Relationship Between Watershed Landscape Pattern Change and Runoff-Sediment in Wind-Water Erosion Crisscross Region

This paper selected the typical wind-water erosion crisscross region Xiliugou watershed for research to reveal the impact of the landscape pattern change of the underlying surface in wind-water erosion crisscross region where soil erosion is most serious on rainfall and runoff as well as erosion and sediment.Based on the Landsat TM image data and measured data of runoff-sediment in that watershed,the paper analyzed the characteristics of watershed landscape pattern change and runoff-sediment and explored the relationship between landscape index and runoff-sediment yield by means of GIS and Fragstats.The results were included as follows.(1)Grassland was the dominant landscape.In terms of the number of patches and area change rate,from 1985 to 2010,cultivated land,forest land and construction land were most stable,followed by unused land.Unused land,grassland and cultivated land experienced the most dramatic conversion and maximally affected by human activities.(2)The inter-annual difference between annual runoff and annual sediment load was significant.Compared with the annual sediment load,the trend of decreasing runoff was more obvious.The correlation coefficient of runoff-sediment was 0.67,representing a significant correlation.(3)There was a significant correlation between the landscape index and runoff-sediment.The runoff was negatively correlated with the largest patch index,patch cohesion index,aggregation index and contagion index,but positively correlated with landscape morphology index and landscape division index.And the sediment was negatively correlated with the contagion index,aggregation index and plaque cohesion index,but positively correlated with other landscape indexes.The results indicate that with the increase of the largest patch index,patch cohesion index and aggregation index,the rainfall infiltration capacity increase obviously and the soil erosion reduce significantly.Therefore,increasing the largest patch index,patch cohesion and aggregation index of the watershed landscape can enhance the function of water storage and soil conservation as well as ecological optimization in the windwater erosion crisscross region.The results can provide theoretical support for the ecological environment construction and comprehensive utilization of water and soil resources.

Influence of Vegetation on Runoff and Sediment in Wind-water Erosion Crisscross Region in the Upper Yellow River of China

All characteristics of vegetation,runoff and sediment from 1960 to 2010 in the Xiliu Gully Watershed,which is a representative watershed in wind-water erosion crisscross region in the upper reaches of the Yellow River of China,have been analyzed in this study.Based on the remote sensing image data,and used multi-spectral interpretation method,the characteristics of vegetation variation in the Xiliu Gully Watershed have been analyzed.And the rules of precipitation,runoff and sediment's changes have been illuminated by using mathematical statistics method.What′s more,the influence mechanism of vegetation on runoff and sediment has been discussed by using the data obtained from artificial rainfall simulation test.The results showed that the main vegetation type was given priority to low coverage,and the area of the low vegetation coverage type was reducing year by year.On the country,the area of the high vegetation coverage type was gradually increasing.In a word,vegetation conditions had got better improved since 2000 when the watershed management project started.The average annual precipitation of the river basin also got slightly increase in 2000–2010.The average annual runoff reduced by 37.5%,and the average annual sediment reduced by 73.9% in the same period.The results of artificial rainfall simulation tests showed that the improvement of vegetation coverage could increase not only soil infiltration but also vegetation evapotranspiration,and then made the rainfall-induced runoff production decrease.Vegetation root system could increases the resistance ability of soil to erosion,and vegetation aboveground part could reduce raindrop kinetic energy and splash soil erosion.Therefore,with the increase of vegetation coverage,the rainfall-induced sediment could decrease.

Weathering of Pisha-Sandstones in the Wind-Water Erosion Crisscross Region on the Loess Plateau

Two types of pisha-sandstones of purple sandstones and gray sandstones,widely distributing in the wind-water erosion crisscross region of China,were selected and used in laboratory experiments for a better understanding of the drying-wetting-freezing weathering process resulting from the apportionment of water or salt solution to rock samples.Weathering experiments were carried out under the conditions of environment control(including temperature,moisture and salt solution).All rock samples were frequently subjected to 140 drying-wetting-freezing cycles.The influences of weathering process were evaluated.It was found that the different treatments of moisture and salt solution applications could affect the nature of the weathering products resulting from drying-wetting-freezing.It was also observed that salt solution could effectively alleviate the weathering of pisha-sandstones.Although not all the observations could be explained,it was apparent that simulated environmental factors had both direct and indirect effects on the weathering of rocks.

Spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors of soil protection in the wind-water erosion area of Chinese Loess Plateau

As one of typical areas in the world,northern Chinese Loess Plateau experiences serious wind-water erosion,which leads to widespread land degradation.During the past decades,an ecological engineering was implemented to reduce soil erosion and improve soil protection in this area.Thus,it is necessary to recognize the basic characteristics of soil protection for sustainable prevention and wind-water erosion control in the later stage.In this study,national wind erosion survey model and revised universal soil loss equation were used to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution and driving forces of soil protection in the wind-water erosion area of Chinese Loess Plateau during 2000–2020.Results revealed that:(1)during 2000–2020,total amount of soil protection reached up to 15.47×10^(8) t,which was realized mainly through water and soil conservation,accounting for 63.20%of the total;(2)soil protection was improved,with increases in both soil protection amount and soil retention rate.The amounts of wind erosion reduction showed a decrease trend,whereas the retention rate of wind erosion reduction showed an increase trend.Both water erosion reduction amount and retention rate showed increasing trends;and(3)the combined effects of climate change and human activities were responsible for the improvement of soil protection in the wind-water erosion area of Chinese Loess Plateau.The findings revealed the spatiotemporal patterns and driving forces of soil protection,and proposed strategies for future soil protection planning in Chinese Loess Plateau,which might provide valuable references for soil erosion control in other wind-water erosion areas of the world.

Spatial distribution of surface rock fragment on hillslopes in a small catchment in wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau

The cover and size distributions of surface rock fragment in hillslopes were investigated by using digital photographing and treating technique in a small catchment in wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau. The results indicated that the maximal cover of rock fragment was pre-sented at mid-position in steep hillslope. Rock fragment presented a general decreasing-trend along the hillslope in gentle hillslope. Rock fragment cover was positively related to gradient, rock fragment size decreased generally along the hillslope, and the size reduced with the gradient. The mean size of rock fragment was at a range of 6―20 mm in the steep hillslope, rock fragment size > 50 mm was rarely presented. The covers of rock fragment at different positions were markedly related to the quantities of rock fragment < 40 mm. The area of rock fragment of 2―50 mm accounted for 60% or more of the total area, dominating the distribution of rock fragment in the hillslopes.

An experimental study on the influences of water erosion on wind erosion in arid and semi-arid regions

Complex erosion by wind and water causes serious harm in arid and semi-arid regions. The interaction mechanisms between water erosion and wind erosion is the key to further our understanding of the complex erosion. Therefore, in-depth understandings of the influences of water erosion on wind erosion is needed. This research used a wind tunnel and two rainfall simulators to investigate the influences of water erosion on succeeding wind erosion. The wind erosion measurements before and after water erosion were run on semi-fixed aeolian sandy soil configured with three slopes(5°, 10° and 15°), six wind speeds(0, 9, 11, 13, 15 and 20 m/s), and five rainfall intensities(0, 30, 45, 60 and 75 mm/h). Results showed that water erosion generally restrained the succeeding wind erosion. At a same slope, the restraining effects decreased as rainfall intensity increased, which decreased from 70.63% to 50.20% with rainfall intensity increased from 30 to 75 mm/h. Rills shaped by water erosion could weaken the restraining effects at wind speed exceeding 15 m/s mainly by cutting through the fine grain layer, exposing the sand layer prone to wind erosion to airflow. In addition, the restraining effects varied greatly among different soil types. The restraining effects of rainfall on the succeeding wind erosion depend on the formation of a coarsening layer with a crust and a compact fine grain layer after rainfall. The findings can deepen the understanding of the complex erosion and provide scientific basis for regional soil and water conservation in arid and semi-arid regions.

