Videometric research on deformation measurement of large-scale wind turbine blades

Utilization of wind energy is a promising way to generate power,and wind turbine blades play a key role in collecting the wind energy effectively.This paper attempts to measure the deformation parameter of wind turbine blades in mechanics experiments using a videometric method. In view that the blades experience small buckling deformation and large integral deformation simultaneously, we proposed a parallel network measurement(PNM) method including the key techniques such as camera network construction,camera calibration,distortion correction,the semi-automatic high-precision extraction of targets,coordinate systems unification,and bundle adjustment,etc. The relatively convenient construction method of the measuring system can provide an abundant measuring content,a wide measuring range and post processing.The experimental results show that the accuracy of the integral deformation measurement is higher than 0.5 mm and that of the buckling deformation measurement higher than 0.1mm.

Performance Investigation of Three Combined Airfoils Bladed Small Scale Horizontal Axis wind Turbine by BEM and CFD Analysis

The present work is based on the comparative study between “Blade-Element- Momentum” (BEM) analysis and “Computational-Fluid-Dynamics” (CFD) analysis of small-scale horizontal axis wind turbine blade. In this study, the pitch is considered as fixed and rotor speed is variable. Firstly, the aerodynamic characteristics of three different specialized airfoils were analyzed to get optimum design parameters of wind turbine blade. Then BEM was performed with the application of the open source wind turbine design and performance computation software Q-Blade v0.6. After that, CFD simulation was done by Ansys CFX software. Here, k-ω “Shear-Stress-Transport” (SST) model was conducted for three-dimensional visualization of turbine performance. However, the best coefficient of performance was observed at 6o angle of attack. At this angle of attack, in the case of BEM, the highest coefficient of performance was 0.47 whereby CFD analysis, it was 0.43. Both studies showed good performance prediction which was a positive step to accelerate the continuous revolution in wind energy sector.

Application of FLUENT on fine-scale simulation of wind field over complex terrain

The state-of-art Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） codes FLUENT is applied in a fine-scale simulation of the wind field over a complex terrain. Several numerical tests are performed to validate the capability of FLUENT on describing the wind field details over a complex terrain. The results of the numerical tests show that FLUENT can simulate the wind field over extremely complex terrain, which cannot be simulated by mesoscale models. The reason why FLUENT can cope with extremely complex terrain, which can not be coped with by mesoscale models, relies on some particular techniques adopted by FLUENT, such as computer-aided design （CAD） technique, unstructured grid technique and finite volume method. Compared with mesoscale models, FLUENT can describe terrain in much more accurate details and can provide wind simulation results with higher resolution and more accuracy.

High-Resolution Micro-Siting Technique for Large Scale Wind Farm Outside of Japan Using LES Turbulence Model

The spatial distribution of wind speed varies greatly over steep complex terrain, thus the selection of an optimal site in such terrain for wind turbine construction requires great care. We have developed a numerical model for simulating unsteady flows called RIAM-COMPACT (Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, COM putational Prediction of Airflow over Complex Terrain), which is based on the LES (Large-Eddy Simulation) technique. The computational domain of RIAM-COMPACT can be varied from several meters to several kilometers, and the model is able to predict airflow over complex terrain with high accuracy. The present paper discusses the application of RIAM-COMPACT to the micro-siting of wind turbines at sites outside Japan. The results from two case studies will be presented.

A Very Large Scale Wind Turbine

A very large scale wind turbine can be made as a circular large scale stator frame;the frame,which can reach some kilometers in diameter and some hundred meters in height,contains many circular sail trains.The stator frame can be made using a light-weight tubular design.Wind can almost freely blow through this frame.Train rails are fixed at the outer surface of the frame as horizontal rings.The distance between the rails of one ring can be made to be several meters.As a result,the number of the rings can be ten or more.Each rail ring supports one sail train that is moved with wind power around the frame.The energy of this movement is transformed to electric power and is transmitted to the base of the frame.This design can be realized in a very large scale,which is difficult to achieve using a traditional three-blade turbine.

An Experiment on Power Properties in a Small-Scaled Wind Turbine Generator

This study configures a simple wind tunnel using a blower for generating wind energy, which is equivalent to natural wind, and a test system that measures properties of power. Also, the mechanical and electrical power in a small-scaled wind turbine are empirically measured to analyze the relationship between the mechanical and electrical power.

