Diversity of Wild Mushrooms in Nagaland, India

The Indian sub-continent is blessed with favorable agro climatic conditions that are suitable to a varied range of fungal species. Though the occurrence of mushrooms is of diverse nature, they are not well studied and documented. Northeastern region of India is one of the biodiversity hotspots. Nagaland is one of the Northeastern states of India. The people of the state highly covet mushrooms and have been a delicacy since time immemorial. The present study documents the macro fungal diversity in various districts of the state. A total of 87 species of wild mushrooms were collected and identified. They are parasitic, saprophytic and ecto-mycorrhizal in habitat. The highest numbers of mushroom species were collected during May–September from the study areas. Of the collected mushrooms, 37 species were identified as edible, 21 species medicinal, 5 poisonous and 37 inedible/unclassified.

Morphological Characteristics and Nutritional Values of Wild Types of Sago Mushrooms (<i>Volvariella</i>sp.) That Growth Naturally in Manokwari, West Papua

Sago mushrooms (SMs) are an edible fungus that is favorite food for community in Papua and West Papua, Indonesia in particular. This work aims to determine the morphological characteristics and nutritional value of SMs growing naturally in Manokwari. Morphological characteristic of SMs that grows wild in Manokwari has an average of pileus diameter 9.53 cm, pileus weight 21.53 grams, and pileus color. The pileus color is divided into three colors: outer circle color is RHS163D, middle circle color is RHS199B, and inner circle color is RHS199A. Average of stipe diameter, length, and weight is 1.00 cm, 10.43 cm, and 9.15 gram respectively. Stipe is a yellowish white color (RHS155B). SMs nutrient content that grows naturally in Manokwari is potassium 1394.02 milli-grams and calcium 13.37 milligrams per 1000 grams fresh weight. The others nutrient contents of SMs that are measured are fat 1.01 grams, protein 1.30 grams, carbohydrates 0.18 grams, phosphorus 0.34 milligrams, and energy 15.01 kilocalories per 100 grams of fresh weight.

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定野生菌中的15种蘑菇毒素

目的基于线性离子阱质谱的多重反应监测-信息依赖采集-增强子离子扫描(multiple reaction monitoring-information dependent acquisition-enhanced product ion scan,MRM-IDA-EPI)二级谱图筛查方法,建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)定量检测和定性筛查野生菌中15种蘑菇毒素。方法野生菌样本通过甲酸-甲醇-水-乙腈(1:40:40:19,V:V:V:V)混合溶液超声提取,QuEChERS试剂提取净化,采用UPLC-MS/MS和MRM-IDA-EPI方法对15种蘑菇毒素进行定量分析和定性筛查。结果通过野生菌样本前处理方法和色谱条件优化,对15种蘑菇毒素进行0.04、0.10和0.40 mg/kg三水平加标回收实验,方法准确度为76.6%~109.2%,精密度为0.3%~7.6%;15种蘑菇毒素的线性范围为10~1000μg/L,线性相关系数(r)在0.9980~0.9994之间;其中α-鹅膏毒肽、β-鹅膏毒肽、γ-鹅膏毒肽、光盖伞素和鹅膏蕈氨酸的方法检出限(limits of detection,LODs)和定量限(limits of quantification,LOQs)分别为10μg/kg和30μg/kg,二羟鬼笔毒肽、羧基二羟鬼笔毒肽、羧基三羟鬼笔毒肽、毒蝇碱、蝇蕈醇、甲基裸盖菇素、鹿花菌素、脱磷酸裸盖菇素、奥来毒素和鬼伞菌素的LODs和LOQs分别为20μg/kg和60μg/kg,采用QuEChERS前处理方法对野生菌样本进行处理,样本基质效应系数K值在0.91~1.08之间。结论所建立的野生菌样本前处理方法对15种蘑菇毒素的定量测定无基质干扰,15种蘑菇毒素的UPLC-MS/MS和MRM-IDA-EPI分析方法结果准确、重现性好、灵敏度高,该方法适用于有毒野生菌引起的食源性中毒定量分析和定性筛查。

基于集中度和圆形分布法的保山市野生菌中毒事件的季节性特征分析

目的:分析2014—2023年云南省保山市野生菌中毒事件的季节性分布特征,为制订保山市野生菌中毒防控策略提供科学依据。方法:通过国家食源性疾病监测报告系统收集2014—2023年保山市野生菌中毒事件发生数据,运用集中度和圆形分布法进行描述性流行病学分析。结果:2014—2023年保山市共上报野生菌中毒事件304起,发病1 080人,死亡14人;集中度M值为0.827,说明保山市野生菌中毒事件发生存在明显的季节性;保山市野生菌中毒事件发生高峰在7月12日,流行期为6月6日至8月17日;集中度和圆形分布法分析结果高度一致(R^(2)=0.996 6)。结论:2014—2023年保山市野生菌中毒事件发生具有明显的季节性,建议在流行期来临前落实野生菌中毒防控措施,保障人们身体健康。

