Wings are an important flight organ of insects.Wing development is a complex process controlled by a series of genes.The flightless wing pad transforms into a mature wing with the function of migratory flight during t...Wings are an important flight organ of insects.Wing development is a complex process controlled by a series of genes.The flightless wing pad transforms into a mature wing with the function of migratory flight during the nymphto-adult metamorphosis.However,the mechanism of wing morphogenesis in locusts is still unclear.This study analyzed the microstructures of the locust wing pads at pre-eclosion and the wings after eclosion and performed the comparative transcriptome analysis.RNA-seq identified 25,334 unigenesand 3,430 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)(1,907 up-regulated and 1,523 down-regulated).The DEGs mainly included cuticle development(LmACPs),chitin metabolism(Lm Idgf4),lipid metabolism-related genes,cell adhesion(Integrin),zinc finger transcription factors(LmSalm,LmZF593 andLmZF521),and others.Functional analysis based on RNA interference and hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining showed that the three genes encoded zinc finger transcription factors are essential for forming wing cuticle and maintaining morphology in Locusta migratoria.Finally,the study found that the LmSalm regulates the expression of LmACPs in the wing pads at pre-eclosion,and LmZF593 and LmZF521 regulate the expression of LmIntegrin/LmIdgf4/LmHMT420 in the wings after eclosion.This study revealed that the molecular regulatory axis controls wing morphology in nymphal and adult stages of locusts,offering a theoretical basis for the study of wing development mechanisms in hemimetabolous insects.展开更多
The Notch signaling pathway plays a central role in the development of various organisms.However,dysregulation of microRNAs(miRNAs),which are crucial regulators of gene expression,can disrupt signaling pathways at all...The Notch signaling pathway plays a central role in the development of various organisms.However,dysregulation of microRNAs(miRNAs),which are crucial regulators of gene expression,can disrupt signaling pathways at all stages of development.Although Notch signaling is involved in wing development in Drosophila,the mechanism underlying miRNA-based regulation of the Notch signaling pathway is unclear.Here,we report that loss of Drosophila miR-252 increases the size of adult wings,whereas the overexpression of miR-252 in specific compartments of larval wing discs leads to patterning defects in the adult wings.The miR-252 overexpression-induced wing phenotypes were caused by aberrant Notch signaling with intracellular accumulation of the full-length Notch receptor during development,which could be due to defects in intracellular Notch trafficking associated with its recycling to the plasma membrane and autophagy-mediated degradation.Moreover,we identified Rab6 as a direct target of miR-252-5p;Rab6 encodes a small Ras-like GTPase that regulates endosomal trafficking pathways.Consistent with this finding,RNAi-mediated downregulation of Rab6 led to similar defects in both wing patterning and Notch signaling.Notably,co-overexpression of Rab6 completely rescued the wing phenotype associated with miR-252 overexpression,further supporting that Rab6 is a biologically relevant target of miR-252-5p in the context of wing development.Thus,our data indicate that the miR-252-5p-Rab6 regulatory axis is involved in Drosophila wing development by controlling the Notch signaling pathway.展开更多
