Modelling and Optimization of Hydroelectric Power Plants in Cameroon for the Development of the Green Energy Market in Neighboring Countries Using Homer Software

Renewable energy is increasingly in demand for a variety of applications in both urban and rural areas. There are, however, a number of implementation constraints in some countries, even though sunshine, wind and water are abundant and available. As part of this research, we are carrying out a technical and economic study on the availability of renewable energy in Cameroon, with a view to combining several sources of solar, biomass, wind and hydroelectric power to meet energy demand both inside and outside the country, in countries such as Chad, Gabon and Nigeria. In this work, the implementation of the entire system in the HOMER software demonstrates the feasibility and possibility of implementing a multi-source power plant based on renewable energies. Calculation of the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and the net present cost (NPC) shows that a capacity of 485 GW can meet the energy demand of the countries bordering Cameroon. Furthermore, the calculation of the performance ratio gives a PR = 46.52 and a Capacity factor of CF = 11.64. The system is profitable not only economically but also environmentally, as it reduces greenhouse gas emissions and energy losses.

Optimal Portfolio Selection of Wind Power Plants Using a Stochastic Risk-Averse Optimization Model, Considering the Wind Complementarity of the Sites and a Budget Constraint

This work focuses on the best financial resources allocation to define a wind power plant portfolio, considering a set of feasible sites. To accomplish the problem formulation and solution, the first step was to establish a long-term wind series reconstruction methodology for generating scenarios of wind energy, applying it to study five different locations of the Brazilian territory. Secondly, a risk-averse stochastic optimization model was implemented and used to define the optimal wind power plant selection that maximizes the portfolio financial results, considering an investment budget constraint. In a sequence, a case study was developed to illustrate a practical situation of applying the methodology to the portfolio selection problem, considering five wind power plants options. The case study was supported by the proposed optimization model, using the scenarios of generation created by the reconstruction methodology. The obtained results show the model performance in terms of defining the best financial resources allocation considering the effect of the complementarity between sites, making it feasible to select the optimal set of wind power plants, characterizing a wind plant optimal portfolio that takes into account the budget constraint. The adopted methodology makes it possible to realize that the diversification of the portfolio depends on the investor risk aversion. Although applied to the Brazilian case, this model can be customized to solve a similar problem worldwide.

Time-Domain Protection for Transmission Lines Connected to Wind Power Plant based on Model Matching and Hausdorff Distance

The system impedance instability,high-order harmonics,and frequency offset are main fault characteristics of wind power system.Moreover,the measurement angle of faulty phase is affected by rotation speed frequency component,which causes traditional directional protections based on angle comparison between voltage and current to operate incorrectly.In this paper,a time-domain protection for connected to wind power plant based on model matching is proposed,which compares the calculated current and the measured current to identify internal faults and external faults.Under external faults,the calculated current and measured current waveform are quite similar because the protected transmission lines is equivalent to a lumped parameter model and the model itself is not damaged.However,the similarity of calculated current and measured current is quite low,due to destroyed integrity of model under internal faults.Additionally,Hausdorff distance is introduced to obtain the similarity of the calculated current and measured current.Since the proposed protection scheme is applied in time domain,it is independent from current frequency offsets of wind energy system,high-order harmonics,and system impedance variations.Comprehensive case studies are undertaken through Power Systems Computer Aided Design(PSCAD),while simulation results verify the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed approach in fault identification.

3D Visual Plant Models in Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Ambient Wind Flow around an Isolated Tree

Plants can reduce the velocity of wind and wind erosion and prevent the movement of sand.But it may be extremely difficult to measure directly the aerodynamic characteristics of the airflow near the real vegetation in field experiments on account of restriction by many objective factors.Therefore,numerous investigations have been carried out to study the efficiency of windbreaks by conducting wind tunnel experiments on simulated models or using computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation instead of field measurements.Plant models are simplified at some level to be used for numerical simulation in existing literatures.It is a little distortion of leaves in details if the tree canopy is regarded as a whole region which can have a certain influence on the CFD simulation.Hence,one modeling approach that combines Visual Basic for applications(VBA) and computer aided design(CAD) technology is proposed to design 3D virtual plant models.The tree models used for numerical simulation of wind flow around trees are more lifelike.In addition,this method can be applied for creating a 3D virtual vegetation library.It is also more convenient to get the diversified biological indicators by digital plants in computer.