基于紧凑型双线性网络的野生菌识别方法研究

野生菌因味道鲜美、营养价值高而受到人们的青睐。近年来因食用野生菌而导致中毒死亡的事件频发,因此采用深度学习来对野生菌进行识别与鉴定。为解决该问题,从细粒度角度出发,提出一种改进的高效紧凑型双线性卷积神经网络(Efficient Compact Bilinear Convolutional Neural Network, Efficient-CBCNN)。采用双线性网络框架,移除EfficientNetV2模型的分类层,作为双线性网络的分支,提取特征;引入性能更好的高效多尺度注意力(Efficient Multi-scale Attention, EMA)机制改进EfficientNetV2,在保持性能的同时计算量更小;对分支EfficientNetV2结构进行精简,降低结构的复杂度和计算开销;接入紧凑双线性池化(Compact Bilinear Pooling, CBP)对2个分支输出的特征进行池化操作,捕捉2个特征图之间的高阶交互信息,增强特征的表达能力;连接自定义的全连接层进行分类。实验结果表明,Efficient-CBCNN模型识别准确率得到较大提升,取得98.49%的准确率,相较于VGG16、ResNet50、ShufflenetV2、BCNN(原始)四种模型,所提模型在准确率上分别提升了10.17%、6.19%、12.82%、5.33%,且参数量较BCNN(原始)更少,训练速度更快。

云南省勐腊县2020—2022年食用野生蘑菇中毒事件分析

目的了解云南省勐腊县食用野生蘑菇中毒事件的流行病学特征,为制定有效的预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法对勐腊县2020—2022年“食源性疾病暴发报告系统”上报的食用野生蘑菇中毒事件进行描述分析。结果勐腊县共报告野生蘑菇中毒事件18起,中毒人数61例,死亡0例;5—8月为报告中毒起数和人数的高峰,分别占总数的83.33%和83.61%。农村食用野生蘑菇中毒的危害更严重,事件构成比为77.78%,中毒人数占81.97%。农村家庭是食用野生蘑菇中毒的高发场所,事件报告数占总报告数的77.78%。食用野生蘑菇中毒事件中只有31.15%的中毒患者采取过自救措施,中毒发病后到就医的间隔时间中位数为2小时。结论自行采摘和加工不当是野生蘑菇中毒的主要因素;高发季节前应结合新形势下的防控策略和措施提前预警,针对高发地区和场所应加强监测和科普宣教。

食用菌中砷、汞富集特征与吸收机制研究进展

食用菌包括人工菌和野生菌,极易从土壤中吸收并富集重(类)金属。汞(Hg)、砷(As)是土壤中典型高毒性重(类)金属元素,易被食用菌吸收,并通过食物链传递、富集,最终进入人体,具有潜在食品安全风险。食用菌(特别是野生菌)中As、Hg富集特征及潜在风险已引起广泛关注,但目前关于食用菌As、Hg污染特征及其吸收机制的系统性综述较少。据此,本文对食用菌(人工菌和野生菌)中As、Hg含量与分布特征(菌盖、菌柄)进行综述,重点阐述食用菌对As、Hg的富集能力、转运能力及吸收方式(细胞表面被动吸附、细胞内主动吸收),可为对比分析人工菌和野生菌对As、Hg吸收、富集、分配差异提供基础信息,并为深入研究食用菌吸收富集重金属的过程机制提供理论依据,对食用菌重金属风险阻控和保障食用菌食品安全具有一定的现实意义。

Comparison of Protein and Amino Acids in the Extracts of Two Edible Mushroom, <i>Pleurotus sajor-caju</i>and <i>Schizophyllum commune</i>