RNA interference(RNAi)has developed rapidly as a potential“green”pest management strategy.At present,most studies have focused on the screening of aphid lethal genes,whereas only a few studies have been conducted on...RNA interference(RNAi)has developed rapidly as a potential“green”pest management strategy.At present,most studies have focused on the screening of aphid lethal genes,whereas only a few studies have been conducted on wing development,which is crucial for aphid migration and plant-virus dissemination.Here,the Myzus persicae genes vestigial(vg)and Ultrabithorax(Ubx)related to wing development,were cloned.These two genes were expressed in various tissues of 3rd-instar winged aphids.The mRNA level of vg was high in 3rd-instar nymphs,whereas the expression level of Ubx was high in adults.The nanocarrier-mediated delivery system delivered double-stranded RNAs for aphid RNAi using topical and root applications.The expression levels of vg and Ubx were downregulated by 44.0%and 36.5%,respectively,using the topical application.The simultaneous RNAi of the two target genes caused 63.3%and 32.2%wing aberration rates using topical and root applications,respectively.The current study provided a promising method for controlling aphid migration to alleviate the spread of insect transmitted plant diseases.展开更多
Since it takes a long time to design an aircraft, the succession to or the acquirement of knowledges and technologies is a key to provide to aircraft design high quality and productivity. This paper describes a comput...Since it takes a long time to design an aircraft, the succession to or the acquirement of knowledges and technologies is a key to provide to aircraft design high quality and productivity. This paper describes a computer support system for wing design using a new tool based on an object-oriented approach. The system is programmed in a module of objects which represent design tasks or design knowledges. The modulated program gives advantages to maintain and extend the system easily. The system provides to users a flexible support with excellent user interface which consists of mouse, menu-driven system, and window system.展开更多
Cuticular proteins(CPs)are major components of the insect cuticle-associated organs such as integument and wings,although the importance of CPs for wing development and function in hemimetabolous insects remains under...Cuticular proteins(CPs)are major components of the insect cuticle-associated organs such as integument and wings,although the importance of CPs for wing development and function in hemimetabolous insects remains understudied.In the present study,a wing cuticular protein LmACP8 was identified from Locusta migratoria,which belongs to the RR-2 subfamily of cuticular protein R&R consensus(CPR)chitin-binding proteins.LmACP8 was mainly expressed in the wing pads and showed high expression levels before ecdysis of third-,fourth-,and fifth-instar nymphs,with its encoded protein located in the procuticle of wing pads and adult wings.Depletion of LmACP8 by RNA interference markedly reduced the amount of its protein,which consequently caused abnormal wing morphogenesis in the transition from nymph to adult of L.migratoria.We further demonstrated that the abnormal morphogenesis was caused by severe damage of the endocuticle in the wings.LmACP8 was suppressed by 20-hydroxyecdysone(20 E)in vivo,however,its expression was significantly up-regulated after knocking down the hormone receptor gene LmHR39.Thus,the LmACP8 that is negatively regulated by the LmHR39-mediated 20 E signaling pathway is involved in wing development during the nymph to adult transition.展开更多
【目的】探讨东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis Wnt基因家族中WntA编码蛋白序列特征及其在胚胎发育阶段的时空表达谱,为进一步开展LmmWntA的功能研究及挖掘东亚飞蝗其他Wnt基因家族成员奠定基础。【方法】PCR克隆并利用邻接法(nei...【目的】探讨东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis Wnt基因家族中WntA编码蛋白序列特征及其在胚胎发育阶段的时空表达谱,为进一步开展LmmWntA的功能研究及挖掘东亚飞蝗其他Wnt基因家族成员奠定基础。【方法】PCR克隆并利用邻接法(neighbor-joining,NJ)鉴定东亚飞蝗Wnt基因家族基因LmmWntA;通过同源序列多重比对分析LmmWntA氨基酸序列特征;利用整胚原位杂交技术对LmmWntA在东亚飞蝗产卵后(after egg laying,AEL)发育至12,24,35,46,56和65 h以及3,3.5,4,4.5,5,5.5,6.5,8,8.5,9.5和11 d共17个连续胚胎发育阶段进行转录信号筛查。【结果】克隆获得东亚飞蝗LmmWntA(GenBank登录号:MW052768),CDS全长1101 bp,编码336个氨基酸;LmmWtnA与头索动物、昆虫、有爪动物及环节动物WntA蛋白共同聚为WntA亚家族单系群;LmmWntA中段和C端与比对物种WntA蛋白序列保持了较高同源性,仅在N端信号肽区域出现差异,LmmWntA与膜翅目(Hymenoptera)西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera AmWntA蛋白聚为姊妹群,氨基酸序列一致性为59.05%。LmmWntA最先表达在东亚飞蝗35 h AEL胚胎期末端生长区并在该区域持续表达至4 d AEL胚胎期,同时在新生体节每节腹部形成条纹状表达;在46 h AEL胚胎期视叶后半区持续表达至8.5 d AEL胚胎期,该区域未来发育成复眼;在56 h AEL胚胎期脑持续表达至5.5 d AEL胚胎期;在65 h AEL胚胎期每节腹部的条纹状表达信号逐渐转移至腹中线两侧,在触角基部有明显的表达信号;在5.5 d AEL胚胎期表达信号进一步转移至腹神经;从3 d AEL胚胎期开始在腹侧体节远轴端表达,后期转移至上颚、足关节及末端;伴随4.5 d AEL胚胎末端开始内陷形成肛道,LmmWntA在内陷肛道的腹面及前端表达,最多内陷至腹部第7体节;至9.5 d AEL胚胎期时LmmWntA在翅芽盘处表达。【结论】LmmWntA在东亚飞蝗胚胎发育阶段动态表达,推测LmmWntA参与东亚飞蝗胚胎后端体节生长、神经系统(脑和腹神经)、复眼、触角、消化系统后端(肛道)、颚、胸部附肢(足和翅)等重要组织和器官的发生和形成。本研究结果为进一步开展LmmWntA功能缺失研究奠定发育生物学基础。展开更多