An experimental study on the influences of wind erosion on water erosion

In semi-arid regions, complex erosion resulted from a combination of wind and water actions has led to a massive soil loss and a comprehensive understanding of its mechanism is the first step toward prevention of the erosion. However, the mutual influences between wind erosion and water erosion have not been fully understood. This research used a wind tunnel and two rainfall simulators and simulated two rounds of alternations between wind erosion and water erosion（i.e., 1^（st） wind erosion–1^（st） water erosion and 2^（nd） wind erosion–2^（nd） water erosion） on three slopes（5°, 10°, and 15°） with six wind speeds（0, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 20 m/s） and five rainfall intensities（0, 30, 45, 60, and 75 mm/h）. The objective was to analyze the influences of wind erosion on succeeding water erosion. Results showed that the effects of wind erosion on water erosion were not the same in the two rounds of tests. In the 1^（st） round of tests, wind erosion first restrained and then intensified water erosion mostly because the blocking effect of wind-sculpted micro-topography on surface flow was weakened with the increase in slope. In the 2^（nd） round of tests, wind erosion intensified water erosion on beds with no rills at gentle slopes and low rainfall intensities or with large-size rills at steep slopes and high rainfall intensities. Wind erosion restrained water erosion on beds with small rills at moderate slopes and moderate rainfall intensities. The effects were mainly related to the fine grain layer, rills and slope of the original bed in the 2^（nd） round of tests. The findings can deepen our understanding of complex erosion resulted from a combination of wind and water actions and provide scientific references to regional soil and water conservation.

1970—2020年黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区极端降水时空变化研究及驱动因素分析

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区作为中国北方典型的生态脆弱区,因其独特地形和气候条件,极端降雨事件对其环境和生态系统的影响更加突出。选取水蚀风蚀交错区28个气象站点,结合RClimDex模型计算11个极端降水指数,采用线性相关分析法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和小波交叉法,分析了1970—2020年黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区极端降水事件时空分布特征,探讨了极端降水事件的驱动因素。结果表明:(1)1970—2020年水蚀风蚀交错区持续干燥日数(CDD)呈下降趋势,其余10个指数呈上升趋势,反映出近50a研究区极端降水事件的频率、量级和强度不断增加。交错区年降水量增加和极端降水事件增加具有密切关系,且极端降水事件增加主要是由中雨日数(R10)和大雨日数(R20)引起。(2)1970—2020年极端降水事件在全区整体为增加趋势,交错区中部和西南部极端降水事件显著发生,陕西段极端降水量和强度呈显著增加趋势且极端化程度更显著。(3)湿日总降水量(PRCPTOT)、暴雨日数(R25)、5d最大降水量(R5d)3个极端降水指数,与影响因子厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)、东亚夏季风(EASM)和太阳黑子(SN)具有不同的功率,与SN的交叉小波变换功率最大,说明影响因子中SN和极端降水指数的相关性最高,SN对极端降水事件的影响最大。

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区不同生物结皮类型对土壤有机碳及其转化的影响

[目的]黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区是典型的脆弱生态系统,该区域生物结皮广泛分布,生物结皮在土壤有机碳积累与转化发挥着关键作用,然而,生物结皮演替及微生物对土壤有机碳转化相关酶类的影响规律尚不明确。[方法]研究土壤有机碳-微生物-碳转化相关酶在生物结皮不同演替类型的变化规律,并运用SEM模型分析了三者之间的相互关系。[结果](1)生物结皮演替显著增加土壤有机碳含量和碳转化相关酶活性,且它们在结皮层(0-2 cm)中的含量均显著高于裸沙和2—5 cm土层(p<0.05);(2)结皮层细菌、真菌和放线菌数量在藓结皮中最高,其中放线菌、真菌数量在生物结皮演替呈显著增加趋势,结皮层中的细菌和真菌数量显著高于2—5 cm土层,但2—5 cm土层放线菌数量高于结皮层(藓结皮除外);(3)SEM模型表明,土壤有机碳、碳转化相关酶活性和微生物数量之间均呈现显著相关性。[结论]生物结皮的演替对土壤有机碳的积累为碳转化相关酶类和微生物提供丰富基质,促进微生物和酶活性提高,微生物对碳转化相关酶类起着重要的驱动作用,对维持生物结皮的碳平衡发挥着关键作用。