This study was undertaken to determine total protein (%) and profiles of amino acid and made comparison between the aqueous and organic solvent extracted mushroom. Extraction was made from two edible, Pleurotus sajor-caju (commercial) and Schizophyllum commune (wild) types of mushrooms. Four types of solvents were used for the extraction include 100% aqueous, 50% ethanol, 50% methanol and 50% acetone. True protein of mushroom extract was analyzed with colorimetric Lowry method and amino acids were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). The range of 1.06% to 3.43% and 1.30% to 2.17% total protein value were obtained in the extracts of P. sajor-caju and S. commune respectively, while the highest total protein of 3.43% was determined in aqueous extracted P. sajor-caju mushroom. The amount of total amino acids of S. commune and P. sajor-caju were in the range of 308.65 mg/g to 443.84 mg/g and 172.52 mg/g to 400.76 mg/g, respectively. The highest content of 443.84 mg/g total amino acids and 77.08 mg/g of essential amino acids were obtained in the aqueous extracted Schizophyllum commune. On the other hand the total content of essential amino acids (EAA). Essential amino acid of both mushrooms was dominated by leucine along with threonine and alanine, but the highest contents were determined from the extract of Schizophyllum commune. Aqueous extraction was effective in both types of mushroom for the protein components as well essential amino acids compared to other organic solvents that were used in extraction process in this study.

甘南州野生羊肚菌菌种分离及母种培养基筛选试验

以采自甘南州境内(舟曲县、临潭县、迭部县)的野生羊肚菌子实体为试材,采用组织分离方法,研究了5种培养基配方对羊肚菌菌丝生长情况(萌发时间、生长速度、菌丝长势)的影响,并结合不同培养基菌丝在显微镜下的表现,筛选出适宜野生羊肚菌生长的最佳培养基,同时通过出菇试验,初步筛选出优良菌株,以期为甘南州食用菌种业自主创新提供坚实的种质基础和种源支撑。结果表明:PDA培养基为羊肚菌菌丝生长的适宜培养基,菌丝生长速度快,菌丝浓密,菌核形成早,在显微镜下菌丝呈树状,有分支。出菇试验结果显示,ZD和LB为优良菌株,可以进一步进行试验。

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定野生羊肚菌中的硒,铁,锌,锰,钙,铅

通过微波消解仪对甘肃舟曲野生羊肚菌样品进行消解,利用石墨炉原子吸收法对其中的硒、铁、锌、锰、钙、铅元素含量进行测定及分析。以磷酸二氢钾和酒石酸为混合基体改进剂,测定结果表明,野生羊肚菌中的Fe、Zn、Ca含量相对较高,分别为10.4582,8.0132,2.2230 mg/kg,Mn、Pb、Se含量相对较低,分别为0.7861,0.2783,0.1324 mg/kg,且Mn和Pb含量符合国家标准要求。该实验RSD(n=7)在0.5031%~3.6739%;加标回收率在97.02%~103.85%,此法稳定性好、准确度较高、精密度良好且高效便捷。

相同提取条件下野生大球盖菇羊肚菌马鞍菌多糖含量的比较研究

大球盖菇、羊肚菌、马鞍菌均为营养价值极高的野生食用菌,其食用菌多糖具有提高免疫力、降血糖、抗癌等功效,采用索氏提取去除脂肪,三氯乙酸去除蛋白,以蒸馏水作为对照,用苯酚硫酸法进行处理测吸光度,得到在相同条件下提取3种不同的菌种多糖时,大球盖菇的多糖含量最少,羊肚菌的多糖含量最高。

Comparative study of protein pattern changes and mineral composition in cultivated and newly domesticated wild Flammulina velutipes

A wild strain of Flammulina velutipes indigenous to Iran has been recently adapted for artificial cultivation,requiring nutritional information in order to improve its utilization as a medicinal-culinary mushroom.Thus,the current study aimed to evaluate protein profile of this domesticated wild F.velutipes strain over six different developmental stages,in comparison with a commercially cultivated strain of F.velutipes.Various macro-and microelements were also investigated in the mature sporomes cultivated in a lignocellulosic substrate composed of 40%wheat straw+40%sawdust+18%wheat bran+1%lime+1%gypsum.The lowest and highest amounts of protein were observed in primordia(33%of dry matter)and sporomes picked at the third or fifth day of harvesting(57%of dry matter),respectively(p≤0.05),followed by an obvious decrease in protein content at the late stages of harvesting(p≤0.05).Further SDS-PAGE analyses revealed that the protein molecular mass increased from less than 30 kDa in primordia to 235 kDa in mature sporomes.However,no significant difference in protein profiling was noticed between the wild and the reference strains of any given stage(p≥0.05).While nutritional elements such as K,P and Mg were found at 886.9,745.2,and 142.7 mg/100 g of dry weight,respectively,no heavy metals was found at levels higher than the provisional maximum tolerable intake in the sporomes.This study may be considered an initial step towards recognition of the wild F.velutipes as a non-toxic functional food,warranting further proteomics studies.