Insect wings are subject to strong selective pressure,resulting in the evolution of remarkably diverse wing morphologies that largely determine flight capacity.However,the genetic basis and regulatory mechanisms under...Insect wings are subject to strong selective pressure,resulting in the evolution of remarkably diverse wing morphologies that largely determine flight capacity.However,the genetic basis and regulatory mechanisms underlying wing size and shape development are not well understood.The silkworm Bombyx mori micropterous(mp)mutant exhibits shortened wing length and enlarged vein spacings,albeit without changes in total wing area.Thus,the mp mutant comprises a valuable genetic resource for studying wing de-velopment.In this study,we used molecular mapping to identify the gene responsible for the mp phenotype and designated it Bmmp.Phenotype-causing mutations were identified as indels and single nucleotide polymorphisms in noncoding regions.These mutations resulted in decreased Bmmp messenger RNA levels and changes in transcript isoform composition.Bmmp null mutants were generated by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 and exhibited changed wing shape,similar to mp mutants,and significantly smaller total wing area.By examining the expression of genes critical to wingdevelopment inwildtype and Bmmp null mutants,we found that Bmmp exerts its function by coordinately modulating anterior-posterior and proximal-distal axes development.We also studied a Drosophila mp mutant and found that Bmmp is functionally conserved in Drosophila.The Drosophila mp mutant strain exhibits curly wings of reduced size and a complete loss of flight capacity.Our results increase our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning insect wing development and reveal potential targets for pest control.展开更多
Wings are an important flight organ of insects and their morphogenesis depends on a series of cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions.Integrin as a transmembrane protein receptor mediates cell-to-ce...Wings are an important flight organ of insects and their morphogenesis depends on a series of cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions.Integrin as a transmembrane protein receptor mediates cell-to-cell adhesion,cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions and signal transduction.In the present study,we characterized an integrin gene that encodes integrinβ-PS protein in Locusta migratoria.Lmlntegrinβ-PS is highly expressed in the wing pads and the middle stages of 5th instar nymphs.Immunohisto-chemical analysis revealed that the Lmlntegrinβ-PS protein was localized at the cell base of the two layers of wings.After suppression of Lmlntegrinβ-PS by RNA interference,the wing pads or wings were unable to form normally,with a blister wing appearance during nymph to nymph transition and nymph to adult transition.We further found that the dorsal and ventral epidermis of the wings after dsLmlntegrinβ-PS injection were improperly connected and formed huge cavities revealed by hematoxylin and eosin staining.Furthermore,the morphology and structure of the wing cuticle was significantly disturbed which affected the stable arrangement and attachments of the wing epidermis.Moreover,the expression of related cell adhesion genes was significantly decreased in LmIntegrinβ-PS-suppressed L.migratoria,suggesting that Lmlntegrinβ-PS is required for the morphogenesis and development of wings during molting by stabilizing cell adhesion and maintaining the cytoskeleton of these cells.展开更多