The wind-water two-phase erosion and sediment-producing processes in the middle Yellow River basin, China

Based on data from the middle Yellow River basin, a wind-water two-phase mechanism for erosion and sediment-producing processes has been found. By using this mechanism, the extremely strong erosion and sediment yield in the study area can be better explained. The operation of wind and water forces is different in different seasons within a year. During winter and spring, strong wind blows large quantities of eolian sand to gullies and river channels, which are temporally stored there. During the next summer, rainstorms cause runoff that contains much fine loessic material and acts as a powerful force to carry the previously prepared coarse material. As a result, hyperconcentrated flows occur, resulting in high-intensity erosion and sediment yield.

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区固氮微生物群落多样性在生物结皮中的演变规律

生物土壤结皮在黄土高原的水土保持、养分补给等方面发挥着重要生态功能。固氮微生物是固氮过程的关键功能群,影响着土壤氮素平衡,然而黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区严重的水土流失导致土壤养分大量损失,尤其是氮素。该区域生物结皮广泛发育,它们在干旱半干旱区土壤氮素积累过程中起着重要作用。但是该区域生物结皮不同发育阶段中的固氮潜力、固氮微生物群落多样性及其关键环境控制因子尚不清楚。以黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区为研究区,三种生物结皮类型和裸地对照为研究对象,采用Illumina HiSeq平台对nifH基因扩增产物进行生物信息学分析,揭示了固氮潜力及微生物群落多样性的分布规律。结果表明,生物结皮演替显著影响固氮酶活性、nifH基因丰度和固氮微生物α-多样性,各值均在苔藓结皮最高,显著高于其它演替阶段,且生物结皮层高于结皮下层土壤。在固氮微生物群落组成上,裸地以变形菌门的红螺菌目、酸硫杆菌目和根瘤菌目为主;而在藻结皮、地衣结皮和藓结皮阶段,均表现为蓝藻门的念珠藻目占绝对优势,是固氮微生物的关键类群,其中Trichormus、念珠藻属是优势固氮物种;与藻结皮、地衣结皮相比,藓结皮中念珠藻目的相对丰度显著降低,而变形菌门的红螺菌目、酸硫杆菌目和根瘤菌目的丰度明显上升。除此之外,蓝杆藻属、鱼腥藻属、斯克尔曼氏菌属、瘤胃梭菌属在藻结皮、地衣结皮、藓结皮也占明显优势。念珠藻目以及Trichormus的丰度与固氮酶活性、nifH基因丰度呈显著正相关关系,而与红螺菌目、酸硫杆菌目、梭菌目、根瘤菌目呈显著负相关;Trichormus相关的物种在黄土高原生物结皮氮输入过程中可能发挥着关键作用。生物结皮演替通过改变土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、含水量等理化特征而影响了微生境,通过环境筛选和物种重排作用对固氮微生物群落进行综合调控,其中pH与土壤全氮(TN)发挥着关键作用。

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带土壤侵蚀坡向分异特征

定量分析评价水蚀风蚀交错带土壤侵蚀的坡向差异对于土壤侵蚀防治具有重要意义。通过对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带六道沟流域一个典型峁坡不同坡向及坡位土壤剖面中137Cs含量的分析研究,表明研究区内梁峁地形的坡向侵蚀差异明显,各坡向平均侵蚀速率大小依次是北坡>东坡>南坡>西坡,南北坡侵蚀差异与黄土丘陵区其它区域相反,分析认为,这与该区域水蚀、风蚀叠加的特殊侵蚀外营力有关,并根据南北坡侵蚀速率的差值估算出该区域风蚀所占比例至少大于18%;峁坡各坡向不同坡位侵蚀差异明显,坡面下部侵蚀最严重,坡面上部和中部次之,侵蚀速率顺坡沿程呈波动变化趋势,坡面水土保持措施减沙效果显著。

