources. It plays an important role in the maintenance of biological diversity. The genetic resources of wild boar can not only protect the genetic resources, but also improve the formation of new breeds in pigs. This paper summarized the advance on the main biological characteristics of wild boars, evolutionary origin between wild boars and domesticated pigs, and development and utilization of wild boars aimed to provide further insight into wild boar＇s genetic research and its resource protection.

Conflict between wild boars(Sus scrofa) and farmers:distribution, impacts,and suggestions for management of wild boars in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Economic losses caused by wild boars(Sus scrofa)continue to increase in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.We selected 206 farmers in Wuqiaohe Basin as survey respondents using random stratified sampling.The distribution and impacts of wild boars were examined using a questionnaire survey and spatial analysis.The results showed that:(1)The density of farmer settlements is low and most peasants’households are located on the forest edge.Due to large-scale labor migration,a high proportion of farmland(25.85%)has been abandoned and an even higher proportion of farmland(40.48%)has been returned to forest.(2)The probability of wild boar damage to peasant households was 67.96%.Yields of corn and sweet potato decreased by 24.87%and 28.24%,respectively,with a total economic loss of approximately 2,590,100 RMB/yr in the Wuqiaohe basin.Sixty-five percent of the affected cultivatedlands were located within approximately 150 m of the forest edges.(3)The wild boar damage coefficient was significantly and negatively correlated with the distance between the peasants’household and the forest edge,the density of the settlements,and the area of cultivated land.The wild boar damage coefficient shows a significant positive correlation with the area of farmland returned to forest.(4)The damage activity caused by wild boars began to occur7-8 years ago,and the destruction has been more frequently and seriously observed in the last 4-5 years.(5)We make suggestions for wild boar control and management measures including developing a compensation policy.The compensation standard is related to the land area returning from farmland to forests and the actual cultivated land area.

Serologic and molecular survey for major viral pathogens in grazing hybrid wild boars in Northeast China

Hybrid wild boar husbandry is an important component of livestock production in Northeast China.However,the current disease situation of these animals is largely unknown due to a lack of disease surveillance.The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of several important viral diseases in the hybrid wild boar population of Northeast China.Between September 2015 to December 2016,169 blood and 61 tissue samples were collected from apparently healthy hybrid wild boars from farms in Jilin,Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang provinces.ELISA detected serum antibodies against classical swine fever virus(CSFV),porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),pseudorabies virus(PRV),porcine circovirus type 2(PCV2)and Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV),but not against African swine fever virus(ASFV),with PCV2 having the highest seropositive rate(87.2–100%in different farms).RT-PCR or PCR performed on the processed samples detected only PCV2,with 33.1%(56/169)of blood samples and 32.8%(20/61)of spleen samples being positive,respectively,indicating widespread PCV2 infection in hybrid wild boars.Phylogenetic analysis of 15 PCV2 ORF2 sequences showed that they belong to genotypes PCV2a,PCV2b and PCV2d,with nucleotide and deduced amino acid homologies of 88.5–100%and 88.1–100%,respectively.

Epizootiological surveillance of porcine circoviruses in free-ranging wild boars in China

Four species of porcine circoviruses(PCV1–4)have been reported to circulate in Chinese domestic pigs,while the epizootiology of these viruses in free-ranging wild boars in China remains unknown.In this study,tissue and serum samples collected from diseased or apparently healthy wild boars between 2018 and 2020 in 19 regions of China were tested for the prevalence of PCV1–4 infections.Positive rates of PCV1,PCV2,and PCV3 DNA in the tissue samples of Chinese wild boars were 1.6%(4/247),58.3%(144/247),and 10.9%(27/247)respectively,with none positive for PCV4.Sequence analysis of viral genome showed that the four PCV1 strains distributed in Hunan and Inner Mongolia shared 97.5%–99.6%sequence identity with global distributed reference strains.Comparison of the ORF2 gene sequences showed that 80 PCV2 strains widely distributed in 18 regions shared 79.5%–100%sequence identity with reference strains from domestic pigs and wild boars,and were grouped into PCV2a(7),PCV2b(31)and PCV2d(42).For PCV3,17 sequenced strains shared 97.2%–100%nucleotide identity at the genomic level and could be divided into PCV3a(3),PCV3b(2)and PCV3c(12)based on the phylogeny of ORF2 gene sequences.Serological data revealed antibody positive rates against PCV1 and PCV2 of 11.4%(19/167)and 53.9%(90/167)respectively.The data obtained in this study improved our understanding about the epidemiological situations of PCVs infection in free-ranging wild boars in China and will be valuable for the prevention and control of diseases caused by PCVs infection.

