Parameterization Method of Wind Drift Factor Based on Deep Learning in the Oil Spill Model

Oil spill prediction is critical for reducing the detrimental impact of oil spills on marine ecosystems,and the wind strong-ly influences the performance of oil spill models.However,the wind drift factor is assumed to be constant or parameterized by linear regression and other methods in existing studies,which may limit the accuracy of the oil spill simulation.A parameterization method for wind drift factor(PMOWDF)based on deep learning,which can effectively extract the time-varying characteristics on a regional scale,is proposed in this paper.The method was adopted to forecast the oil spill in the East China Sea.The discrepancies between predicted positions and actual measurement locations of the drifters are obtained using seasonal statistical analysis.Results reveal that PMOWDF can improve the accuracy of oil spill simulation compared with the traditional method.Furthermore,the parameteriza-tion method is validated with satellite observations of the Sanchi oil spill in 2018.

A STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF FY-2E CLOUD DRIFT WIND HEIGHT REASSIGNMENT IN NUMERICAL FORECAST OF TYPHOON CHANTHU(1003) TRACK

In this paper, we first analyzed cloud drift wind(CDW) data distribution in the vertical direction, and then reassigned the height of every CDW in the research domain in terms of background information, and finally, conducted contrast numerical experiments of assimilating the CDW data before and after reassignment to examine the impacts on the forecast of the track of Typhoon Chanthu(1003) from 00:00(Coordinated Universal Time) 21 July to 00:00 UTC23 July, 2010. The analysis results of the CDW data indicate that the number of CDWs is mainly distributed in the midand upper-troposphere above 500 h Pa, with the maximum number at about 300 h Pa. The height reassigning method mentioned in this work may update the height effectively, and the CDW data are distributed reasonably and no obvious contradiction occurs in the horizontal direction after height reassignment. After assimilating the height-reassigned CDW data, especially the water vapor CDW data, the initial wind field around Typhoon Chanthu(1003) became more reasonable, and then the steering current leading the typhoon to move to the correct location became stronger. As a result, the numerical track predictions are improved.

Causes and typical control model of wind-drift sandy lands in abandoned channel of the Yellow River

The historical formation and development of the abandoned channel of the Yellow River is reviewed and its causes of formation and present condition of prevention and control are analyzed in this paper. Based on this analysis, some ideas about control, critical problems and countermeasures in the next period are proposed with two typical control models as examples. We suggest that in preventing and controlling the wind-drift sandy lands in the region, the emphasis should be to develop, with a greatly expanded effort, a recycling economy. This should realize a combination of two ideas, i.e. integrate combating desertification with a structural adjustment of agricultural and an increase in the income of farmers.

Numerical calculation of drift current in wind waves

-Drift current induced by wind and waves is investigated with phase-averaged Navier-Stokes equation in which the Reynolds stress is closed by k-ε model. The governing equations are solved by the finite volume method in a system of nonorthogonal coordinates which is fitted to the phase-averaged wave surface. The predicted drift current is fairly reasonable and the drag coefficient of sea-surface predicted with the newly developed interface conditions shows good agreement with previous measurements when breaking waves do not exist.

Mechanistic Drifting Forecast Model for A Small Semi-Submersible Drifter Under Tide–Wind–Wave Conditions

Understanding the drifting motion of a small semi-submersible drifter is of vital importance regarding monitoring surface currents and the floating pollutants in coastal regions. This work addresses this issue by establishing a mechanistic drifting forecast model based on kinetic analysis. Taking tide–wind–wave into consideration, the forecast model is validated against in situ drifting experiment in the Radial Sand Ridges. Model results show good performance with respect to the measured drifting features, characterized by migrating back and forth twice a day with daily downwind displacements. Trajectory models are used to evaluate the influence of the individual hydrodynamic forcing. The tidal current is the fundamental dynamic condition in the Radial Sand Ridges and has the greatest impact on the drifting distance. However, it loses its leading position in the field of the daily displacement of the used drifter. The simulations reveal that different hydrodynamic forces dominate the daily displacement of the used drifter at different wind scales. The wave-induced mass transport has the greatest influence on the daily displacement at Beaufort wind scale 5–6; while wind drag contributes mostly at wind scale 2–4.