Quantitative method for evaluating detailed volatility of wind power at multiple temporal-spatial scales

With the increasing proportion of wind power integration, the volatility of wind power brings huge challenges to the safe and stable operation of the electric power system. At present, the indexes commonly used to evaluate the volatility of wind power only consider its overall characteristics, such as the standard deviation of wind power, the average of power variables, etc., while ignoring the detailed volatility of wind power, that is, the features of the frequency distribution of power variables. However, how to accurately describe the detailed volatility of wind power is the key foundation to reduce its adverse influences. To address this, a quantitative method for evaluating the detailed volatility of wind power at multiple temporal-spatial scales is proposed. First, the volatility indexes which can evaluate the detailed fluctuation characteristics of wind power are presented, including the upper confidence limit, lower confidence limit and confidence interval of power variables under the certain confidence level. Then, the actual wind power data from a location in northern China is used to illustrate the application of the proposed indexes at multiple temporal(year–season–month–day) and spatial scales(wind turbine–wind turbines–wind farm–wind farms) using the calculation time windows of 10 min, 30 min, 1 h, and 4 h. Finally, the relationships between wind power forecasting accuracy and its corresponding detailed volatility are analyzed to further verify the effectiveness of the proposed indexes. The results show that the proposed volatility indexes can effectively characterize the detailed fluctuations of wind power at multiple temporal-spatial scales. It is anticipated that the results of this study will serve as an important reference for the reserve capacity planning and optimization dispatch in the electric power system which with a high proportion of renewable energy.

Experimental study of rotating wind turbine breakdown characteristics in large scale air gaps

When a wind turbine is struck by lightning,its blades are usually rotating.The effect of blade rotation on a turbine＇s ability to trigger a lightning strike is unclear.Therefore,an arching electrode was used in a wind turbine lightning discharge test to investigate the difference in lightning triggering ability when blades are rotating and stationary.A negative polarity switching waveform of 250/2500 μs was applied to the arching electrode and the up-and-down method was used to calculate the 50%discharge voltage.Lightning discharge tests of a 1：30 scale wind turbine model with 2,4,and 6 m air gaps were performed and the discharge process was observed.The experimental results demonstrated that when a 2 m air gap was used,the breakdown voltage increased as the blade speed was increased,but when the gap length was 4 m or longer,the trend was reversed and the breakdown voltage decreased.The analysis revealed that the rotation of the blades changes the charge distribution in the blade-tip region,promotes upward leader development on the blade tip,and decreases the breakdown voltage.Thus,the blade rotation of a wind turbine increases its ability to trigger lightning strikes.

Research on multi-time scale doubly-fed wind turbine test system based on FPGA+CPU heterogeneous calculation

As the proportion of renewable energy increases, the interaction between renewable energy devices and the grid continues to enhance. Therefore, the renewable energy dynamic test in a power system has become more and more important. Traditional dynamic simulation systems and digital-analog hybrid simulation systems are difficult to compromise on the economy, flexibility and accuracy. A multi-time scale test system of doubly fed induction generator based on FPGA+ CPU heterogeneous calculation is proposed in this paper. The proposed test system is based on the ADPSS simulation platform. The power circuit part of the test system is setup up using the EMT(electromagnetic transient simulation) simulation, and the control part uses the actual physical devices. In order to realize the close-loop testing for the physical devices, the power circuit must be simulated in real-time. This paper proposes a multi-time scale simulation algorithm, in which the decoupling component divides the power circuit into a large time scale system and a small time scale system in order to reduce computing effort. This paper also proposes the FPGA+CPU heterogeneous computing architecture for implementing this multitime scale simulation. In FPGA, there is a complete small time-scale EMT engine, which support the flexibly circuit modeling with any topology. Finally, the test system is connected to an DFIG controller based on Labview to verify the feasibility of the test system.

极端运行阵风对15 MW风力机叶片结构性能影响的分析

基于CFD方法,对极端运行阵风条件下IEA Wind 15 MW水平轴风力机气动性能进行分析。采用ANSYS APDL软件定义复合材料铺层方案建立15 MW风力机叶片有限元模型,并基于Workbench平台对风力机叶片进行模态分析和静力学分析,研究极端运行阵风对风力机叶片结构性能的影响。结果显示:极端运行阵风对风力机气动性能和叶片结构性能影响较大,风轮推力与转矩极值出现的时间点均迟于风速极值点,沿叶片展向叶片流动分离区域与风速呈正相关;在极端运行阵风期间,叶片位移均是从叶根至叶尖逐渐增大,叶片最大应力出现在叶片主梁并且距叶根0.6 R处,同时,由于叶片的叶尖位移和最大应力在短时间内大幅度变化,会使叶片破坏的概率增加。