Snapshot of Structural Variations in the Tibetan Wild Boar Genome at Single-Nucleotide Resolution

Genomic structural variations （SVs）, particularly insertions, deletions and inversions, can contribute to the heterogeneity of millions of nucleotides within a genome, and are likely to make an important contribution to biological diversity and phenotypic variation （Alkan et al., 2011; Bickhart and Liu, 2014）. With the rapid development of the next-generation sequencing technologies and the new assembly methodolo- gies, the multiple de novo assemblies of genomes within a species allow researchers to explore more detailed SV maps （Li et al., 2011）. Compared with the traditional read depth algorithm using the whole-genome resequencing approach and array-based technologies （Baker, 2012; Wang et al., 2012;

It is time to mate: population-level plasticity of wild boar reproductive timing and synchrony in a changing environment

On a population level,individual plasticity in reproductive phenology can provoke either anticipations or delays in the average reproductive timing in response to environmental changes.However,a rigid reliance on photoperiodism can constraint such plastic responses in populations inhabiting temperate latitudes.The regulation of breeding season length may represent a further tool for populations facing changing environments.Nonetheless,this skill was reported only for equatorial,nonphotoperiodic populations.Our goal was to evaluate whether species living in temperate regions and relying on photoperiodism to trigger their reproduction may also be able to regulate breeding season length.During 10 years,we collected 2,500 female reproductive traits of a mammal model species(wild boar Sus scrofa)and applied a novel analytical approach to reproductive patterns in order to observe population-level variations of reproductive timing and synchrony under different weather and resources availability conditions.Under favorable conditions,breeding seasons were anticipated and population synchrony increased(i.e.,shorter breeding seasons).Conversely,poor conditions induced delayed and less synchronous(i.e.,longer)breeding seasons.The potential to regulate breeding season length depending on environmental conditions may entail a high resilience of the population reproductive patterns against environmental changes,as highlighted by the fact that almost all mature females were reproductive every year.

The Wild Boar Head Motif among the Paintings in Cave 420 at Dunhuang

This paper focuses on the representation of textile decorations that embellish the garments of Buddha and bodhisattvas in Mogao cave 420.The decorations on the robe of Buddha deserve special attention since they include also isolated wild boar heads within pearl roundel frames.The wild boar head was particularly popular among Buddhists and there is no reason to make any association between this motif and Zoroastrian deities.It could have been just a symbol of kingship that was particularly appreciated by high classes in Central Asia such as in western China and Persia.

Preliminary attempt to distinguish the domesticated pigs from wild boars by the methods of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis

Despite great achievements in the origins of domestic pigs made by the methods of zooarchaeology and molecular biology,how to scientifically distinguish the domesticated pigs from wild boars during the early stage of pig domestication is still poorly understood.Compared to wild boar's diets which come from the natural environment,the diets of domestic pigs are more easily influenced by human feeding activities.Therefore,in principle,exploration of the dietary differences among pigs and understanding the impact on pig diets fed by humans can have great potential to differentiate between wild boars and domesticated pigs.To reveal dietary differences among pigs and distinguish the domesticated pigs from wild boars based on comparison with the diets of humans and other animals,we analyzed the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of human bones from Xiaojingshan Site and animal bones from Yuezhuang Site,both of which belong to Houli Culture in Shandong Province and date to about 8500―7500 years ago.The mean δ 13C value((-17.8 ± 0.3)‰) and δ 15N value((9.0±0.6)‰) in human collagen indicate that although millet agriculture began it was not the main subsistence strategy as millets are typical of C4 plants and that humans made a living mainly by gathering,hunting or raising some domesticated animals.The δ 13C value(-16.1‰) and δ 15N value(6.9‰) in the bovine suggest that C3 plants were dominant in its diet with some C4 plants complemented.The fish has lower δ 13C value(-24.9‰) and higher δ 15N value(8.8‰) than the bovine,which is the characteristic of the isotopic values from Eurasian freshwater fish.Based on the differences in carbon and nitrogen isotope values,the pigs can be divided into three groups.A group,composed of two pigs,has low δ 13C values(-18.1‰,-20.0‰) and low δ 15N values(4.7‰,6.0‰).B group,only one pig,has the highest δ 13C value(-10.6‰) and mediate δ 15N value(6.4‰).As for the C group,also only one pig,low δ 13C value(-19.0‰) and the highest δ 15N value(9.1‰) are observed.Previous studies on the stable isotopes from modern or ancient wild boars' bones have suggested that C3 plants are predominated in their diets and that their δ 15N values are close to those in herbivores and far from those in carnivores.Based on the comparison with the isotope values from humans,the wild boars and the domestic pigs from Xipo Site in Henan 6000―5500 years ago and Kangjia Site in Shaanxi 4500―4000 years ago,we conclude that A pig group belongs to wild boars while B and C groups can be attributed to domesticated pigs.