海温异常对长江流域夏季典型旱涝的影响研究

为研究长江流域夏季旱涝特征及其与海温异常之间的关联性,基于中国326个气象站降水量、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,采用合成分析、EOF分解等方法,分析了长江流域夏季典型旱涝年的降水分布、同期大气环流及前期海温特征,并以2018年为例,初步揭示了2018年前期海温异常对大气环流的可能影响。结果表明:①长江流域夏季典型旱年,仅嘉陵江和岷沱江会表现出局部偏涝,全国为典型的Ⅰ类雨型,多雨区位于黄河流域及以北地区。前期冬季赤道太平洋表现出类拉尼娜的东冷西暖分布,同时黑潮区海温偏低,西风漂流区海温偏暖。受多海域协同作用,同期欧亚环流场上自西北向东南呈现出“+-+”三极型分布,东亚地区为自北向南“-+-”的EAP负位相。长江流域典型涝年,全国多为典型的Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类雨型,环流及海温呈现出相反特征。②2018年为典型的长江中下游偏旱年,仅在岷沱江降水偏多近3成,为历史第4多,与长江流域夏季降水的主模态正位相类似,解释方差达24%。③2018年前冬出现弱拉尼娜、春末夏初西风漂流区异常偏暖、NAT异常正位相,三者共同作用,使得东亚副热带西风急流偏北,东亚沿岸出现EAP负位相,大陆热低压明显偏强,东亚夏季风为1961年以来最强,同时副高脊线最北,造成夏季降水主雨带北推至华北、西北地区,岷沱江、嘉陵江异常多,而长江中下游异常少,为典型的Ⅰ类雨型。研究成果可为长江流域旱涝预测、水资源调度提供参考。

塔里木盆地西部图木舒克—昆玉沙漠公路沿线风沙环境特征

为了摸清在建图木舒克—昆玉沙漠公路沿线的风沙环境特征,根据沙漠公路沿线风沙要素特征有针对性地进行风沙防护工程实践,采用现场踏勘、结合ERA5风速数据以及卫星影像数据,对图木舒克—昆玉沙漠公路沿线风沙活动规律进行分析。结果表明:公路沿线年平均风速在3.03~3.28 m·s^(-1),年均起沙风速在5.85~6.10 m·s^(-1),年起沙风频率在16.87%~21.41%。起沙风集中处在春、夏季,4—8月是一年中起沙风频率最高的月份,公路沿线以偏东风(NE,ENE,E,ESE)为主,麻扎塔格山以南偏西起沙风频高于以北。沿线年输沙势(DP)在99.77~145.30 VU,属低风能环境,中变率。麻扎塔格山南北两侧沙丘体积、密度差异明显,沿线沙丘移动速率在1.19~3.69 m·a^(-1),为中等移动速度,沙丘移动速率与沙丘垂直投影面积大小存在明显的负相关关系,移动方向范围在171.76°~192.53°,与合成输沙方向(RDD)基本吻合。麻扎塔格山以北防沙体系的设计以东侧为主,以南则要东西兼顾。

2005-2020年鄱阳湖沙地输沙势特征分析

鄱阳湖沿岸风沙活动对经济发展和生态环境产生较大危害。探究环湖风沙环境和输沙势(DP)的时空变化,了解鄱阳湖沙地侵蚀规律,对鄱阳湖防沙的重点区域具有重要意义。基于2005—2020年鄱阳湖沿岸九江、庐山、星子、永修、都昌、鄱阳和南昌7个气象站点的风况数据,利用输沙势分析其沙地的风能环境特征。结果表明:1)2005—2020年鄱阳湖沿岸的起沙风速波动减小,起沙风风频冬季最高,夏季最低,风向偏北。2)研究区内DP年际变化整体呈下降趋势,季节差异性较大,春冬季大于夏秋季;空间异质性显著,呈北高南低,西高东低的空间格局,庐山和星子最大,鄱阳最小。庐山站处于中风能环境,其他6个站点属于低风能环境。DP的风向集中分布在N-NE,合成输沙方向指向偏西南。3)风向变率存在明显的区域差异现象,南昌和永修表现出较大变率的单峰状态,其他5地则较多处于中等变率的双峰状态。总体上,DP时空演变差异与沙地面积变化一致,合成输沙势与沙地面积同期增大或减小,高值区分布在沙地面积较大处。建议以鄱阳湖西北部、都昌、永修为沙化防治的重点区域。