Feasibility Analysis of Constructing Solar Power Plant by Combining Large Scale Wind Farm

Hybrid utilization of renewable energy is one of effective method which can solve the problem that unstable of renewable energy so as not to substitute traditional fossil energy. As the typical renewable energy, solar energy and wind energy are in the van of renewable energy utilization. With the large scale utilization of solar and wind energy in the world, constructing large scale solar power plant in the large scale wind farm can make the most of ground resource combining the wind energy with solar energy. Feasibility of constructing large scale solar power plant in the large scale wind farm was analyzed in this paper, and come to a conclusion that constructing large scale solar power plant in the large scale wind farm can not also achieved the goal of mutual support of resource advantages and economizing money but also improved significantly the seasonal mismatch by combining solar with wind.

Design and Evaluation Tool for Operations and Maintenance Logistics Concepts for Offshore Wind Power Plants

In this article, the authors give an overview of different logistics concepts for operation and maintenance of OWPP （offshore wind power plants）. These can be generally classified into onshore based and offshore based concepts. The operation of OWPPs can still be improved as research has shown that the availability of OWPPs is low compared to onshore wind power plants. There are a few tools to calculate operating costs and to evaluate the different concepts. However, most tools have a weak focus on logistics although logistics account for a big share of the costs. The tool the authors are introducing in this article focuses on the logistics processes. It is first explained and then tested with an OWPP scenarin

Self-Tuning Control Techniques for Wind Turbine and Hydroelectric Plant Systems

The interest on the use of renewable energy resources is increasing, especially towards wind and hydro powers, which should be efficiently converted into electric energy via suitable technology tools. To this aim, self-tuning control techniques represent viable strategies that can be employed for this purpose, due to the features of these nonlinear dynamic processes working over a wide range of operating conditions, driven by stochastic inputs, excitations and disturbances. Some of the considered methods were already verified on wind turbine systems, and important advantages may thus derive from the appropriate implementation of the same control schemes for hydroelectric plants. This represents the key point of the work, which provides some guidelines on the design and the application of these control strategies to these energy conversion systems. In fact, it seems that investigations related with both wind and hydraulic energies present a reduced number of common aspects, thus leading to little exchange and share of possible common points. This consideration is particularly valid with reference to the more established wind area when compared to hydroelectric systems. In this way, this work recalls the models of wind turbine and hydroelectric system, and investigates the application of different control solutions. Another important point of this investigation regards the analysis of the exploited benchmark models, their control objectives, and the development of the control solutions. The working conditions of these energy conversion systems will also be taken into account in order to highlight the reliability and robustness characteristics of the developed control strategies, especially interesting for remote and relatively inaccessible location of many installations.

含整体煤气化燃料电池-碳捕集电厂的风火储系统分布鲁棒调度方法

整体煤气化燃料电池(integrated gasification fuel cell,IGFC)是与碳捕集技术高度适配的清洁、高效、稳定的绿色煤电技术,有望克服传统碳捕集技术在低浓度CO_(2)环境下产生的高成本、高能耗问题。该文构建含IGFC碳捕集电厂的风火储发电系统。研究IGFC碳捕集电厂的运行机理,对IGFC内部各环节建立数学模型,提出工况匹配时燃烧利用率和阴极空气利用率需要满足的运行条件,并针对该型碳捕集电厂的电碳特性进行分析。为计及风电出力的不确定性,构建风火储系统的两阶段分布鲁棒经济调度模型,引入k阶适应性理论,提出基于正交支撑子集策略的求解方法来获得鲁棒对等式。最后,在改进IEEE-30节点系统中进行算例分析,结果表明,该型碳捕集电厂可利用阳极碳富集的优势,实现系统低碳经济调度的目标,并验证所提优化方法能为可行解提供可解释性。

考虑冬季供暖的风电—CSP电站联合参与现货市场运行策略

随着“双碳”目标的提出,以风电为代表的可再生能源参与电力现货市场已是大势所趋。但由于具有不确定性和波动性,风电在市场中常处于不利地位。风电与具有灵活调节能力的光热电站(Concentrated Solar Power,CSP)联合能够减少实时出力偏差,进而降低不平衡成本。基于此,本文针对风电—CSP电站联合参与现货市场的运行策略开展研究。首先,对风电—CSP电站联合参与现货市场的机理进行分析,在此基础上,以经济性最优为目标,综合考虑供电收益、冬季供暖收益和不平衡惩罚等因素,提出了考虑冬季供暖的风电—CSP电站联合参与电力现货市场运行策略,并基于Shapley值法对联盟收益进行分配,最后分析了储热容量对联盟收益的影响。算例表明所提联合运行策略能够充分利用CSP电站灵活性,显著提高双方收益,减少弃风损失。

