Numerical Analysis of Aerodynamic Characteristics of the HALE Diamond Joined-Wing Configuration UAV

The investigation on the aerodynamic characteristics of the high-attitude long-endurance (HALE) Diamond Joined-Wing configuration unmanned aerial vehicle ( UAV) was carried out by the theoretical analysis method and numerical simulation. Research indicates that as the wing of the UAV is composed of the front wing and the after wing, the after wing has the ability to transmit the front wing's boundary layer to the after wing root which can inhibit the front wing's flow separation. Although the front wing was affected by the retardation of the after wing, the aerodynamic performance of the front wing was better than that of alone front wing in most cases. The after wing was also affected by the wake and downwash of the front wing, and its aerodynamic performance was greatly decreased. The characteristic curve of the pitching moment of the UAV had nonlinear characteristics. The flow field structure of the after wing changed by the front wing wake direct sweep and flow separation at the after wing root were the main reasons that non-linear ′rise′phenomenon occurred in two segments ( α = 0° and α = 8° ) of the characteristic curve of pitching moment. Moreover, coupling of the flow separation characteristic of the front wing and the after wing resulted in the pitching moment ′pitchup′ phenomenon. The lateral-directional static stability of the flat layout was weak. The HALE Diamond Joined-Wing configuration UAV ' s aerodynamic performance can be improved and the problems in engineering applications can be effectively alleviated by adjusting the overall layout parameters.

Longitudinal Aerodynamic Characteristics of the Novel Wing-Body

The Longitudinal Aerodynamic Characteristics （LACs）of a wing-body without tail unit is computed and tested in wind tunnel. The empirical formulas of Datcom and some other authors are applied to estimate the basic Aerodynamic Coefficients. Two wing options are covered as analysis space, namely, the double-delta wing and streak wing, getting two analysis groups respectively. Good agreement between the computation results and the wind tunnel tests shows that the methodology presented is a simple and reliable way to calculate this kind of novel wing-body configurations.

Aerodynamic Characteristics,Power Requirements and Camber Effects of the Pitching-Down Flapping Hovering

The pitching-down flapping is a new type of bionic flapping,which was invented by the author based on previous studies on the aerodynamic mechanisms of fruit fly(pitching-up)flapping.The motivation of this invention is to improve the aerodynamic characteristics of flapping Micro Air Vehicles(MAVs).In this paper the pitching-down flapping is briefly introduced.The major works include:(1)Computing the power requirements of pitching-down flapping in three modes(advanced,symmetrical, delayed),which were compared with those of pitching-up flapping;(2)Investigating the effects of translational acceleration time,Δτ_t,and rotational time,Δτ_r,at the end of a stroke,and the angle of attack,α,in the middle of a stroke on the aerodynamic characteristics in symmetrical mode;(3)Investigating the effect of camber on pitching-down flapping.From the above works, conclusions can be drawn that:(1)Compared with the pitching-up flapping,the pitching-down flapping can greatly reduce the time-averaged power requirements;(2)The increase in Δτt and the decrease in Δτ_r can increase both the lift and drag coefficients, but the time-averaged ratio of lift to drag changes a little.And α has significant effect on the aerodynamic characteristics of the pitching-down flapping;(3)The positive camber can effectively increase the lift coefficient and the ratio of lift to drag.

ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HELICOPTER ROTOR WITH ANHEDRAL TIP SHAPE

A new analytical approach, based on a lifting surface model and a full span free wake analysis using the curved vortex element on the circular arc, is established for evaluating the aerodynamic characteristics of the helicopter rotor with an anhedral blade tip and is emphasized to be applicable to various blade tip configurations, such as the tapered, swept, anhedral and combined shapes. Sample calculations on the rotor aerodynamic characteristics for different anhedral tips in both hover and forward flight are performed. The results on the induced velocity, blade section lift distribution, tip vortex path and rotor performance are presented so that the effect of the anhedral tip on the rotor aerodynamic characteristics is fully analyzed.

Numerical Calculations of Aerodynamic and Acoustic Characteristics for Scissor Tail-Rotor in Forward Flight

The aerodynamic and aeroacoustic characteristics of a scissor tail-rotor in a forward flight are numerically calculated.A novel computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model based on Navier-Stokes(N-S)equations is presented to simulate the unsteady flowfield and the aerodynamic characteristics of a scissor tail-rotor in the forward flight.Then the Farassat Formulation 1 Aderived from the FW-H equation is coupled into the CFD model in order to compute the aeroacoustic characteristics of the scissor tail-rotor.In addition,two different scissor tail-rotor configurations,i.e.,the L-and U-configuration,are analyzed in details and compared with a conventional one.The influence of scissor angles on the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic characteristics of the scissor tail-rotor is also investigated.The simulation results demonstrate that the flowfield,aerodynamic force and aeroacoustic characteristics of a scissor tail-rotor are significantly different from the conventional one,and the aerodynamic interaction decreases with the increase of scissor angle,which leads to a reduction of amplitude variation of the tail-rotor thrust in the forward flight.The scissor angle has an important effect on the aerodynamics and aeroacoustics of the scissor tail-rotor.

