Reinvestigation of the scaling law of the windblown sand launch velocity with a wind tunnel experiment

Windblown sand transport is a leading factor in the geophysical evolution of arid and semi-arid regions.The evolution speed is usually indicated by the sand transport rate that is a function of launch velocity of sand particle,which has been investigated by the experimental measurement and numerical simulation.However,the obtained results in literatures are inconsistent.Some researchers have discovered a relation between average launch velocity and wind shear velocity,while some other researchers have suggested that average launch velocity is independent of wind shear velocity.The inconsistence of launch velocity leads to a controversy in the scaling law of the sand transport rate in the windblown case.On the contrary,in subaqueous case,the scaling law of the sand transport rate has been widely accepted as a cubic function of fluid shear velocity.In order to explain the debates surrounding the windblown case and the difference between windblown and subaquatic cases,this study reinvestigates the scaling law of the vertical launch velocity of windblown transported sand particles by using a dimensional analysis in consideration of the compatibility of the characteristic time of sand particle motion and that of air flow.Then a wind tunnel experiment is conducted to confirm the revisited scaling law,where the sand particle motion pictures are recorded by a high-speed camera and then the launch velocity is solved by the particle tracking velocimetry.By incorporating the results of dimensional analysis and wind tunnel experiment,it can be concluded that,the ratio of saltons number to reptons number determines the scaling law of sand particle launch velocity and that of sand transport rate,and using this ratio is able to explain the discrepancies among the classical models of steady sand transport.Moreover,the resulting scaling law can explain the sand sieving phenomenon:a greater fraction of large grains is observed as the distance to the wind tunnel entrance becomes larger.

Evolution of windblown sand flux and dune field——Trans-scale modeling and simulation

Windblown sand flux and dune field evolving toward the oasis have been a common ecological and environmental threat confronted by many countries.Meanwhile,it is also a kind of complex dynamical process involving multiple temporal and spatial scales which is still out of accurate description through current field observations.Available models and reliable quantitative simulations are of significant value to predict the spreading rate of desertification and provide an optimal design for sand prevention.This paper presents a 'triple-jump' method to realize quantitative simulations to the formation and evolution of an aeolian dune field from an arbitrary initial configuration.Simulated results achieve a satisfactory agreement with observations qualitatively and quantitatively,which also reveal the characteristics and dynamical behaviors of dunes and dune field.Such a paradigm is of a good level of generality,which provides an exploratory probe into the subject of multi-scale physics.

Sand particle dislodgement in windblown sand

The incipient motion of sand particle from sand bed plays a very important role in the prediction of windblown sand.In this paper,we proposed a new method for predicting the incipient motion of sand particle based on wind speed fluctuation as follows,when the wind speed is larger than the critical wind speed,if the total impulse on sand particle is larger than the critical impulse,incipient motion of sand particle would take place,otherwise if not.Furthermore,from the analysis of entrainment in the rolling and lifting modes,we come to the following conclusion.When the average wind speed is smaller than the critical wind speed,if the average wind speed is used to judge the incipient motion of sand particle,one will underestimate the number of sand particles jumping from the bed,if the instantaneous wind speed is used to judge incipient motion of sand particle,one will overestimate the number of sand particles jumping from the bed;When the average wind speed is larger than the critical wind speed,either the average or the instantaneous wind speeds is used to judge the incipientmotion of sand particles,one will overestimate the number of sand particles jumping from the bed.

Investigations on Several Mechanical Problems in Windblown Sand Movement

It is very necessary for investigation on mechanism of windblown sand movement to understand and find out effective measures of preventing and reducing windblown sand, This also deals with some general features and hot spots in the scientific forelands. such as multi-scale problems. interactions among. multi-physical-fields, randomness and nonlinearity as well as complex systems. In recent years, a series of experiments in wind tunnels and theoretical modeling as well as computer simulation have been taken by our research group （the Laboratory of Environmental Mechanics on Windblown Sand Movement in Lanzhou University ）in a cross-disciplinary （mechanics and geography） viewpoint. Several original and essential studies were explored such as the main regularities of charges on sand particles, the mechanisms of electric field in windblown sand flux, the effects induced by the electric field on the flux, the microwave propagations, the evolution process of windblown and flux under mutual couple interations among several physical fields, and the simulation of the main features of Aeolian sand ripples.