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区三种植被蒸散特征

利用称重式蒸渗仪结合Penman-Monteith公式研究了黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区苜蓿、柠条和茵陈蒿3种植被不同时间尺度的蒸散特征,分析了植被株高、盖度和降水等因子对蒸散的影响并确定了作物系数(KC)。结果表明:Logistic三参数模型可以较好拟合3种植被株高、盖度随时间的变化情况并确定了模型的参数。3种植被逐日蒸散变化受降水量的影响波动明显,反映了土壤水分状况控制条件下的蒸散过程。其月蒸散量的季节性差异均不明显,研究时段内总耗水量分别为苜蓿316.8mm、柠条317.7mm、茵陈蒿361.9mm,均高于同期降水量。苜蓿和茵陈蒿初期、中期和后期的KC分别为0.48、0.54、0.42和0.58、0.67、0.62,柠条初期和中期的KC为0.45、0.57,均高于当地典型农作物谷子的KC。

陕北水蚀风蚀交错区两种生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响

以黄土高原陕北水蚀风蚀交错区六道沟小流域为例,研究了该区以苔藓为主要成分的沙土和黄土两种生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响。结果显示:(1)两种生物结皮均能显著增加土壤饱和含水量和田间持水量,降低容重和饱和导水率,其中沙土生物结皮还可明显粘化0～25cm土壤质地;(2)两种生物结皮均能不同程度的增加土壤全量养分、速效养分以及有机质含量,降低pH值,但其影响多数集中在表层或结皮层;(3)土壤化学性质中,全氮、速效磷和有机质受生物结皮影响程度较大,而全氮、速效钾和有机质受生物结皮影响土层较深;(4)沙土生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响程度大于黄土生物结皮。两种类型生物结皮对所研究土壤理化性质的影响总体有利于该区生态环境的改善,且沙土生物结皮较黄土生物结皮具有更为重要的生态功能。

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区坡地土壤剖面饱和导水率空间异质性

在黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区坡面(40 m×350 m)尺度上进行网格(10 m×10 m)取样,用经典统计学和地统计学相结合研究了180个土壤剖面(0—200 cm)各土层扰动土饱和导水率(Ks)的空间异质性及分布格局。结果表明:0—20 cm土层的Ks值(5.36×10-3cm/s)最大,>20—200 cm各土层的Ks值均小于表层,其值介于4.32×10-3—4.76×10-3cm/s之间。各土层Ks的变异程度相近,均属于中等变异。>20—200 cm各土层Ks的Kriging插值图分布格局也表现出一致性,因此可用>20—40 cm土层的Ks值来代表深层Ks值对土壤水分运动进行模拟。除了0—20 cm的Ks的基台值(C+C0)为0.154,其它各土层基台值介于0.202—0.276之间,说明0—20 cm的Ks空间异质性小于>20—200 cm各土层。从比值C/(C+C0)来看,0—20 cm属于中等自相关,>20—200 cm土层属于强的空间自相关性,同样也验证了黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区土壤剖面饱和导水率具有空间变异特征。

黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错带坡面降雨分析

为探明黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错带的降雨特点,进而为该地区开展土壤侵蚀、开发利用降雨及地表径流的研究提供科学依据,该文对黄土高原六道沟流域5a(2006-2010年)雨季的坡面降雨进行了分析。采用BoxCarPro4.3软件对降雨数据在时间轴上进行分割,分割时间间隔分别为3、5、10min和1h,分析了六道沟流域雨季的坡面雨强、降雨历时及降雨量的分布。结果表明,3、5、10min和1h时间间隔的最大雨强分别为2.2、2.08、1.68和0.7mm/min,各时间间隔5a内雨季所有降雨历时的平均雨强分别为0.12、0.09、0.06和0.03mm/min。随着单位时间间隔的增加平均降雨强度降低,各时间间隔的小雨强发生概率远高于大雨强发生概率。3min时间间隔雨强大于1mm/min、5min时间间隔雨强大于1mm/min、10min时间间隔雨强大于0.8mm/min以及1h时间间隔雨强大于0.4mm/min发生的概率分别为0.4%、0.2%、0.2%和0.1%。降雨历时小于30min的降雨事件占总降雨事件的近50%;降雨历时在2h以上的降雨事件约占总降雨事件的23%,其中降雨历时大于12h的降雨事件只占总降雨事件的2.6%。降雨量小于等于1mm的降雨事件占年均雨季降雨事件的近50%,但其总降雨量不足年均降雨量的7%;降雨量大于20mm的降雨事件年均5次,其降雨量占年均雨量超过20%。研究结果在一定程度上揭示了黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错带的坡面降雨特征。