基于有限元模型的上海市常见园林树种抗风性研究

风害是园林植物受到的主要自然灾害之一,每年由于台风导致的园林树木断枝倒伏等现象频频发生,严重威胁了城市的生态安全。树木形态差异是影响树木稳定性的主要因子,以15种上海市常见园林树木为研究对象,探究不同冠层特征对树木稳定性影响及不同树形对分枝特征变化的敏感性。通过对研究树种的有限元建模进行树木自振和风致破坏模拟,计算得到树木的力学响应特征值,然后结合树木断裂的失效弯矩和树木弯矩在不同风速条件下的变化规律,预测树木断裂的临界风速,结合灾后实地调研结果,综合比较不同树种的抗风能力。

考虑风电爬坡灵活调节的碳捕集电厂低碳经济调度

为实现“双碳”目标,风电等可再生能源的使用是减少碳排放的根本途径,而碳捕集电厂是降低碳排放的直接手段。但风电具有与生俱来的波动性,风电的骤升骤降会影响碳捕集电厂“电碳耦合”特性,从而对碳捕集效果带来不利影响。而储液罐通过增减自身溶液量可近似地存储释放能量,为解决上述问题提供了可能。该文首先搭建碳捕集电厂数学模型,分析储液罐通过增减溶液量带来的储放能量与碳捕集设备能耗之间的关联,研究储液罐的双向调节能力;然后,提出上爬坡碳超前补偿和下爬坡碳滞后补偿调度策略,双向调节储液罐使碳捕集电厂电碳解耦;接着,构建跟随风电爬坡进行调节的低碳经济调度模型;最后,对含碳捕集电厂、高碳电厂和风电场的电力系统进行仿真,证明所提方法的有效性。

基于双层网络频率控制的分布式风电并网研究

为研究含通信控制层的双层电网中分布式风电入网位置的选择,电网层采用二阶类Kuramoto模型进行建模,通信控制层收集发电机及其邻居节点信息形成控制信号并调整发电机的频率。根据负荷到原电网发电机节点的平均距离定义了3种并网方式,研究比较了含功率波动的分布式风电并网时最佳的入网位置。研究表明,加入双层网络频率控制可有效提高电网的同步性能和抗扰能力;分布式风电选择离原电网发电机节点平均距离小的负荷并网可提高电网稳定性。

计及风光不确定性的风-光-光热联合发电系统中光热电站储热容量优化配置

传统新能源电站之间联合形式单一且未考虑风光出力不确定性,弃风、弃光现象严重。为此,提出了一种考虑风光不确定性的风-光-光热联合系统的光热电站储热容量优化配置策略,利用电转热技术使风光电站和光热电站有效耦合,明确联合系统框架与原理;采用改进拉丁超立方抽样方法抑制风光出力的不确定性。最后,构建基于风光出力典型场景的光热电站储热容量双层优化配置模型,并进行算例求解,结果表明所提方法显著降低了系统总投资与运行成本,提高了清洁能源消纳能力。

考虑电动汽车出行规律的虚拟电厂鲁棒优化调度

风电的不确定性和电动汽车出行的随机性会影响虚拟电厂的安全和经济运行。根据风速的概率分布利用区间运算生成风电出力的不确定集合,基于电动汽车出行规律提出了蒙特卡洛抽样流程,模拟电动汽车的出行状态。建立放电补贴和充电补偿的引导措施调度电动汽车进行有序充放电,计及各单元运行和电动汽车出行规律的约束,构建以虚拟电厂运行成本最低为目标函数的鲁棒优化模型。考虑不同场景下的最劣情况进行对等模型转换,调用Gurobi求解模型。算例结果分析证明,调度策略可以显著提高虚拟电厂运行的经济性和安全性,模型发挥电动汽车缓冲作用,对抑制风电出力的波动具有可靠性。

西北电网330 kV尖樊线人工短路试验中接地距离保护适应性分析

以风电为代表的新能源场站的故障特征对传统距离保护的附加阻抗产生了新的影响,导致保护性能降低。而现有距离保护适应性研究缺乏对单相接地故障场景的分析。为此,结合西北电网于尖樊线进行的2次人工短路试验数据,基于多种控制策略下的风电场故障特征,分析单相接地故障下接地距离保护附加阻抗系数,进而判断保护适应性。研究发现网侧保护附加阻抗系数较小,两侧电源故障电流对保护影响较小;而风电场侧保护附加阻抗系数较大,两侧电源故障电流对保护影响较大,导致保护拒动。