Investigations on Several Mechanical Problems in Windblown Sand Movement

It is very necessary for the investigation on mechanism of windblown sand movement to under- stand and find out effective measures of preventing and reducing danger of windblown sands,which al- so deals with some general characters and hot spots in the scientific forelands,such as multi-scale prob- lems,interactions among multi-physical-fields,ran- domness and nonlinearity as well as complex sys- tems.In recent years,a series of experiments in wind tunnels and theoretical modeling as well as computer simulation have been undertaken in the re- search group of environmental mechanics on wind- blown sand movement in Lanzhou University with the point of mechanical and geography intersecting view.Some original and essential progress has been achieved, which includes that the main regu- larities of charges on sand particles and the electric field in windblown sand flux and the effect of the electric field on the flux and the microwave propaga- tion are revealed,and the evolution process of windblown sand flux under the mutual couple inter- actions among several physical fields are predicted as well as the main features of Aeolian sand ripples are simulated.

Classification and regionalization of the forming environment of windblown sand disasters along the Tarim Desert Highway

Through the systematic field survey and observations, the factor quantification as well as setting the criteria, the sand disaster-forming environment along the Tarim Desert Highway can be divided into four grades by the classification and regionalization based on fuzzy mathematics. The length of the regions with significant sand disaster accounted for 37.1% of the total highway length. Particularly, the area along the Tarim Desert Highway, based on the sand disaster-forming environment classification as well as the difference in the five basic landform units along the highway, combined with the difference of wind regime, can be divided into five regions, in which the length of the regions suffering severe sand damage occupied 64.3% of the total highway length. In addition, the index of disaster formation grade along the highway decreased from north to south, showing a repeated spatial pattern in small length scales.

Experimental investigation of particle velocity distributions in windblown sand movement

With the PDPA(Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer) measurement technology,the probability distributions of particle impact and lift-off velocities on bed surface and the particle velocity distributions at different heights are detected in a wind tunnel. The results show that the probability distribution of impact and lift-off velocities of sand grains can be expressed by a log-normal function,and that of impact and lift-off angles complies with an exponential function. The mean impact angle is between 28° and 39°,and the mean lift-off angle ranges from 30° to 44°. The mean lift-off velocity is 0.81-0.9 times the mean impact velocity. The proportion of backward-impacting particles is 0.05-0.11,and that of backward-entrained particles ranges from 0.04 to 0.13. The probability distribution of particle horizontal velocity at 4 mm height is positive skew,the horizontal velocity of particles at 20 mm height varies widely,and the variation of the particle horizontal velocity at 80 mm height is less than that at 20 mm height. The probability distribution of particle vertical velocity at different heights can be described as a normal function.

国道219温泉至霍尔果斯越岭段公路雪害选线研究

基于横穿西天山山脉的G219线温泉至霍尔果斯公路建设项目,通过沿线气象资料的收集分析,得到气温、降水、风速的时空分布情况;采用积雪环境信息遥感调查的方法,分析影响路线及路基设计的积雪类型、分布范围、厚度和成因,模拟分析雪崩堆积区的形态、面积、位置、堆积体特征、雪崩量、雪崩裂点位置,并对风吹雪灾害进行分级评估。根据雪害分布及发育情况,结合地形地质条件,对克孜勒隧道两处进口和两处出口方案进行组合比选,推荐采用路线绕避、抬高路基、设置挡雪墙、明洞、防雪棚洞等处置措施,在雪害整体可控、预留升级改造条件、造价合理的前提下,推荐采用K线方案。

基于SPH法的动车组除雪犁结构优化设计

为了改善除雪犁的除雪效果,该文基于光滑粒子流体动力学法对除雪犁结构进行优化设计。首先采用SPH法建立雪堆模型,并且采用参数化方式对动车组除雪犁进行建模。然后研究排雪速度对除雪效果的影响,并在最恶劣的排雪工况下分析雪犁开口角、雪犁前角对排雪阻力的影响。研究表明,排雪速度为60 m/s时,排雪阻力最大;随着开口角增大,纵向、垂向排雪平均阻力增大;随着前角的增大,纵向排雪阻力减小,垂向排雪平均阻力增大。最后通过改变除雪犁的结构参数后进行正交试验,综合优选出一组最优的除雪犁结构参数组合,为动车组在高寒地区应对风积雪状况下的除雪问题提供参考。