Chitinase degrades chitin in the old epidermis or peritrophic matrix of insects,which ensures normal development and metamorphosis.In our previous work,we comprehensively studied the function of SfCht7 in Sogatella fu...Chitinase degrades chitin in the old epidermis or peritrophic matrix of insects,which ensures normal development and metamorphosis.In our previous work,we comprehensively studied the function of SfCht7 in Sogatella furcifera.However,the number and function of chitinase genes in S.furcifera remain unknown.Here,we identified 12 full-length chitinase transcripts from S.furcifera,which included nine chitinase(Cht),two imaginal disc growth factor(IDGF),and one endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase(ENGase)genes.Expression analysis results revealed that the expression levels of eight genes(SfCht3,SfCht5,SfCht6-1,SfCht6-2,SfCht7,SfCht8,SfCht10,and SfIDGF2)with similar transcript levels peaked prior to molting of each nymph and were highly expressed in the integument.Based on RNA interference(RNAi),description of the functions of each chitinase gene indicated that the silencing of SfCht5,SfCht10,and SfIDGF2 led to molting defects and lethality.RNAi inhibited the expressions of SfCht5,SfCht7,SfCht10,and SfIDGF2,which led to downregulated expressions of chitin synthase 1(SfCHS1,SfCHS1a,and SfCHS1b)and four chitin deacetylase genes(SfCDA1,SfCDA2,SfCDA3,and SfCDA4),and caused a change in the expression level of two trehalase genes(TRE1 and TRE2).Furthermore,silencing of SfCht7 induced a significant decrease in the expression levels of three wing development-related genes(SfWG,SfDpp,and SfHh).In conclusion,SfCht5,SfCht7,SfCht10,and SfIDGF2 play vital roles in nymph–adult transition and are involved in the regulation of chitin metabolism,and SfCht7 is also involved in wing development;therefore,these genes are potential targets for control of S.furcifera.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1700200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970469)+2 种基金earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System,China(2023CYJSTX01-20)the Fund for Shanxi“1331 Project”,Chinathe Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi,China(2022Y032)。
文摘Wings are an important flight organ of insects.Wing development is a complex process controlled by a series of genes.The flightless wing pad transforms into a mature wing with the function of migratory flight during the nymphto-adult metamorphosis.However,the mechanism of wing morphogenesis in locusts is still unclear.This study analyzed the microstructures of the locust wing pads at pre-eclosion and the wings after eclosion and performed the comparative transcriptome analysis.RNA-seq identified 25,334 unigenesand 3,430 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)(1,907 up-regulated and 1,523 down-regulated).The DEGs mainly included cuticle development(LmACPs),chitin metabolism(Lm Idgf4),lipid metabolism-related genes,cell adhesion(Integrin),zinc finger transcription factors(LmSalm,LmZF593 andLmZF521),and others.Functional analysis based on RNA interference and hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining showed that the three genes encoded zinc finger transcription factors are essential for forming wing cuticle and maintaining morphology in Locusta migratoria.Finally,the study found that the LmSalm regulates the expression of LmACPs in the wing pads at pre-eclosion,and LmZF593 and LmZF521 regulate the expression of LmIntegrin/LmIdgf4/LmHMT420 in the wings after eclosion.This study revealed that the molecular regulatory axis controls wing morphology in nymphal and adult stages of locusts,offering a theoretical basis for the study of wing development mechanisms in hemimetabolous insects.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea Government(MSIT)(2021R1F1A1059864 to D-H.L.and 2021R1A2C1006353 to Y.S.L.)a Korea University Grant(to Y.S.L.).