Wind regime for long-ridge yardangs in the Qaidam Basin, Northwest China

Yardangs are typical aeolian erosion landforms,which are attracting more and more attention of geomorphologists and geologists for their various morphology and enigmatic formation mechanisms.In order to clarify the aeolian environments that influence the development of long-ridge yardangs in the northwestern Qaidam Basin of China,the present research investigated the winds by installing wind observation tower in the field.We found that the sand-driving winds mainly blow from the north-northwest,northwest and north,and occur the most frequent in summer,because the high temperature increases atmospheric instability and leads to downward momentum transfer and active local convection during these months.The annual drift potential and the ratio of resultant drift potential indicate that the study area pertains to a high-energy wind environment and a narrow unimodal wind regime.The wind energy decreases from northwest to southeast in the Qaidam Basin,with the northerly winds in the northwestern basin changing to more westerly in the southeastern basin.The strong and unidirectional wind regime for the long-ridge yardangs in the northwestern Qaidam Basin results from the combined effects of topographic obstacles such as the Altun Mountains and of the interaction between the air stream and the yardang bodies.Present study suggests that yardang evolution needs such strong and unidirectional winds in high-or intermediate-energy wind environments.This differs from sandy deserts or sandy lands,which usually develop at low-or intermediate-energy wind environments.Present study clarifies the wind regime corresponding to the long-ridge yardangs'development,and lays firm foundation to put forward the formation mechanisms for yardangs in the Qaidam Basin.

Thermodynamic Effects on Particle Movement:Wind Tunnel Simulation Results

Sand/dust storms are some of the main hazards in arid and semi-arid zones. These storms also influence global environmental changes. By field observations, empirical statistics, and numerical simulations, pioneer researchers on these natural events have concluded the existence of a positive relationship between thermodynamic effects and sand/dust storms. Thermodynamic effects induce an unsteady stratified atmosphere to influence the process of these storms. However, studies on the relationship of thermodynamic effects with particles (i.e., sand and dust) are limited. In this article, wind tunnel with heating was used to simulate the quantitative relationship between thermodynamic effects and particle movement on different surfaces. Compared with the cold state, the threshold wind velocity of particles is found to be significantly decrease under the hot state. The largest decrease percentage exceedes 9% on fine and coarse sand surfaces. The wind velocity also has a three-power function in the sand transport rate under the hot state with increased sand transport. Thermodynamic effects are stronger on loose surfaces and fine particles, but weaker on compacted surfaces and coarse particles.

Effects of wind input and wave dissipation formulations on the steady Ekman current solution

The effects of different wind input and wave dissipation formulations on the steady Ekman current solution are described. Two formulations are considered: one from the wave modeling(WAM) program proposed by Hasselmann and Komen and the other provided by Tsagareli and Babanin. The solution adopted for our study was presented by Song for the wave-modifi ed Ekman current model that included the Stokes drift, wind input, and wave dissipation with eddy viscosity increasing linearly with depth. Using the Combi spectrum with tail effects, the solutions are calculated using two formulations for wind input and wave dissipation, and compared. Differences in the results are not negligible. Furthermore, the solution presented by Song and Xu for the eddy viscosity formulated using the K-Profi le Parameterization scheme under wind input and wave dissipation given by Tsagareli and Babanin is compared with that obtained for a depth-dependent eddy viscosity. The solutions are further compared with the available well-known observational data. The result indicates that the Tsagareli and Babanin scheme is more suitable for use in the model when capillary waves are included, and the solution calculated using the K-Profi le Parameterization scheme agrees best with observations.

Impacts of Wave and Current on Drag Coefficient and Wind Stress over the Tropical and Northern Pacific

By taking into consideration the effects of ocean surface wave-induced Stokes drift velocity Uw and current velocity Uc on the drag coefficient,the spatial distributions of drag coefficient and wind stress in 2004 are computed over the tropical and northern Pacific using an empirical drag coefficient parameterization formula based on wave steepness and wind speed. The global ocean current field is generated from the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and the wave data are generated from Wave-watch Ⅲ (WW3). The spatial variability of the drag coefficient and wind stress is analyzed. Preliminary results indicate that the ocean surface Stokes drift velocity and current velocity exert an important influence on the wind stress. The results also show that consideration of the effects of the ocean surface Stokes drift velocity and current velocity on the wind stress can significantly im-prove the modeling of ocean circulation and air-sea interaction processes.