拉林铁路沿线风积沙自由场及其加固地基动力特性分析

拉林铁路沿线风积沙地基液化是其面临的主要问题之一,利用振冲碎石桩法进行地基处理时存在局部沉降量大等一系列问题。为解决上述问题,借助振动台试验,分析了研究区风积沙自由场和水泥搅拌桩加固地基的动力响应特征。研究结果表明,当地震强度较小时(0.1g),地震动在风积沙自由场中有较为明显的自下而上不断放大的趋势,当地震强度较大时(0.3g),地震动在土层中从下而上呈现先增大后减小的趋势;风积沙自由场中的液化现象并非同时发生,而是具有明显的时间差,即从上到下逐渐发展;输入的地震动强度一定时,风积沙自由场表层沉降量和孔压比较加固地基明显偏大,前者的地表宏观反应也明显强于后者,这表明水泥搅拌桩对风积沙地基的液化具有较好的抑制作用,这种抑制作用与地震动强度呈负相关,但与土层的埋深呈正相关。该研究成果可为风积沙地基的液化处理提供借鉴和参考。

河西戈壁荒漠地区风积沙路段治理研究

在高速公路施工建设中,路线不可避免会穿越一些特殊土(岩)地段、不良地质地段,需要对这类特殊路基进行特殊设计与施工处理。尤其是戈壁荒漠地区风积沙路基段,通过把先进的施工技术和科学的施工管理相结合,经过工程实践,提炼与总结形成具有指导现场施工、加强项目管理的规范化技术文件,从而提升工程实体品质。

水平旋喷桩在风积沙隧道洞口段的应用分析

风积沙作为抗剪能力弱、黏聚力低、自稳能力差的土体,隧道开挖时围岩变形难以控制。水平旋喷桩具有高效、环保、经济等独特优势,已广泛应用于风积沙隧道中,属于一种预加固施工技术。为了解风积沙地层隧道失稳变形特征和预加固控制效果,本文依托拉林铁路德吉隧道采用水平旋喷桩对风积沙隧道进行超前支护,并取得了不错的成效,积累了丰富的施工经验。

小保当煤矿风积沙松散层三维地震地质特征研究

小保当一号矿井地形起伏较大,地质构造复杂多变,传统勘探技术难以满足该矿井全方位勘查的需要,严重制约矿井的安全高效生产。以该矿井首采区地质条件为研究背景,综合应用理论分析、现场试验以及现场勘探等方法,判定矿井风积沙松散层首采区为地震勘探地质一般区,得出了影响该区域内三维地震勘探的影响因素为地形因素、激发因素以及接收因素,制定了适用于风积沙松散层三维地震勘探方案,查明了勘探区内风积沙松散层厚度在50~115 m之间变化,南部最厚达到115 m;勘探区内各煤层厚度整体表现为由西北向东南逐渐变厚的变化趋势,煤层总体呈向北西倾斜的单斜形态;勘探区内2^(-2)、5^(-2)煤层共有9条断层且均为正断层,其中落差大于5 m的断层2条。

科尔沁沙地不同下垫面风沙流结构与变异特征

对流动、半流动、半固定和固定沙地 4种不同下垫面 0～ 2 0 cm气流层的风沙流结构与变异特征研究表明 :(1 )不同退化沙地在总输沙量及各层输沙量上存在明显的差异 ,在 5月 1 5日的测定中 ,流动沙地的总输沙量是 83 .1g/ cm2 .h,分别是半流动、半固定和固定沙地的 2 .1倍、9.2倍和 33 .9倍 ;而在 5月 1 5日的测定中 ,流动沙地的总输沙量 1 0 5.7g/ cm2 .h,分别是半流动、半固定和固定沙地的 5.6倍、1 4.1倍和 75.6倍。(2 )总输沙量的 60以上分布在 1 0cm的高度内 ,随高度的增加 ,输沙量呈负指数函数下降。(3)风蚀物中粗粒 (粒径 1 .0～ 0 .5mm )与极细颗粒 (粒径0 .1～ 0 .0 5mm)和粉、粘粒 (<0 .0 5mm)的含量均很低 ,而细颗粒 (粒径 0 .2 5～ 0 .1 mm)的含量很高 ,占风蚀物的73 %～ 91 %,说明近地表层沙粒的运动以跃移为主。随高度的增加 ,风蚀物中中颗粒 (粒径 0 .5～ 0 .2 5mm)的含量下降 ,而极细颗粒和粉、粘粒含量增加 ,但其增幅因下垫面不同而异。(4) 0～ 2 0 cm总输沙量及各层输沙量与植被盖度呈显著负相关 ,与植株高度。

跃移层中沙粒浓度分布特征的研究

对于不同的沙粒起跳初速度分布函数 ,利用数值方法模拟了沙粒浓度沿高程的分布规律 ,发现风沙流强度沿高程具有“递增 -饱和 -衰减”的按层分布的规律 .进一步详细研究了影响风沙流结构的主要因素 ,如风速分布、地表粗糙度、沙粒粒径等对风沙流结构的影响方式和规律 .