文摘The Notch signaling pathway plays a central role in the development of various organisms.However,dysregulation of microRNAs(miRNAs),which are crucial regulators of gene expression,can disrupt signaling pathways at all stages of development.Although Notch signaling is involved in wing development in Drosophila,the mechanism underlying miRNA-based regulation of the Notch signaling pathway is unclear.Here,we report that loss of Drosophila miR-252 increases the size of adult wings,whereas the overexpression of miR-252 in specific compartments of larval wing discs leads to patterning defects in the adult wings.The miR-252 overexpression-induced wing phenotypes were caused by aberrant Notch signaling with intracellular accumulation of the full-length Notch receptor during development,which could be due to defects in intracellular Notch trafficking associated with its recycling to the plasma membrane and autophagy-mediated degradation.Moreover,we identified Rab6 as a direct target of miR-252-5p;Rab6 encodes a small Ras-like GTPase that regulates endosomal trafficking pathways.Consistent with this finding,RNAi-mediated downregulation of Rab6 led to similar defects in both wing patterning and Notch signaling.Notably,co-overexpression of Rab6 completely rescued the wing phenotype associated with miR-252 overexpression,further supporting that Rab6 is a biologically relevant target of miR-252-5p in the context of wing development.Thus,our data indicate that the miR-252-5p-Rab6 regulatory axis is involved in Drosophila wing development by controlling the Notch signaling pathway.
基金We would like to acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32030012 and 31900363)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(6204043)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0200804).
文摘RNA interference(RNAi)has developed rapidly as a potential“green”pest management strategy.At present,most studies have focused on the screening of aphid lethal genes,whereas only a few studies have been conducted on wing development,which is crucial for aphid migration and plant-virus dissemination.Here,the Myzus persicae genes vestigial(vg)and Ultrabithorax(Ubx)related to wing development,were cloned.These two genes were expressed in various tissues of 3rd-instar winged aphids.The mRNA level of vg was high in 3rd-instar nymphs,whereas the expression level of Ubx was high in adults.The nanocarrier-mediated delivery system delivered double-stranded RNAs for aphid RNAi using topical and root applications.The expression levels of vg and Ubx were downregulated by 44.0%and 36.5%,respectively,using the topical application.The simultaneous RNAi of the two target genes caused 63.3%and 32.2%wing aberration rates using topical and root applications,respectively.The current study provided a promising method for controlling aphid migration to alleviate the spread of insect transmitted plant diseases.
文摘Since it takes a long time to design an aircraft, the succession to or the acquirement of knowledges and technologies is a key to provide to aircraft design high quality and productivity. This paper describes a computer support system for wing design using a new tool based on an object-oriented approach. The system is programmed in a module of objects which represent design tasks or design knowledges. The modulated program gives advantages to maintain and extend the system easily. The system provides to users a flexible support with excellent user interface which consists of mouse, menu-driven system, and window system.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0200900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31702067 and 31970469)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China–Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft of Germany(31761133021)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi,China(2019L0033)。
文摘Cuticular proteins(CPs)are major components of the insect cuticle-associated organs such as integument and wings,although the importance of CPs for wing development and function in hemimetabolous insects remains understudied.In the present study,a wing cuticular protein LmACP8 was identified from Locusta migratoria,which belongs to the RR-2 subfamily of cuticular protein R&R consensus(CPR)chitin-binding proteins.LmACP8 was mainly expressed in the wing pads and showed high expression levels before ecdysis of third-,fourth-,and fifth-instar nymphs,with its encoded protein located in the procuticle of wing pads and adult wings.Depletion of LmACP8 by RNA interference markedly reduced the amount of its protein,which consequently caused abnormal wing morphogenesis in the transition from nymph to adult of L.migratoria.We further demonstrated that the abnormal morphogenesis was caused by severe damage of the endocuticle in the wings.LmACP8 was suppressed by 20-hydroxyecdysone(20 E)in vivo,however,its expression was significantly up-regulated after knocking down the hormone receptor gene LmHR39.Thus,the LmACP8 that is negatively regulated by the LmHR39-mediated 20 E signaling pathway is involved in wing development during the nymph to adult transition.