黄土高原六道沟小流域坡面土壤入渗特性的空间变异研究

水蚀风蚀交错带是黄土高原水土流失最为严重的地区,研究其不同地类土壤的入渗特性及其空间变异规律,有助于揭示黄土高原土壤侵蚀过程和生态环境的脆弱性以及流域水文模型精度的提高。本研究选取在水蚀风蚀交错带的强烈侵蚀中心六道沟小流域进行,采用双环定水头入渗法,在六道沟流域内一个长375m的完整天然坡面上网格布点,应用传统统计学方法和地统计学方法对稳定入渗率和前30min累积入渗量等土壤入渗特性重要参数的空间变异结构进行了研究,结果表明:(1)土壤稳定入渗率和前30min累积入渗量的变异系数分别为0.480和0.404,在坡面上的变异程度均呈现中等变异性;(2)两个入渗特性参数的试验半方差函数与理论半方差函数均拟合较好,自相关特征距离分别为126m和226m;块金值均大于0,表明在采样间隔范围内可能存在更小尺度的空间变异,要进一步研究在采样间隔内是否具有更小尺度的空间相关特征,可以增加采样密度来分析。

陕北水蚀风蚀交错区苜蓿地土壤水分过耗与恢复

采用野外定位观测法研究水蚀风蚀交错区苜蓿(Medicago sativa)草地土壤水分在天然降水作用下的恢复过程。结果显示:苜蓿地翻耕后,在降水作用下土壤水分有明显的恢复过程,第一年,150 cm以上土壤水分得到一定恢复,第二年深度达到300 cm,但上层土壤含水量并未增加;该地块植被大量消耗土壤储水导致土壤干燥化,高耗水植被消除后,土壤含水量逐渐增加。

水蚀风蚀交错带土壤剖面水力学性质变异

土壤剖面水力学性质的确定是土壤水分动态预测的基础。该文在水蚀风蚀交错区六道沟流域分别对居于坡中和坡上两块样地160 cm土层不同深度未扰动土壤的水分特征曲线进行了测定,将V an G enuch tens水分特征曲线模式与M ua lem导水模式相结合,确定了两样地土壤剖面的水力学参数,对水力学参数在剖面的变化进行了分析。结果表明,土壤剖面饱和含水率、滞留含水率、进气吸力倒数和孔隙大小分布因子沿剖面变化不大,滞留含水率、进气吸力倒数属于中等程度变异,饱和含水率和孔隙大小分布指标属于弱变异,但经方差检验均不显著,说明该地区160 cm土壤剖面可以处理成均质剖面。

神木水蚀风蚀交错带退耕坡地土壤水分空间变异性研究

运用统计学方法,对黄土高原神木水蚀风蚀交错带退耕坡地土壤水分空间变异性及其影响因子进行研究。结果表明:(1)土壤水分含量在垂直剖面方向表现出随深度增加,土壤水分含量呈增加趋势,在100cm土层内变异最大,在100cm以下其变化的梯度基本趋于稳定;(2)土壤水分含量沿坡长方向(即坡顶到坡下)呈波浪状递增趋势,且在各坡位变异程度不一,呈现出变异程度为坡上>坡中>坡下的趋势;(3)土壤水分含量沿垂直于坡长方向表现为:阴坡>山脊>阳坡的明显趋势,其变异程度表现为阳坡>阴坡的趋势。本文对神木水蚀风蚀交错带退耕坡地土壤水分的研究有助于了解退耕地土壤水分的变异特征,为区域环境治理和植被建设提供科学依据。