乌兰布和沙漠不同下垫面风沙流结构与变异特征

对乌兰布和沙漠流动、半固定、固定沙丘3种不同下垫面0—40cm气流层内的风沙流结构的研究表明:(1)0—40cm高度层,输沙量随风速的增加而增加;在不同的风速下,流动沙丘的总输沙量大于半固定沙丘,半固定沙丘的输沙量大于固定沙丘,且呈指数函数关系。(2)在同一风速下,0—40cm高度层,三种不同下垫面的相对输沙量随高度的增加呈幂函数递减趋势。(3)随高度的增加,中沙粒基本呈递减趋势,细沙粒呈现递增趋势,但增幅因下垫面的不同而异。(4)三种不同下垫面近地表0—10cm层风沙流结构特征数S值均小于3.8,而特征值λ均大于1,表明三种下垫面均处于风蚀或搬运状态。

内蒙风化煤对镉离子溶液的吸附行为

A test for the adsorption of cadmium anion with the LongKou windblown coal was carried out.The capacities of windblown coal,the adsorption kinetics,the adsorption models and the effect of pH were studied.The results indicated that the windblown coal had good adsorption properties to cadmium anion and the adsorption isotherms were consistant with Freundlich equation.

新疆绿洲生态农业建设与可持续发展

阐述了新疆绿洲农业的结构、功能及演替特征,指出实施绿洲生态农业建设是当前大规模治理风沙危害,发展农业生产的有效技术体系,包括进一步优化农田防护林体系,推行防御风沙危害的农业技术,实行节水农业技术,优化资源配置,搞好农业生产结构调整与农田培肥,有效实行计划生育等,是促进新疆农业可持续发展的最佳选择。

蒙古高原交通干线风沙(雪)危害防治技术方案

中蒙俄经济走廊建设是“一带一路”的重要组成部分,将丝绸之路经济带与俄罗斯欧亚大铁路、蒙古国“草原之路”对接联通,对推进区域经济合作发挥着重要作用。区域自然灾害防治是陆路交通干线建设与安全运营的重要关键。中蒙俄经济走廊蒙古高原段在气候变化和人类活动共同作用下,草场退化及风蚀荒漠化问题较为普遍,风沙(雪)害防治则是区域交通干线安全保障的重要课题。结合前人相关的试验理论分析,基于多次大范围实地考察,本文综述了当前蒙古高原交通干线的风沙(雪)害的主要类型及发生机制,预判了路面积沙是未来高等级公路的主要沙害类型;针对现有公路和铁路及未来高等级公路的风沙(雪)危害,结合蒙古高原的生态环境特点,制定了相应防治技术方案和建设性建议,可为蒙古高原段交通干线建设提供科技支撑。

陕北半干旱风沙区人工纯林土壤性质极化研究

在人工或天然纯林内,由于树种生物生态学特性的单一性、对物质吸收利用的选择性和对环境效应的特殊性,土壤性质呈现偏离原平衡态、并朝某个方向非平衡或极端化发展的现象被作者称为极化。充分认识和了解土壤极化的方向和程度对维持森林可持续发展和防止土壤退化具有非常重要的意义。作者根据土壤极化的概念,提出了抗极化域（W）、抗极化度（R）、极化度（P）和极抗比（I）等土壤极化的表征指标,并采用多样地多样点混合采土法,对陕北半干旱风沙区进入成熟生长期的不同树种纯林和混交林土壤性质进行了广泛测定和极化分析,结果表明：①不同树种林地属于强度以上极化（｜P｜〉0.15）的土壤性质分别为：油松林地的生物学性质;小叶杨林地的微量元素和化学性质;刺槐、旱柳和柠条林地的生物学、化学性质;沙棘林地的微量元素和生物学性质;紫穗槐林地的化学、生物学性质和微量元素。②除了油松纯林会引起土壤的严重贫养化外,刺槐纯林会引起土壤的富养化,柠条和旱柳纯林会引起土壤的富养化和生物学性质改善,小叶杨、沙棘和紫穗槐纯林会引起土壤的严重富养化和微量元素富集。③主要树种纯林抗土壤各种性质极化能力大小顺序均为小叶杨〉油松〉刺槐;相对于林木抗极化能力,油松纯林土壤各种性质的绝对综合极抗比均在轻微之下（Ia≤0.40）,小叶杨纯林均属基本稳定（Ia≤0.15）,刺槐纯林土壤的微量元素极化程度严重（Ia=0.61）、生物和化学性质极化程度中等（Ia为0.47~0.54）、物理性质极化程度轻微（Ia=0.40）。