文摘【目的】探讨东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis Wnt基因家族中WntA编码蛋白序列特征及其在胚胎发育阶段的时空表达谱,为进一步开展LmmWntA的功能研究及挖掘东亚飞蝗其他Wnt基因家族成员奠定基础。【方法】PCR克隆并利用邻接法(neighbor-joining,NJ)鉴定东亚飞蝗Wnt基因家族基因LmmWntA;通过同源序列多重比对分析LmmWntA氨基酸序列特征;利用整胚原位杂交技术对LmmWntA在东亚飞蝗产卵后(after egg laying,AEL)发育至12,24,35,46,56和65 h以及3,3.5,4,4.5,5,5.5,6.5,8,8.5,9.5和11 d共17个连续胚胎发育阶段进行转录信号筛查。【结果】克隆获得东亚飞蝗LmmWntA(GenBank登录号:MW052768),CDS全长1101 bp,编码336个氨基酸;LmmWtnA与头索动物、昆虫、有爪动物及环节动物WntA蛋白共同聚为WntA亚家族单系群;LmmWntA中段和C端与比对物种WntA蛋白序列保持了较高同源性,仅在N端信号肽区域出现差异,LmmWntA与膜翅目(Hymenoptera)西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera AmWntA蛋白聚为姊妹群,氨基酸序列一致性为59.05%。LmmWntA最先表达在东亚飞蝗35 h AEL胚胎期末端生长区并在该区域持续表达至4 d AEL胚胎期,同时在新生体节每节腹部形成条纹状表达;在46 h AEL胚胎期视叶后半区持续表达至8.5 d AEL胚胎期,该区域未来发育成复眼;在56 h AEL胚胎期脑持续表达至5.5 d AEL胚胎期;在65 h AEL胚胎期每节腹部的条纹状表达信号逐渐转移至腹中线两侧,在触角基部有明显的表达信号;在5.5 d AEL胚胎期表达信号进一步转移至腹神经;从3 d AEL胚胎期开始在腹侧体节远轴端表达,后期转移至上颚、足关节及末端;伴随4.5 d AEL胚胎末端开始内陷形成肛道,LmmWntA在内陷肛道的腹面及前端表达,最多内陷至腹部第7体节;至9.5 d AEL胚胎期时LmmWntA在翅芽盘处表达。【结论】LmmWntA在东亚飞蝗胚胎发育阶段动态表达,推测LmmWntA参与东亚飞蝗胚胎后端体节生长、神经系统(脑和腹神经)、复眼、触角、消化系统后端(肛道)、颚、胸部附肢(足和翅)等重要组织和器官的发生和形成。本研究结果为进一步开展LmmWntA功能缺失研究奠定发育生物学基础。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(awards U20A2058 and 31830094).
文摘Insect wings are subject to strong selective pressure,resulting in the evolution of remarkably diverse wing morphologies that largely determine flight capacity.However,the genetic basis and regulatory mechanisms underlying wing size and shape development are not well understood.The silkworm Bombyx mori micropterous(mp)mutant exhibits shortened wing length and enlarged vein spacings,albeit without changes in total wing area.Thus,the mp mutant comprises a valuable genetic resource for studying wing de-velopment.In this study,we used molecular mapping to identify the gene responsible for the mp phenotype and designated it Bmmp.Phenotype-causing mutations were identified as indels and single nucleotide polymorphisms in noncoding regions.These mutations resulted in decreased Bmmp messenger RNA levels and changes in transcript isoform composition.Bmmp null mutants were generated by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 and exhibited changed wing shape,similar to mp mutants,and significantly smaller total wing area.By examining the expression of genes critical to wingdevelopment inwildtype and Bmmp null mutants,we found that Bmmp exerts its function by coordinately modulating anterior-posterior and proximal-distal axes development.We also studied a Drosophila mp mutant and found that Bmmp is functionally conserved in Drosophila.The Drosophila mp mutant strain exhibits curly wings of reduced size and a complete loss of flight capacity.Our results increase our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning insect wing development and reveal potential targets for pest control.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0200900)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31702067,31970469)+3 种基金NSFC-DFG(31761133021)Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(2019L0033)Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province,China(201803D221004-5)2018 Special Talents Projects in Shanxi Province,China(201805D211019).