大型风电腰荷接入的主网安全调度方法

风功率波动性大,日前预测准确性较差,导致大型风电消纳与电网安全鲁棒性的矛盾。提出一种风电“腰荷”出力接入的自动调频调度方法,以减少弃风量且提高风电功率大幅波动下的主网在线安全性。首先,为提高日前风功率神经网络预测的收敛性,提出时序矩阵奇异值分解的多样本数据预处理方法;其次,为得到与日前风功率预测相关的腰荷出力计划曲线,采用多项式回归拟合及基准功率偏差,得到相关性较大的光滑曲线;然后,为减小在线风功率骤减导致的频率偏差,设定调频机组自动调频的“启动”曲线族;最后,为保持自动调频后主网有功潮流分布合理并提高功角安全性,采用等效功角最小的优化模型,得到各调频机组出力增量的最优分配方案。算例验证该调度方法的可行性,对减少大型风电的弃风并提高电网安全运行水平具有理论和实际意义。

大规模水风光互补调度模式探析

光伏发电具有昼发夜停的特点,日内出力过程呈“钟型”;风力发电出力随机性强,并呈现反调峰特点。通过水电调节平抑风电和光伏发电的随机波动,水风光互补利用是支撑“双碳”目标实现的有效途径。在此背景下,针对现有水风光电源并网接入场景,分析了我国典型水风光清洁能源互补开发形式,探析了大规模水风光电源依托电网互补和打捆互补调度模式,对比分析了两种调度模式的优缺点,并对大规模水风光互补调度关键技术进行展望,为将来大规模水风光互补利用提供参考。

新能源风力发电项目66 kV系统应用前景研究

随着“3060”碳达峰、碳中和目标的实施,大容量风电基地将不断出现,未来风电机组单机容量越来越大,集电线路采用66 kV电压等级,由于其在投资和电能损耗方面的优势,将是风电场发展的必然趋势。文章对35 kV与66 kV集电线路的经济性进行分析,以期为相关人员提供参考。

尺度适应性起沙机制在CMA-CUACE/Dust中的应用

沙尘暴是影响我国重要的灾害性天气之一,针对中国气象局亚洲沙尘暴数值预报系统CMA-CUACE/Dust(China Meteorological Administration Unified Atmospheric Environment for Dust)的沙尘质量浓度在中亚高估、蒙古北部低估、在我国消散过快以及极端沙尘暴预报峰值偏低等问题,应用与模式格距匹配的尺度适应性起沙机制并更新风蚀资料库对模式进行改进。对2021年3月13—17日东亚最强沙尘暴个例和2023年3—5月与业务运行环境一致的连续预报试验表明,改进后的模式(CMA-CUACE/Dust V1.5)有效改善了上述不足,极端沙尘暴过程传输至我国后的沙尘质量浓度峰值与观测接近。连续预报试验TS(threat score)评分显示:CMA-CUACE/Dust V1.5预报一致性和连续性较好,1~5 d不同时效预报TS评分明显高于改进前和韩国模式ADAM(the Asian Dust Aerosol Model),漏报率明显降低,对2023年5次沙尘过程的4次预报TS评分高于0.3,部分过程超过0.5。

陆上风电碳足迹动态变化的国际比较研究

碳中和目标下国际风电产业将继续扩大规模,碳市场、碳关税等国际气候减排政策工具也在不断完善,未来可再生能源碳足迹对相关产业成本与发展将产生重要影响。本文以中国、欧洲、美国等风电产业优势国家和地区作为研究对象,构建陆上风电系统生命周期评价过程、生命周期清单,完成相关地区陆上风电碳足迹的参数比较并总结变化趋势,进一步分析趋势成因并阐明影响因素。结果表明,在风力机大型化加速、发电效率提高、工业生产清洁化的态势下,2011—2022年世界优势地区的陆上风电碳足迹均呈下降趋势,中国、欧洲、美国的平均降幅分别为49.2%、46.2%、20.8%,相应下降量均集中在设备生产阶段;中国已将碳足迹下降至与欧洲接近的水平,与美国的差距缩减到3.63 g/kW·h,其中工业生产清洁化水平不高、风机容量因子偏低分别是中国陆上风电碳足迹高于欧洲、美国的主要原因。中国在推进风电产业发展的过程中,需着重提高风电系统发电效率、加快改善产业清洁化生产水平、支持风电系统退役回收产业发展,以稳步降低陆上风电系统生命周期内的碳足迹。

保持主导振荡模态的双馈风电场动态聚合等值方法

针对风电场详细建模出现的“维数灾”问题,计及双馈风电机组各控制环节与系统振荡模态的关系,以保持等值前后主导振荡模态一致为目标,提出考虑风电机组多时间尺度级联特性的风电场站等值聚合方法。首先考虑风电机组多控制环节级联建立风电场状态空间模型;其次,利用振荡能量级判别系统主导振荡模态,并基于参与因子分析不同模态的关键影响因素;在此基础上,以主导振荡模态的关键影响因素为分群指标,结合自编码器进行数据降维处理,经改进聚合算法聚类和拓扑变换获取等值参数等环节后得到等值模型。最后,在Matlab平台分别搭建单机模型和含24台双馈风电机组的风电场模型,验证了所提等值方法的有效性。