小兴安岭南麓野猪春冬季行为状态的生境选择

野猪(Sus scrofa)造成的人兽冲突是我国目前野生动物管理中急需解决的问题之一,但往往管理成本高,却效果甚微。了解野猪觅食、卧息等重要行为状态的生境选择规律,对科学管理策略的制定及避免人兽冲突极为重要。以小兴安岭南坡农林混交区域的野猪(5只雌性,8只雄性)为研究对象,基于其2019—2022年春冬季卫星定位项圈追踪数据,运用隐马尔科夫模型(HMM)识别野猪觅食、卧息和移动的三种行为状态,然后用步选择函数(SSF)研究这三种行为状态的生境选择。结果表明:野猪觅食、卧息和移动的生境需求不同,但均回避落叶针叶林,且性别差异明显,雌性野猪回避农田;地形是影响雌性野猪春季和雌雄野猪冬季三种行为状态生境选择的主要因子,地形和植被类型是影响雄性野猪春季三种行为状态生境选择的主要因子;雌性野猪,在春季,选择海拔高、坡度小的生境卧息、觅食及移动,且卧息和觅食均偏爱阴坡,冬季则选择海拔高,坡度大的阳坡卧息及觅食,偏爱在混交林和阳坡移动;雄性野猪,在春季,选择在混交林和坡度大的阴坡卧息,在混交林、落叶阔叶林和海拔低的区域觅食,在落叶阔叶林、常绿阔叶林内、海拔低、坡度小和距河流近的区域移动,在冬季,选择坡度大、海拔高、接近河流的阳坡卧息,在距河流近、坡度小的区域觅食,在常绿阔叶林、坡度小和距河流近的阳坡移动。本研究结果可为该区域的野猪毁田的预测和预警,捕获地点的选择等管控措施的制定提供依据和新思路。

2021—2022年南京市野猪中8种病毒感染情况及PCV2全基因组遗传进化分析

野猪是多种重要动物疫病的天然宿主,为了解2021—2022年期间南京市野猪疫病感染情况、基因型及遗传变异特征,为野猪疫病的防控提供科学依据,在江苏省南京市共采集30头野猪的76份样品,其中30份全血样品、30份血清样品、6份粪便样品和10份组织样品(心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏组织的混合样品)用于开展猪瘟病毒(CSFV)、非洲猪瘟病毒(ASFV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)、口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)、猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)和猪圆环病毒3型(PCV3)的病毒核酸及抗体检测。不同样品PCR检测结果显示,30头野猪中有12头PCV3阳性,阳性率为40%;PCV2阳性率为6.7%;其余病原核酸检测均为阴性。在PCV2检测阳性的野猪样品中成功获得2条PCV2全基因组序列,且均属于PCV2d基因亚型。血清抗体检测结果显示,野猪PCV3、PCV2、PRV gB、PRRSV、PEDV和FMDV A型抗体阳性率分别为53%、30%、30%、3.3%、3.3%和6.7%;所有野猪CSFV、ASFV、PRV gE抗体和FMDV O型抗体检测均为阴性。本研究揭示了南京市野猪携带或感染过多种重要病毒,需持续对野猪进行疫病监测,并研究野猪与家猪间的疾病传播规律。

浙江省龙游县野猪种群密度和活动节律研究

【目的】目前区域野猪Sus scrofa科学防控的难点在于难以达到精细化防控的水平,特别是以县域为基础的行政单元防控策略制定时,大多缺乏案例和实践经验,亟待从理论、实践到方法应用的示范性监测和评估。【方法】2021年1月至2023年8月,在浙江省龙游县境内,以红外相机获取的1308张野猪独立有效照片为材料,采用随机相遇模型对野猪种群密度进行估算,并基于核密度估计法分析野猪种群在当地的活动节律。【结果】龙游县野猪种群的密度为0.957~1.291头·km^(−2);结合适宜栖息地面积推算,县内野猪的总数量为417~563头,分布规律整体呈现南部山区>北部山区>中部地区。在栖息地选择上,野猪种群喜好在针叶林(物种相对多度指数I_(RA)=38.45%)、针阔混交林生境(I_(RA)=24.39%),以及当地1100~1300 m的中高海拔区间段(I_(RA)=57.25%)活动。春冬季日活动节律基本相似,呈现单峰型;夏季日活动节律呈双峰型,主要峰值出现在日出日落前后;秋季日活动节律无明显起伏;四季均在17:00呈现较大的种群密度。种群在海拔梯度上存在极显著的季节性迁移行为(P<0.01)。【结论】龙游县野猪分布具有明显的空间异质性,同时活动节律受海拔、季节等因素的影响。本研究结论将为龙游县野猪防控政策的提出和制定提供科学依据,并为县域野猪密度的估计和活动节律研究提供参考案例。