Comparison of Wind-Induced Displacement Characteristics of Buildings with Different Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Due to excessive displacements of tall buildings occasioned by lateral loads, lateral load resisting systems are usually provided to curtail the load effect. The resistance may be offered by Frame Action, Shear Walls, or combined Walls and Frames (also known as Dual System). In this study, finite element based software, ETABS, was used to generate and analyse three-dimensional building models for the assessment of the relative effectiveness of the various lateral load resisting systems. Three models were used, one each for the three resisting systems. Each model consisted of three samples representing three different building heights of 45 m, 75 m, and 99 m. Wind Design Spreadsheet complying with the appropriate British Standards was used to compute preliminary wind load coefficients using the wind speed values from the relevant wind isopleth map of Nigeria as primary data. Lateral wind load was then applied at floor levels of each of the building samples. Each building sample was subjected to three-dimensional analysis for the determination of both the lateral displacements of storey tops and interstorey drifts. The results of the work showed that the dual system was the most efficient lateral-load resisting system based on deflection criterion, as they yielded the least values for lateral displacements and inter-storey drifts. The moment frame was the least stiff of the resisting systems, yielding the highest values of both the lateral displacement and the inter-storey drift.

伞形风场式防飘喷雾装置沉积特性研究

为提高风送式喷雾机对果树冠层区域的雾滴沉积量,减少果树行间雾滴飘移,解决环境风速气流导致冠层雾滴沉积量不均匀问题,设计了一种伞形风场式防飘喷雾装置,采用仿真试验与物理试验相结合的方式探究防飘喷雾装置调节机构对防飘喷雾装置伞形风场的影响。以防飘喷雾装置出口直径、侧风风速、喷雾压力为因素,分别进行单因素和三因素三水平的苹果树冠层雾滴飘移沉积试验,探析伞形风场对雾滴冠层沉积效果的影响规律。结果表明:雾滴飘移率、质量中心距、雾滴沉积分布变异系数较普通气流分别降低27.5%、16.2%和7%。3种因素对雾滴沉积特性均有较为显著的影响,其影响由大到小依次为:侧风风速、喷雾压力、出口直径。利用多岛遗传算法优化获得沉积量最高的施药参数,当侧风风速为2 m/s、喷雾压力为0.4 MPa、出口直径为70 mm时,雾滴沉积量最优值为6.34μL/cm^(2),最优组合情况下的实际验证值为5.96μL/cm^(2),差异率仅为5.9%,试验验证结果与模型预测基本吻合。

风致路堑积雪演化过程试验与模拟研究

路堑是交通线路常见的路基断面形式,因断面构造特征较路堤更容易发生风致雪灾害。为了给实际道路断面形式设计和风吹雪灾害防治提供建议和参考,采用风洞试验与数值模拟方法,研究了4种不同开敞形式的路堑在不同风速下风致雪漂移堆积演化过程,分析了风速和路堑开敞形式对积雪分布和演化过程的影响,并基于路面积雪量和积雪深度评估了不同路堑抵御雪灾害能力。结果表明:当上风侧边坡坡度大于下风侧边坡坡度时,路堑路面积雪量最少,路面的积雪最薄;增大风速和增加持续时间会加剧路面积雪,是影响积雪分布的重要因素;改变路堑边坡对减少路面积雪量作用有限,需设置其他防治措施来减轻道路风致雪灾害。

高速铁路隧道内接触网空气动力学影响因素研究

为了探究高速铁路隧道内接触网空气动力学的影响因素,基于有限体积法,建立动车组通过不同隧道的空气动力学模型,并采用流体力学软件数值模拟接触网空气的三维外流场。从仿真结果中得到不同工况条件下的风荷载极值,分析计算接触网线索的基本风偏移。研究结果表明:隧道内接触网风荷载的主要影响因素为隧道净空断面积与车速。动车组在隧道内通过和交会时,接触网线索的最大风偏移值随着隧道净空断面积的增大而减小,随着速度的增大呈非线性的方式增加。为保证安全,可考虑减小接触网的跨距长度或增大线索的水平张力来减少接触网线索的风偏移。