考虑撬棒与直流卸荷协同保护动作特性的双馈风电场通用等值建模方法

低电压穿越(low voltage ride through,LVRT)期间撬棒(Crowbar)保护和直流卸荷(Chopper)保护的工作状态均对双馈风电机组(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)的暂态响应特性有重要影响。传统等值方法往往只能识别与表征撬棒保护动作情况及其暂态特性,对于目前普遍的硬件协同保护场景而言,将造成等值误差,进而难以从电网侧准确描述风电接入后的动态特性及作用规律,在高比例风电场景下这样的误差将被放大,严重时可能会对电力系统安全稳定分析造成影响。因此,该文充分考虑双馈感应风机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)低电压穿越控制策略,揭示风机低电压穿越下两种保护协同动作特性,提出一种双馈型风电场通用等值方法,通过MATLAB/Simulink验证理论分析的正确性,并与仅考虑Crowbar保护的等值方法对比,说明所提等值建模方法的准确性。

滨海核电厂址污染物扩散数值风洞模拟研究

为评估核电厂对周围环境的影响,集成CFD-数值风洞软件,采用Autocad进行前处理建模,采用Paraview软件进行后处理分析,以研究污染物在大气中的迁移扩散过程。利用2003年于俄克拉荷马州俄克拉荷马市进行的城市联合实地研究(IOP9)的观测数据对该数值风洞软件进行评估,比较了数值风洞与IOP9现场试验污染物释放点下风向轴线污染物体积分数和风场结果。比对结果显示,风场各性能统计指标F_(AC5)=F_(AC2)=1,F_(B)=-0.23,M_(G)=0.75,E_(NMS)=0.07,S_(AA)=11.9;污染物体积分数统计指标F_(AC5)=1,模拟结果与观测数据较吻合。以某滨海核电厂为对象,研究核电厂污染物在大气中扩散对周围环境的影响。数值模拟结果显示,垂直于来流风向污染物体积分数总体呈高斯分布,受地形影响在山脊等位置处体积分数会陡然下降。将数值模拟的体积分数和风洞试验结果进行比较,结果显示在各垂直剖面监测点的吻合因子为10,各水平剖面监测点的吻合因子为3.5。数值风洞模拟结果有一定的参考价值,与现场试验和风洞试验结合可为核电厂污染物扩散模拟研究提供便利。

基于模糊层次分析法的海上风电场航标效能评价

针对海上风电场航标效能评价,根据评价指标选择原则,创建包括27个三级指标的评价指标体系。采用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP)和模糊综合评价法(Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation, FCE)构建评价模型,采用模糊层次分析法(Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, FAHP)确定评价流程。以某海上风电场为例,进行海上风电场航行效能评价。结果表明,FAHP在海上风电场航标效能评价方面具有系统性、客观性和可操作性强的特点。

风场扰动下植保四旋翼无人机的建模与控制

由于四旋翼植保无人机的飞行高度较低,在实际飞行中易受到环境风场的影响。为此,根据Newton-Euler方程建立了风场环境下四旋翼飞行器的动力学模型,并设计了基于内外环PID控制策略的控制器。其中,姿态角控制器采用基于四元数的反馈控制器,并使用Lyapunov稳定性判据验证了其全局渐近稳定性;姿态角速率控制器采用PID控制器;位置控制器由速度PID控制器和位置P控制器组成。通过在Gazebo中进行风场模拟仿真实验和实际飞行试验,对设计的四旋翼飞行器控制系统进行参数调试和验证,结果表明:控制器具备在风场环境下控制四旋翼无人机稳定飞行的能力。

风-光-储和需求响应协同的虚拟电厂日前经济调度优化

目前可再生能源直接并入电网仍然面临稳定性和经济性问题,经过虚拟电厂整合可以缓解对电网的影响。以系统整合后最终运行成本达到最小作为目标,进行新能源出力和负荷在未来24 h的预测,计及电网侧在不同时间内的电价变化情况,采用反向学习的混沌映射自适应粒子群算法对风-光-储能和需求响应不同组合搭配的5种调度方案进行探讨,与原始粒子群算法相比,所提算法可以跳出局部最优解而找到全局最优解。计算结果表明,风-光-储和需求响应都参与供电相比风-光-储供电可以将运行成本降低4.47%,用户舒适度提高3.51%。