冷能梯级利用的港口多能微网双层不确定性经济调度

为有效挖掘港口液化天然气(LNG)冷能利用的低碳灵活性潜力,充分发挥多时间尺度协同优化效应,提出一种考虑LNG冷能梯级利用的港口多能微网(MEMG)鲁棒-随机双层不确定性经济调度模型。首先,考虑LNG深冷-中冷-浅冷等各个温区的低碳灵活性潜力,建立低温碳捕集-冷能发电-直接冷却的冷能梯级利用模型,并以此为基础形成捕集-存储-利用协同的碳处理流程。其次,根据等概率逆变换生成考虑预测误差时序相关性的风电场景,并基于Wasserstein距离的0-1规划模型进行场景削减。再次,针对风电预测误差随时间尺度增加而增大的特性,构建多时间尺度优化的鲁棒-随机双层不确定性经济调度模型,上层通过分布鲁棒优化保证日前预调度决策鲁棒性,下层通过随机优化保证日内滚动调度决策经济性。最后,仿真结果表明,所提考虑冷能梯级利用的鲁棒-随机双层调度模型在解决日前长时间尺度预测精度低与日内短时间尺度易陷入局部最优矛盾的同时,可赋予港口MEMG更多经济性、低碳性及供电灵活性。

新疆达坂城风区顺风向脉动风功率谱

为研究新疆乌鲁木齐所处达坂城风区的复杂脉动风环境,基于实测风场风速数据分析并拟合了该风区的顺风向脉动风功率谱。结果表明:以反比例函数拟合山区峡谷地形平均风速与湍流强度的关系误差较小;山区峡谷地形湍流积分尺度分布较离散,但整体随平均风速的增大而增大;考虑地形系数的Kaimal修正谱在含能区和惯性子区间能较好地表征实测谱,在耗能区选用三参数拟合描述实测谱效果良好;选用过渡函数来描述惯性子区间与耗能区接触区域的功率谱,拟合效果较为理想。可见达坂城风区具有特殊顺风向脉动风特性,以修正谱和拟合谱分段构成的函数模型可用于表征该风区顺风向脉动风功率谱。

考虑风电不确定性的电气综合能源系统混合尺度调控

为改善电-气互联综合能源系统中风电出力不确定性和多能传输差异对调控过程的影响,提出了基于改进小波融合算法的混合尺度调控方法.首先采用区间数学的方法,对系统中风电功率不确定性进行表示并给出风电处理策略.其次,考虑到不同能源传输特性的差异,提出了改进的小波融合算法,即先对电力网络中传感器信号数据进行多个不同小波基的多尺度分解,再对天然气系统信号数据中使用相同小波基分解的信号在混合尺度上实施加权数据融合,进行不同小波基的逆变换后得到融合信号.最后基于所搭建仿真模型,对比分析了不同调控方法的调控效果.结果表明本文所提方法的调控结果优于DMPC(分布式模型预测控制)滚动优化调控结果,且在改善了系统运行经济性的同时也提高了系统稳定性.

基于模型数据混合驱动的大规模双馈风电场并网数字孪生建模

当前双馈风机详细模型具有多时间尺度动态和复杂控制环节,导致建模困难、大规模双馈风电场并网详细仿真建模所需算力庞大的问题。实际风机并网外特性无法实时反馈到仿真系统中,同时风电场功率输出受到多方面如风速、风向、老化等影响,使仿真系统无法精确拟合真实电力系统。针对这一问题,该文构建大规模数字孪生双馈风电场并网的电力系统模数混合驱动模型,实现了风机与电网互动反馈的实时更新,降低了算力需求,同时与风机物理实体实时匹配的虚拟模型具备较高的输出精度,满足精细化仿真需求。文中每台双馈风机采用长短期记忆网络构建数据驱动模型,风电场架构及所并电网选取常用的物理仿真模型,以数字孪生技术实现风机物理模型维护、虚拟数据模型更新的双向反馈。算例通过真实量测数据测试,结果表明在不同工况下该双馈风电场并网数字孪生模型较传统模型具备更优秀的拟合能力与精准度,同时实现了虚拟模型的实时更新能力。该模型有助于在大规模风电场并网中探寻具体某台风机故障、控制方式变化、风速波动等情况,研究风机之间相互影响、电网出现扰动时对风电场的影响。