铁路沿线联合沙障阻风固沙机理的数值模拟研究

目前铁路上常见风沙病害即为风蚀和沙埋,为保证铁路运输安全,基于欧拉-拉格朗日离散模型,对前期已确定设计参数的由透风栅栏及固沙砖沙障的联合沙障优化措施对路堤周围风沙流场积沙分布的防护效果进行研究分析。结果表明:由于透风栅栏的作用,其后风速降低约50%,部分风沙流受阻抬升导致流场4.5 m以上形成风速加速区;透风栅栏与固沙砖沙障联合作用,在距地面近2 m处风速小于5 m/s,有利于沙粒的沉降,路堤上已沉积在表面的沙粒也不易再次移动;路堤顶面风速降低23.5%,更有利于平稳输导风沙流,减少人工清沙频率,提高防沙效益;联合沙障优化措施在参考风速为分别为5.93、10.38、18.67 m/s时均可有效净化来流风沙;联合沙障有效颗粒防护率可达到89%以上,针对粒径d≥0.1 mm的颗粒,3种入口风速的防护率分别为99.9%、93.6%、94.7%。

巴音温都尔沙漠东北缘起沙风风况及输沙势特征

[目的]起沙风和输沙势特征是评估区域风能环境的关键指标。分析巴音温都尔沙漠东北缘起沙风风况和输沙势变化特征,揭示该地区近地层风动力特点及风沙活动强度,评估区域风能环境状况,为研究区风沙运动研究和科学防沙治沙工作提供理论依据。[方法]基于巴音温都尔沙漠东北缘气象站2017—2021年的风况数据,系统分析了该区域起沙风风况和输沙势变化特征。[结果](1)该地区年均起沙风频率为43.70%,平均起沙风速为7.57 m/s,二者均以春季最高。不同季节和年均起沙风均以偏西(W,WSW,SW)和偏南(S,SSE,SE)风向为主。(2)年均输沙势(DP)为68.36 VU,合成输沙势(RDP)为29.39 VU,风向变率指数(RDP/DP)为0.43,合成输沙势方向(RDD)为91.33°,春季输沙势(DP)和合成输沙势(RDP)显著高于其他季节。(3)研究区起沙风平均风速对输沙势的影响大于起沙风频率,风沙活动强度主要由风速大小决定。[结论]巴音温都尔沙漠东北缘整体属于低风能环境,地表沙物质全年向东输移,春季是最主要的风沙活动期。6月是人工防护林建设和飞播造林治沙的关键时期,建议栽植防护林和飞播种子的走向与输沙势方向垂直,从而阻断沙物质持续东移。

挡雪板对拱形屋面积雪漂移堆积影响研究

为探究不同层数挡雪板在拱形屋面上的积雪分布特性,文中采用CFD数值模拟两相流理论对拱形屋面挡雪板在风雪流漂移堆积中影响规律进行研究,假定空气相与雪相的关系为单向耦合,雪在风的作用下发生侵蚀沉积。基于FLUENT中UDF二次开发接口编程实现风剖面,湍动能等入流边界的设置。对典型高低屋盖表面积雪进行数值模拟结果验证后,开展不同布置形式的挡雪板对拱形屋面的迎风侧与背风侧积雪形态的对比分析。研究表明对称布置一层挡雪板屋面不能有效阻挡前端气流带来的大量雪颗粒,导致阻雪效果差,而过多布置挡雪板导致迎风侧积雪远高于无挡雪板屋面。在4种不同排列形式下的阻雪效果的研究中,得出的结论是当拱形屋面铺设两层挡雪板时,其阻雪效果为最优。

基于漂角估计的无人船局部动态避障方法

为了提高无人船局部动态避障的规范性、安全性和稳定性,提出基于漂角估计的无人船局部动态避障方法。首先,根据国际海上避碰规则(COLREGS)选取动态窗口法(DWA)的速度空间;其次,根据预测的障碍物运动状态选择动态窗口法中无人船的无碰预测轨迹;最后,考虑海洋扰动,利用横向位置误差估计漂角,并在无人船的航向上进行补偿。仿真实验结果验证了所提方法的有效性。