Aerodynamic improvement of a delta wing in combination with leading edge flaps

Recently, various studies of micro air vehicle （MAV） and unmanned air vehicle （UAV） have been reported from wide range points of view. The aim of this study is to research the aerodynamic improvement of delta wing in low Reynold＇s number region to develop an applicative these air vehicle. As an attractive tool in delta wing, leading edge flap （LEF） is employed to directly modify the strength and structure of vortices originating from the separation point along the leading edge. Various configurations of LEF such as drooping apex flap and upward deflected flap are used in combination to enhance the aerodynamic characteristics in the delta wing. The fluid force measurement by six component toad ceil and particle image velocimetry （PIV） analysis are performed as the experimental method. The relations between the aerodynamic superiority and the vortex behavior around the models are demonstrated.

ANALYSIS OF AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTIC ON GLIDE BULLET TO INCREASE RANGE

This paper mainly calculates, analyzes and compares the aerodynamic characteristics of two kinds of bullets, one has wing, and the other has no wing. The calculated results indicate that the lift force of the glide bullet with wing is much bigger than that has no wing, and it reached the aim to increase range.

Mechanism analysis of hysteretic aerodynamic characteristics on variable-sweep wings

Variable-sweep wings have large shape-changing capabilities and wide flight envelops,which are considered as one of the most promising directions for intelligent morphing UAVs.Aerodynamic investigations always focus on several static states in the varying sweep process,which ignore the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics.However,deviations to static aerodynamic forces are inevitably caused by dynamic sweep motion.In this work,first,unsteady aerodynamic characteristics on a typical variable-sweep UAV with large aspect ratio were analyzed.Then,deep mechanism of unsteady aerodynamic characteristics in the varying sweep process was studied.Finally,numerical simulation method integrated with structured moving overset grids was applied to solve the unsteady fluid of varying sweep process.The simulation results of a sweep forward-backward circle show a distinct dynamic hysteresis loop surrounding the static data for the aerodynamic forces.Compared with the static lift coefficients,at the same sweep angles,dynamic lift coefficient in sweep forward process are all smaller,while dynamic sweep backward lift coefficient are all larger.In addition,dynamic deviations to static lift coefficient are positively related with the varying sweep speeds.Mechanism study on the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics indicates that three key factors lead to the dynamic hysteresis loop in varying sweep process.They are the effects of additional velocity caused by varying sweep motion,the effects of flow hysteresis and viscosity.The additional velocity induced by sweep motion affects the transversal flow direction along the wing and the effective angle of attack at the airfoil profile.The physical properties of flow,the hysteresis and viscosity affect the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics by flow separation and induced vortexes.

基于Fluent与Fensap-ice的AIAAC仿真

无人机机翼结冰严重限制了其操控性。基于Fluent与Fensap ice的数值模拟方法对某无人机机翼结冰过程进行耦合仿真计算,研究了结冰时长、飞行速度、MVD、LWC等结冰参数对翼型结冰过程的影响,并基于结冰后的二维翼型表面对其气动性能进行分析,发现随着结冰时长的增大、飞行速度的增加、MVD(水滴平均直径)与LWC(云层液态水含量)等参数的增大,飞机结冰对其气动特性的影响越来越恶劣,但结冰大小、气动性能变化程度与产生变化的原因不同。通过分析结冰前后的气动性能变化,可为不同环境下结冰状态选取以及防除冰装置的设计提供指导。

Numerical study of aerodynamic characteristics of FSW aircraft with different wing positions under supersonic condition

This paper investigates the influence of forward-swept wing (FSW) positions on the aerodynamic characteristics of aircraft under supersonic condition (Ma = 1.5). The numerical method based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) turbulence model and implicit algorithm is utilized to simulate the flow field of the aircraft. The aerodynamic parameters and flow field structures of the horizontal tail and the whole aircraft are presented. The results demonstrate that the spanwise flow of FSW flows from the wingtip to the wing root, generating an upper wing surface vortex and a trailing edge vortex nearby the wing root. The vortexes generated by FSW have a strong downwash effect on the tail. The lower the vertical position of FSW, the stronger the downwash effect on tail. Therefore, the effective angle of attack of tail becomes smaller. In addition, the lift coefficient, drag coefficient and lift-drag ratio of tail decrease, and the center of pressure of tail moves backward gradually. For the whole aircraft, the lower the vertical position of FSW, the smaller lift, drag and center of pressure coefficients of aircraft. The closer the FSW moves towards tail, the bigger pitching moment and center of pressure coefficients of the whole aircraft, but the lift and drag characteristics of the horizontal tail and the whole aircraft are basically unchanged. The results have potential application for the design of new concept aircraft. (C) 2016 Chinese Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Production and hosting by Elsevier Ltd.