浙江丘陵林业生产区野猪的分布状况及其影响因素

野猪(Sus scrofa)是一种分布极为广泛的物种,目前浙江丘陵林业生产区内野猪与人冲突愈加剧烈,但对本地区野猪分布的情况研究甚少。为了解林业生产同野猪分布之间的关系,本研究以浙江西部丘陵地区的常山县(109900 hm^(2))为研究区域,利用红外相机调查了2022年林业作物非收获季(1—8月及12月)和收获季(9—11月)野猪的数量和分布情况。通过50个有效相机点位,在共计12738个有效相机工作日中,获得了15634张独立有效照片,并利用物种关联尺度、核密度估计法和负二项回归模型分析了同域其他动物、人类活动及环境条件对野猪的分布和活动规律的影响。结果表明:林业作物非收获季到收获季,野猪分布频度由0.26上升至0.55,野猪与其他物种的分布重叠区域减少,有6种中小型兽类和鸟类在调查区域内的分布频度减小。相比于非收获季,野猪在收获季12:00—17:00的活动频率减少,19:00—24:00的活动频率增加。负二项回归模型分析表明,影响野猪分布差异的环境因素主要包括灌丛盖度、坡度、距公路距离3个因素。本研究结果表明,浙江丘陵林业生产区内中野猪的分布主要受林业生产活动的显著影响,该结果为研究野猪栖息地选择及制定野猪相关管理办法提供理论依据。

马边大风顶国家级自然保护区人兽冲突现状调查

全球范围内,人兽冲突现已经成为保护生物学家亟需解决的重大挑战。为了解马边大风顶自然保护区周边社区人兽冲突现状,以提出科学的缓解人兽冲突方案,本研究于2024年1月在与保护区接壤的梅林、白家湾、高卓营和永红四个乡镇通过问卷调查与实地走访对其人兽冲突情况展开调查。结果显示:(1)受访的4个乡镇11个村庄共386户农户中有281户遭遇过人兽冲突,人兽冲突发生率为73%,事件主要发生在保护区周边8 km范围以内。(2)冲突类型主要包括破坏庄稼(90.36%)、掠食牲畜(25.36%)和攻击人类(1.07%)。破坏庄稼的兽类有藏酋猴(Macaca thibetana)、野猪(Sus scrofa)和猪獾(Arctonyx collaris);掠食牲畜的兽类有豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)、黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)、藏酋猴、野猪。(3)受访村共253户农户有农作物损失的情况,损失面积占种植总面积的25.56%,有17户获得赔偿;70户农户有家畜被捕食的情况,有1户获得赔偿;攻击人类事件发生过3起,受害者未获得任何赔偿。(4)年龄、文化程度、收入来源以及财产损失情况是影响农户对野生动物保护态度的关键因素。上述结果为保护区制定科学有效的管理政策提供科学依据,对促进当地人与野生动物和谐相处,保护生物多样性和生态环境具有重要意义。

应用红外相机技术研究秦岭观音山自然保护区内野猪的行为和丰富度

2009年7月,在陕西观音山自然保护区凉风垭小区域(中高海拔)和西沟小区域(低海拔)安装18台红外相机,2009年8月至2013年4月共收集野猪照片1 195张。定义9种野猪行为,分别为站立、走动、跑动、采食、饮水、修饰、发情、拱土、坐着休息,并逐一比对照片中野猪的行为,统计各种行为所占的比例;引入月相对丰富度和时间段相对丰富度两个指数分别研究野猪的年活动规律和日活动规律;利用一个种群估测模型探讨野猪密度的年际变化。结果表明:(1)春季野猪以走动、采食和站立为主,分别占总行为次数的36%、25.6%和17.4%;夏季野猪以走动、站立、采食和跑动为主,分别占总行为次数的35.7%、23.6%、17%和16.5%;秋季野猪以采食、走动和发情为主,分别占总行为次数的50.3%、19.3%和17.8%;冬季野猪以采食、走动和站立为主,分别占总行为次数的53.7%、26.7%和11.9%。(2)野猪在8月、9月和12月活动较为频繁;全年日活动高峰出现在午后14:00-16:00,低谷出现在22:00-04:00,四季活动规律不同。(3)2009-2012年野猪密度呈逐年上升趋势。这些研究结果有助于了解野猪的行为活动和种群动态,并采取针对性的措施对野猪进行有效管理。