A Systematic Review of Biodiversity and Conservation of Indigenous Mushrooms(Basidiomycotina,Ascomycotina)of Central Africa Countryside:Uses,Distribution and Checklists

Significant socio-economic,spiritual,nutritional and medicinal needs of the countrysides in Central Africa region are obtainable from macrofungi.Conversely,anthropogenic activities and climate change have led to a reduction in the habitats of mushrooms which has led to some mushrooms becoming endangered.A dearth of information on the ecology,management and composition of mushrooms in Central Africa exists.Hence a review was systematically carried out on published mycological research outcomes from Central African countryside,to delineate the way forward.It was observed that the level of indigenous mycological knowledge was very high(>60%)in all the tribes.The highest number of edible mushrooms was from Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC)(377 species),followed by Cameroon(50 species).The dataset showed that 448 edible mushrooms have been identified based on citable publications and 27 tribes/localities evaluated.Additionally the dataset showed 116 author-identified mushrooms that inhabitants did not identify and use.The most popular edible mushrooms from 79 key edible mushrooms were Russula(9 spp.),Termitomyces(8),Cantharellus(8),Plerotus(5),Amanita(5),Marasmius,Lactarius and Lactifluus(4 spp.each).The topmost consumed species were Pleurotus tuber-regium(14 out of 27 localities),Auricularia cornea(13),Cantharellus congolensis(12),Marasmius bekolacongoli(12),Schizophyllum commune(11)and Cantharellus floridulus(11).Mushrooms for mythology uses:(Phallus indusiatus and Dictyophora sp.),Mythology+food:(Termitomyces robustus),Medicinal:(Daldinia concentrica,Ganoderma applanatum and Ganoderma lucidum),Medicinal+food:(Polyporus dictyopus,Schizophyllum commune and Termitomyces clypeatus)and Food+mythology+medicinal:(Termitomyces microcarpus and Termitomyces titanicus).Irrefutably,these previous ethnomycological and ecological studies have scarcely made a significant impact on fungi biodiversity.

Global perspectives on the ecological,cultural and socioeconomic relevance of wild edible fungi

Wild edible fungi(WEF),including mushrooms and truffles,comprise a natural source of nutritious and healthy food.The consumption of WEF began at least 18,700 years ago during the Stone Age.Current data from over 100 countries indicates the existence of more than 2,100 edible species,a figure that is continually growing,as vast regions and many cultures remain understudied.However,only around 30 species of WEF are grown commercially at a large-scale.WEF also play a key ecological role in the structure and functioning of natural ecosystems and have significantly contributed in shaping all life on the planet.Either as food,medicine or both,they are important for the survival,cultures,and economies of hundreds of ethnic groups around the globe.Over the last 15 years,there has been a noteworthy increase in the international trade of WEF,which is currently estimated at billions(USD)annually.In 2017,the WEF global trade,of either fresh or processed products,exceeded 1,230,000 tonnes.Due to their ecological,sociocultural and economic importance,the international WEF trade has a role to play in the post-pandemic recovery period.The main challenge of this period will be maintaining natural ecosystems while simultaneously improving human wellbeing.Critical elements of this challenge include ensuring food security,enhancing rural development,creating sustainable jobs,mitigating hunger,and slowing the loss of traditional knowledge generated over millennia.This review analyzes the ways in which sustainable use of WEF could contribute to achieving these goals.

A Comparative Study of Technological Impact on Mushroom Industry in Sri Lanka: A Review

The present status of technological implementation for mushroom industry in Sri Lanka is expressed along this paper. It has been comparatively discussed with entire Japanese mushroom industry. Sri Lanka is a developing country located in south Asia. Almost all the mushroom cultivators in the country are growing Pleurotus ostreatus, Calocybe indica and Volvariella volvacea. These species are most preferred because they are not difficult to cultivate using the low cost cultivation method being practiced in the country. Mushroom cultivators are selling their product at prices ranging from LKR 240 (1.47) to LKR 430 (USD 2.63) per kg in 2017. Mushroom cultivation is not that popular in Sri Lanka. This may be, partly, attributed to lack of know-how, technological barrier and awareness on the economic, nutritive and medicinal benefits of cultivated mushrooms. Some of the major supermarkets do sell locally cultivated P. ostreatus and, Agaricus bisporus and Lentinula edodes mushrooms which are imported from the Republic of China and Thailand. At present, there are few private and government institutions which produce spawn and offer knowledge to the farmers. Their programs have been mainly focused on mushroom cultivation as a woman’s household business;but the industry should be developed towards large scale commercial mushroom cultivation as well. This study is focused on main steps of mushroom production with some discussion and suggestion for increase production efficiency through technological advancement.