文摘Wings are an important flight organ of insects and their morphogenesis depends on a series of cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions.Integrin as a transmembrane protein receptor mediates cell-to-cell adhesion,cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions and signal transduction.In the present study,we characterized an integrin gene that encodes integrinβ-PS protein in Locusta migratoria.Lmlntegrinβ-PS is highly expressed in the wing pads and the middle stages of 5th instar nymphs.Immunohisto-chemical analysis revealed that the Lmlntegrinβ-PS protein was localized at the cell base of the two layers of wings.After suppression of Lmlntegrinβ-PS by RNA interference,the wing pads or wings were unable to form normally,with a blister wing appearance during nymph to nymph transition and nymph to adult transition.We further found that the dorsal and ventral epidermis of the wings after dsLmlntegrinβ-PS injection were improperly connected and formed huge cavities revealed by hematoxylin and eosin staining.Furthermore,the morphology and structure of the wing cuticle was significantly disturbed which affected the stable arrangement and attachments of the wing epidermis.Moreover,the expression of related cell adhesion genes was significantly decreased in LmIntegrinβ-PS-suppressed L.migratoria,suggesting that Lmlntegrinβ-PS is required for the morphogenesis and development of wings during molting by stabilizing cell adhesion and maintaining the cytoskeleton of these cells.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31960537 and 31560522)Provincial Key Project for Agricultural Science and Technology of Guizhou(Grant No.NY 20133006)International Cooperation Base for Insect Evolutionary Biology and Pest Control(Grant No.[2016]5802).
文摘Chitinase degrades chitin in the old epidermis or peritrophic matrix of insects,which ensures normal development and metamorphosis.In our previous work,we comprehensively studied the function of SfCht7 in Sogatella furcifera.However,the number and function of chitinase genes in S.furcifera remain unknown.Here,we identified 12 full-length chitinase transcripts from S.furcifera,which included nine chitinase(Cht),two imaginal disc growth factor(IDGF),and one endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase(ENGase)genes.Expression analysis results revealed that the expression levels of eight genes(SfCht3,SfCht5,SfCht6-1,SfCht6-2,SfCht7,SfCht8,SfCht10,and SfIDGF2)with similar transcript levels peaked prior to molting of each nymph and were highly expressed in the integument.Based on RNA interference(RNAi),description of the functions of each chitinase gene indicated that the silencing of SfCht5,SfCht10,and SfIDGF2 led to molting defects and lethality.RNAi inhibited the expressions of SfCht5,SfCht7,SfCht10,and SfIDGF2,which led to downregulated expressions of chitin synthase 1(SfCHS1,SfCHS1a,and SfCHS1b)and four chitin deacetylase genes(SfCDA1,SfCDA2,SfCDA3,and SfCDA4),and caused a change in the expression level of two trehalase genes(TRE1 and TRE2).Furthermore,silencing of SfCht7 induced a significant decrease in the expression levels of three wing development-related genes(SfWG,SfDpp,and SfHh).In conclusion,SfCht5,SfCht7,SfCht10,and SfIDGF2 play vital roles in nymph–adult transition and are involved in the regulation of chitin metabolism,and SfCht7 is also involved in wing development;therefore,these genes are potential targets for control of S.furcifera.