Scientific Advances and Weather Services of the China Meteorological Administration’s National Forecasting Systems during the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics

Since the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics was the first Winter Olympics in history held in continental winter monsoon climate conditions across complex terrain areas,there is a deficiency of relevant research,operational techniques,and experience.This made providing meteorological services for this event particularly challenging.The China Meteorological Administration(CMA)Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre,achieved breakthroughs in research on short-and medium-term deterministic and ensemble numerical predictions.Several key technologies crucial for precise winter weather services during the Winter Olympics were developed.A comprehensive framework,known as the Operational System for High-Precision Weather Forecasting for the Winter Olympics,was established.Some of these advancements represent the highest level of capabilities currently available in China.The meteorological service provided to the Beijing 2022 Games also exceeded previous Winter Olympic Games in both variety and quality.This included achievements such as the“100-meter level,minute level”downscaled spatiotemporal resolution and forecasts spanning 1 to 15 days.Around 30 new technologies and over 60 kinds of products that align with the requirements of the Winter Olympics Organizing Committee were developed,and many of these techniques have since been integrated into the CMA’s operational national forecasting systems.These accomplishments were facilitated by a dedicated weather forecasting and research initiative,in conjunction with the preexisting real-time operational forecasting systems of the CMA.This program represents one of the five subprograms of the WMO’s high-impact weather forecasting demonstration project(SMART2022),and continues to play an important role in their Regional Association(RA)II Research Development Project(Hangzhou RDP).Therefore,the research accomplishments and meteorological service experiences from this program will be carried forward into forthcoming highimpact weather forecasting activities.This article provides an overview and assessment of this program and the operational national forecasting systems.

National Image Construction from the Perspective of Multimodal Metaphor-A Case Study of the Opening Ceremony of the Beijing Winter Olympics

The national image is a comprehensive concept with a distinct political feature,including the international image presented to the outside world,and also encompassing the national identity of the people.With the development of globalization,international cultural communication has become a crucial part of shaping the national image,and the opening ceremony of the Beijing Winter Olympics has become an important opportunity for China to showcase its national image to the world in the post-pandemic era.Based on Forceville’s multimodal metaphor theory,this paper examines the metaphorical phenomena contained in the performance and their functions,effects,and purposes in the construction of the national image.It is found that there are many scenes,images,and narratives in the opening ceremony,including war metaphor,competition metaphor,personification metaphor,and other conceptual metaphors.The focus of this paper is on multimodal metaphor in a broad sense,mainly encompassing auditory and visual modes.Through the use of these multimodal metaphors,the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics builds an image of a vibrant,peace-loving,and responsible country,which not only demonstrates China’s cultural self-confidence,but also expresses the Chinese people’s beautiful vision for the early reunification of the motherland.

Influence of 2022 Winter Olympics on Tourism Development of Zhangjiakou City and the Countermeasures

Mega-event is an important driving force for the development of urban tourism industry. As a co-host city of 2022 Winter Olympics, Zhangjiakou will encounter new opportunities in tourism development. This paper build a dynamic model about the influence of Olympics on urban tourism industry, and put forward specific strategies for the city promoting its tourism development by taking the opportunity of hosting the Winter Olympics.

Study on the Impact of Bid for Winter Olympics on the Development of Chinese Winter Sports

The 128th plenary session of International Olympic Committee declared on July 31, 2015 after vote that Beijing and Zhan^iakou will be the bidding cities of 2022 Winter Olympics. It was the second time for China to successfully bid Olympic Games since 2008 Summer Olympics, which will encourage China to continue to develop sports career in the process of sports power construction and will have long-term construction meanings. Chinese winter sports industry and sports culture will enter into the fast booming development period in the future 7 years. The paper begins with Beijing and Zhangjiakou Winter Olympics bid and the future Chinese winter sports industry construction to illustrate the impact of bid for Winter Olympics on the future winter sports career development.

Quality Improvement of Slow Traffic Space in Shijingshan District under the Background of Winter Olympics: A Case Study of Lugu Street of Shijingshan District

In the context of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics, the quality improvement of slow traffic space in Shijingshan District faces many challenges. Through the exploration of “slow traffic space” and its design concept and strategy theory, the problem of slow traffic space is sorted out from the aspects of policy background, spatial form and cultural construction, with Lugu Street as an example. Based on the unique cultural resources in the district, the optimization strategies are proposed from the aspects of spatial form improvement, unsupervised technology utilization, enhancement of residents’ willingness to slowly traffic and Winter Olympics culture shaping. In addition, a slow traffic space improvement scheme with easy implementation, convenient access and rich connotation is formed, in order to provide new methods and ideas for improving the quality of slow traffic space.