The coral mushrooms Ramaria and Clavaria

The need to improve the quality life together with the increase in the frequency of threating diseases direct the attention of many scientists to look for potential foods as a source of nutritional and therapeutical agents.Since ancient times,several mushrooms have been reported as a nutritious food with valuable medicinal properties.The genus Ramaria and Clavaria belonging to coral fungi are a group of edible mushrooms that are distributed all over the world.The studies on different species of Ramaria and Clavaria have revealed their medicinal potentials.This review aims to present the importance of genera Ramaria and Clavaria as both food and medicine,and they offer new insights to researchers to develop new drugs and nutraceuticals.

Maximizing Agricultural Residues: Nutritional Properties of Straw Mushroom on Maize Husk, Waste Cotton and Plantain Leaves

The straw mushroom, Volvariella volvacea (Bulliard ex Fries) Singer, (V. volvacea), a tropical and sub-tropical mushroom is an invaluable vegetable. Nutritional properties of straw mushrooms grown on plantain leaves, maize husk and waste cotton were investigated. Aim: The aim of this study was to recommend these agro-wastes for mushroom production by farmers instead of relying solely on seasonal wild hunting, and to promote consumption of the mushroom. Method: Ten percent (10%) of the mushrooms spawn was used to inoculate 500 g of each substrate in plastic baskets. Mushrooms were harvested after twenty days of incubation followed by proximate analysis of the fruiting bodies. Results: Results indicated that the fruiting bodies harvested from the substrates varied significantly (P Conclusion: These agro wastes are recommended for production of V. volvacea.

血液灌流治疗野生菌中毒的效果分析

目的:探讨血液灌流治疗野生菌中毒的效果。方法:选取2021年7月—2022年7月贵州航天医院收治的36例野生菌中毒患者作为研究对象,根据随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组,各18例。对照组给予对症支持治疗,观察组给予血液灌流治疗,比较两组凝血功能及肝功能指标。结果:治疗前,两组高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,观察组hs-CRP、TNF-α均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,观察组BUN、Cr水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。治疗前,两组丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,观察组ALT、AST水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。结论:血液灌流治疗野生菌中毒的效果显著,可改善患者凝血功能及肝功能。

一起云南不明原因猝死案件中4种野生菌的细胞毒性

目的探究一起云南不明原因猝死(Yunnan sudden unexplained death,YNSUD)案件中涉及的4种野生菌的细胞毒性,为YNSUD的防治提供实验依据。方法采集事件发生家庭食用过的4种野生菌,通过专家辨认和基因测序鉴定种属。运用超声波萃取法提取4种野生菌的生品浸膏干预HEK293细胞,然后用细胞计数试剂盒-8(Cell Counting Kit-8,CCK-8)筛选出有明显细胞毒性的野生菌。将筛选出的野生菌再分别制成生品、熬煮和熬煮后酶解3种浸膏,所得3种浸膏以不同浓度干预HEK293细胞,用CCK-8与乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)检测法联合检测细胞毒性,并用倒置相差显微镜观察细胞形态。结果4种野生菌分别为粉黄黄肉牛肝菌(Butyriboletus roseoflavus)、美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)、变绿红菇(Rus⁃sula virescens)和隐花青鹅膏(Amanita manginiana)。仅在隐花青鹅膏中发现细胞毒性,其生品浸膏在质量浓度为0.1 mg/mL时显示出细胞毒性,熬煮浸膏和熬煮后酶解浸膏分别在质量浓度为0.4 mg/mL和0.7 mg/mL时有明显细胞毒性。除数量明显减少外,隐花青鹅膏提取物干预后的HEK293细胞还表现出突触增多及折光性差等改变。结论该起YNSUD案件涉及的野生菌中,隐花青鹅膏的提取物具有明显细胞毒性,通过熬煮和酶解两种工艺可以降低其部分毒性,但不能完全灭毒,食用该菌具有一定的安全隐患,隐花青鹅膏可能是导致该起YNSUD案件的原因之一。

野生菌中毒防控研究进展

由于野生菌味道鲜美,营养丰富,逐渐走上人们餐桌。但野生菌种类丰富,食用菌与毒菌外形极其相似,导致我国每年都有误食毒菌中毒的事件发生,误食毒菌成为我国食物中毒事件中导致死亡的最主要原因。本文查阅国内外关于野生菌中毒相关文献并对其进行归纳梳理,从野生菌中毒现况及流行病学特点、野生菌相关知识知晓现况、对野生菌的态度及行为等方面进行综述,为减少野生菌中毒、科学防控等工作提供科学依据。