基于CFD方法的民用飞机缩比飞行试验尺度效应研究

缩比飞行试验在民用飞机的研制过程中日益受到重视,其尺度效应影响评估是设计缩比飞行试验工况的基础,也是确认飞行数据适用性的关键。基于几何和动力学相似准则,针对某民用飞机及其缩比验证机设计分析工况组,采用计算流体力学方法研究相似准则参数(马赫数Ma、雷诺数Re、弗劳德数Fr)对气动载荷、典型气动导数及弹性变形的影响。研究结果表明,在动力学相似时,验证机与原型机间的气动特性差异主要来源于马赫数,雷诺数影响较小;当原型机以中低马赫数(Ma<0.5)飞行时,此时马赫数压缩效应不明显,验证机与原型机具有近似的展向与弦向载荷分布特征,典型稳定导数及操纵导数差异约10%,在控制律设计鲁棒性范围内;进一步保持质量与刚度分布相似时,机翼翼尖扭转变形差异不超过0.5°,挠度差异不超过0.5%,在工程上属于可接受的范围。

基于N-S方程和离散共轭方法的气动外形设计

快速准确的目标函数梯度计算方法是基于梯度信息的优化设计的关键技术之一。采用离散共轭方法计算目标函数关于设计变量的梯度,流动控制方程为三维N-S方程。对于离散共轭方程和流动控制方程均采用LU-SGS方法时间推进求解。检验了离散共轭方法计算梯度的准确性,利用该方法进行了机翼的优化设计与反设计,都获得了较好的结果。算例证明了本文方法可靠性好,效果令人满意。

蝴蝶飞行机理及仿蝴蝶扑翼飞行器研究进展综述

仿生扑翼飞行器具有高机动性、高隐蔽性以及高效率等突出优势,在军事侦查、探险搜救等领域具有较好的应用前景,而其应用的基础是对生物飞行机理的深入探究.随着先进运动观测和实验技术的引入,对昆虫飞行行为的记录和分析更为便捷和准确.研究表明常见的昆虫拍打频率较高,在25~400 Hz之间,而蝴蝶较为特殊,其扑打频率较低,大约为10 Hz,对于蝴蝶的许多独特的飞行技能尚缺少足够的认识.蝴蝶前翼和后翼的翼面积都较大,身体同侧的前后翼几乎为同步拍打,且扑打幅度较大,甚至接近180°.蝴蝶飞行中身体有较大幅度的上下和俯仰震荡,翼和身体运动高度耦合.即便如此,蝴蝶仍具有敏捷的飞行能力,可以达到点对点的飞行目标,甚至上千公里的长途迁徙,是优秀的仿生学研究对象.因此,蝴蝶启发的仿生扑翼飞行器也得到了全世界研究人员的关注.蝴蝶的飞行机制相对于其他昆虫更加特殊,飞行行为和气动特性更为复杂,这使得仿蝴蝶扑翼飞行器的研制更加困难.目前对于仿蝴蝶飞行器的研制大多数对蝴蝶翼–身耦合的机理进行了简化,很少能实现受控的稳定飞行.最后,本文梳理了真实蝴蝶的飞行行为特点和飞行机理,指出了仿蝴蝶扑翼飞行器研制的关键技术,总结了该类飞行器未来的发展方向和应用前景.

背负式S形进气道设计及数值分析

针对无人机布局特点,设计了一种短扩压、大偏距、背负式S形进气道。设计中采用变厚度唇口技术,两曲面相贯构造斜切进口技术,并对前人提出的扩压器中心线方程和面积变化规律进行了改进。利用计算流体力学(CFD)方法分析了S形进气道的内流特性及机身对S形进气道性能的影响。此外,作为验证,进行了进气道与发动机的地面试验,数值计算与试验结果都表明,S形进气道具有较好的气动特性,有一定工程应用价值。

大长径比变后掠翼导弹的颤振特性分析

为了增大导弹的内部空间,同时减小空气阻力,导弹外形日益趋于大长径比机构,而这样的设计易造成导弹低频颤振等明显的气动弹性问题。为解决上述问题,可通过调节导弹的气动外形,改变系统气动特性,达到抑制颤振的作用。针对变体飞行器技术之一的变后掠翼展开研究,围绕大长径比导弹的颤振问题,揭示飞行速度对导弹飞行时颤振特性的影响规律,而后验证通过改变导弹后掠角主动抑制导弹颤振方法的可行性,为解决导弹的颤振问题提供理论支撑。