冬季清凉峰山区小麂和野猪的生境选择及差异

从2005年11月5日至2006年1月21日,为了评估小麂和野猪的生境选择及其差异,我们在浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区核心区共设置了248个样方群。研究发现,两者都选择平缓坡的灌丛植被、草本密度小、离住宅较近和离隐蔽物距离适中的生境,表现了它们的生境选择有一定的重叠性。但是它们也表现出生境选择的一些差异,小麂选择乔木密度适中、灌丛密度大和郁闭度适中的生境,而野猪选择乔木密度小的生境,随机地使用各类灌丛密度和郁闭度的生境。小麂还选择北坡、离水源距离较远的生境,野猪只是随机地使用不同的坡向和离水源距离的生境。分析两者共存的机制,我们发现小麂采取隐藏策略而野猪采取逃跑策略来避敌和利用资源,即它们之间存在与反捕食策略相关的生境选择差异。

东北亚地区野猪种群mtDNA遗传结构及系统地理发生

研究测定了中国东北、华北及四川西部72个野猪(Susscrofa)个体线粒体控制区全序列,并结合GenBank报道的日本野猪(S.s.leucomystax)、琉球野猪(S.s.riukiuanus)72个同源区序列,分析了东北亚地区野猪线粒体DNA的变异及系统地理格局。在东北亚地区野猪的线粒体控制区共发现42个变异位点,均为转换,共定义了34个单元型。单元型之间的系统发生分析表明,东北亚地区野猪来自同一祖先。东北亚地区野猪现生种群具有显著的种群遗传结构,其中日本野猪与分布于中国东北地区的东北野猪之间亲缘关系较近;而琉球野猪则与华北野猪间亲缘关系较近,与日本野猪和东北野猪间的关系相对较远。嵌套进化枝系统地理分析(Nestedcladephylogeographicalanalysis,NCPA)表明:东北亚地区野猪由同一祖先经过长距离的迁徙而形成现生各种群(或亚种);琉球野猪应起源于大陆野猪,其种群演化可能经历了片断化事件;华北野猪呈现南部种群遗传多样性高的特点。

小兴安岭南坡野猪家域分析

采用笼式活捕野猪,利用无线电遥测技术、R2V、Arcview和SPSS软件技术,于2004年7月15日至2006年1月19日,对小兴安岭南坡野猪家域进行测定、计算和分析,以了解该地区野猪的家域变化规律。研究结果表明:季节变化影响野猪家域面积,在春、秋季,野猪的家域面积显著大于冬季,而春、夏季间无显著差异;不同性别及年龄野猪家域大小也不同,成体雄性秋季发情期和亚成体春季分窝期家域面积显著增加;在冬、春季家族群野猪的家域面积显著大于独体野猪家域面积,说明家族群对家域面积有影响;亚成体家域大小主要受家族群家域的影响,家族群野猪面积大,相应地家族野猪中亚成体家域面积也大。

海南大田自然保护区野猪的生境选择

对海南大田自然保护区内野猪(Sus scrofa)的生境选择进行了研究。结果表明,野猪偏好选择低平地热带草原和灌丛草地,通常选择草本植物高、草本生物量大、草本覆盖度高、灌木矮小、1m以下当年枝比例高、隐蔽程度相对较低、接近水源的地点作为取食地,而选择灌木高大且密度高、灌木覆盖度高、草本植物高、隐蔽程度好、接近水源和远离人为干扰的地点作为卧息地。在雨季,野猪卧息地的灌木覆盖度和隐蔽度均比旱季高,而取食地的草本生物量也比旱季高。主成分分析表明,取食地第Ⅰ主成分的贡献率达35.51%,其中绝对值较大的有乔木密度、灌木高度、灌木覆盖度、1m以下当年枝比例、草本覆盖度和隐蔽级;卧息地第Ⅰ主成分的贡献率为39.57%,其中绝对值较大的出现在灌木高度、灌木覆盖度、1m以下当年枝比例、草本高度、草本覆盖度、草本生物量、距水源距离和隐蔽级。