升力翼对列车气动特性及运行安全性的影响研究

为探究升力翼高速列车的可行性,结合列车空气动力学和车辆多体系统动力学理论,建立了有/无升力翼高速列车空气动力学模型和车辆系统动力学模型,对有/无升力翼高速列车在明线无风及横风运行环境下的气动特性及运行安全性进行了仿真研究。研究结果表明:安装升力翼可提升高速列车的气动升力及升阻比,但气动阻力也大幅度增大;有/无翼高速列车周围流场特性差异较大,安装升力翼后列车表面压力分布及流线流向改变,列车滑流速度峰值增大,两侧及尾流区域速度分布改变。横风下列车表面压力分布及背风测涡脱结构改变,头车受到的气动阻力、升力、侧力及点头力矩相比于无翼时有明显的增大,升力与侧滚力矩差异明显,侧滚力矩方向改变且数值增大,摇头力矩变化很小。明线无风下,安装升力翼能够减小6%~13%的轮轨垂向力,其中尾车由于气动升力最大,轮轨垂向力减幅最显著;运行速度在450 km/h及以下时升力翼高速列车能够安全平稳运行,运行速度在500 km/h时升力翼高速列车轮轨垂向力和轮重减载率超限;影响安全性的主要原因是升力翼扩大了各节车之间气动载荷的差异,升力翼的气动布局有待进一步改善,建议减小头车和尾车的升力;横风环境下,升力翼高速列车头车受到升力、侧力及侧滚力矩数值明显增大,运行安全性恶化,横风安全域缩小。

仿生折叠翼扑动过程气动特性分析

以甲虫后翅为仿生对象,基于四板机构理论设计了一种仿甲虫四板折叠翼,并对其气动特性进行研究。建立了仿甲虫四板折叠翼动力学仿真模型,采用双向流固耦合数值模拟方法,分析了扑动幅值、拍动频率与前飞速度对柔性折叠翼的升阻力系数和空气流场的影响,并对柔性折叠翼扑动过程进行了流场研究。研究表明,柔性折叠翼能提高飞行器的升力特性和推力特性,其扑动幅值为80°,频率为50Hz时,折叠翼的气动特性最为显著。本研究工作为优化折叠翼的设计及控制奠定了基础。

翼尖涡作用下S809风力机翼型低雷诺数气动特性研究

通过风洞实验测量光滑与粗糙S809翼段翼尖部位尾流横截面的速度场和翼型表面压力分布获得翼尖涡涡量、涡心位置及翼型压差升阻力系数。经分析比较,得出该翼型翼尖涡涡量和涡心位置随雷诺数和攻角的变化趋势以及翼尖涡对压差升阻力系数影响的规律。

倾转机翼旋翼无人机倾转过渡状态数值模拟

倾转机翼旋翼无人机相较于传统构型倾转旋翼机能够显著改善悬停状态旋翼尾迹对机翼的气动干扰影响,提高飞行效率。针对该构型无人机具有复杂非定常气动特性的连续倾转过渡过程,采用由经典的分离涡模拟方法(DES)改进得到的延迟分离涡模拟方法(DDES)对其进行流场气动干扰计算,倾转过渡过程中无人机前飞速度、旋翼桨距角、机身与固定翼迎角以及短舱倾转角都随时间动态变化。通过与无倾转机翼传统构型对比,分析了倾转过渡过程气动性能变化以及流场机理。仿真计算结果表明,倾转初始状态无人机受到旋翼下洗流影响较小,在30°短舱倾转角以前的倾转过程,由于倾转机翼段阻力增大,导致旋翼需用拉力增大。倾转机翼段在倾转过程中产生的分离涡与旋翼下洗流尾迹产生碰撞干扰,导致在机翼翼梢位置产生更大的尾迹干扰区域,并且对内侧固定翼翼梢产生下洗效果,降低了整机升力。

材料属性对柔性仿生扑翼气动特性的影响

为探究不同材料属性柔性扑翼飞行器气动特性的变化,通过ANSYS中Fluent与Transient Structural的双向流固耦合方法,采用k-ω湍流模型,分别对三维柔性扑翼飞行器在不同材料属性下的气动特性进行数值模拟,得到了其瞬时升力、推力随翼面弹性模量的变化情况,并研究了一周期内扑翼展向流场压力分布与涡结构变化情况。研究结果表明,在一定范围内增加翼面弹性模量,对瞬时升力的提升效果并不明显,瞬时推力会随弹性模量的增加而降低。