2022 Winter Olympics stamps launched

People buy commemorative stamps for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games and Paralympic Games after the launch of the stamps in Beijing on Sunday.Beijing offered a special New Year gift for philatelists and sports fans on Sunday with the launch of the first set of commemorative stamps for the 2022Beijing Winter Olympics.The inaugural set of the stamps comprises two pieces featuring the emblems of the 2022

Assessing vegetation community distribution characteristics and succession stages in mountainous areas hosting coming Winter Olympics Games

Alpine mountain ecosystem shows strong interactions between abiotic and biotic parameters.They also receive high attention from human activities(natural tourism,trekking,skiing,etc.).However,as the potential disturbance risk areas in alpine mountains are increasing,it is necessary to understand the relationship between environmental factors and plant communities.This is also the key consideration for the coming international events such as the Winter Olympic Games,which could generate uncontrolled ecosystem issues not previously studied.The Yin Mountains in Chongli district,Zhangjiakou City,Hebei Province,China will be the core area of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games.We hypothesize that disturbances will be caused,therefore,the previous relationships between the habitat factors and plant community and the main environmental limiting factors before hosting them must be assessed to design future restoration plans.Therefore,we used the two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN)and market basket analysis(MBA)for vegetation classification in 91 sampling plots.Plant community and relationships among environmental variables(altitude,slope position,aspect,direction,inclination,soil porosity,soil bulk density,organic matter content and soil pH)were investigated through the trend correspondence(DCA)and canonical correspondence analyses(CCA).Also,the TWINSPAN was used to classify the vegetation into 6 different groups.CCA analysis showed that i)the spatial variation of soil moisture and the content of soil organic matter are the main factors limiting the development of shrub and herb communities;ii)the distribution of different forest communities was mainly affected by terrain factors(altitude,aspect and slope position);iii)the dynamic changes of vegetation communities in different altitudes were affected by the fluctuation of environmental factors and human disturbance,and the shrubs and herbaceous plants in mid-to-high altitude areas(above 1400 m)generally show the process of transformation from the pioneer community to transitional community in the competition.We concluded that under the strong interference of human activities in the core construction area of the Olympic venues,higher damage intensity and lower resilience in the low altitude area is observed compared with the pioneer community.Whereas in the low altitude area(below 1400m)with a fragile ecological environment,although the plant diversity and coverage are poor,the potential impact and damage degree of the Olympic Games are greatly reduced due to the distance from the construction area of the core venues and good resilience.This information can help land managers and policymakers to anticipate human disturbances on plant communities and support guiding the most efficient ecological restoration after the Winter Olympic Games in 2022.

Inheritance and Innovation:Development of Beijing Shadow Play from the Perspective of Beijing Winter Olympics

This paper is aimed to figure out the dilemma of sustainable development of Beijing shadow play.Through a brand-new perspective of the Winter Olympic Games,this paper not only demonstrates the opportunities and challenges faced by Beijing shadow play in the current era,but also expounds the inheritance and innovation of it to show the value of change and sustainable development.It could be found that these methods are capable of breaking the limitations of time and space,so that this extraordinary art form can go worldwide and be found and loved by more people.It is concluded that more efforts should be put into the field of Beijing shadow play and that Beijing shadow play can be revived by virtue of inheritance and innovation.

High-quality Development Paths of Ice-snow Tourism in China from the Perspective of the Winter Olympics

Preparations for the Beijing Winter Olympics have promoted the rapid development of ice-snow tourism in China,which contributes to achieving the goal of having“300 million people participate in ice-snow sports”.This paper analyzes the status quo and problems associated with the growth of ice-snow tourism in China based on the methods of documentation and field investigation.The results indicate that China’s efforts have born abundant fruits.Notwithstanding,there are still some problems due to the limited time and hastened process of ice-snow tourism development,including unreasonable exploitation,low-quality products and services,imperfect investment and financing system,inadequate management,a single marketing mode,and insufficient talent teams.Compared with developed countries in Europe and the United States,ice-snow tourism in China is in the stage of rapid development.To achieve the high-quality development of ice-snow tourism in China,this paper proposes actions from eight aspects which involve policy,products and services,marketing,safety management and control,talent teams,standardization construction,science and technology,and community participation.This study can provide references for the high-quality development of ice-snow tourism in China,as well as perfecting Chinese theoretical research on ice-snow tourism.

Pay Attention to the Imaging Study of Sport Injury and Illness in Winter Olympics Sports

After successfully holding the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, the series of National Games, and a successful bid of Beijing and Zhangjiakou for the 2022 Winter Olympic Games, Chinese sports lace the greater opportunities of development. The imaging study of sport injury and illness in winter sports is to be developed for effective diagnosis and evaluation, which aims to stay in step with the progress in winter sports field. This will boost the development of sports promoting health strategy and advance the 2022 Winter Olympic Games.

Local and regional contributions to PM_(2.5) in the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics infrastructure areas during haze episodes

The 2022 Winter Olympics is scheduled to take place in Beijing and Zhangjiakou,which were defined as OIAs(Olympic infirastructure areas)in this study.This study presents the characteristics and source apportionment of PM_(2.5) in the OIAs,China.The entire region of China's Mainland,except for the OIAs,was divided into 9 source regions,including four regions in the BTH(Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei)region,the four provinces surrounding the BTH and the remaining areas.Using CAMx/PSAT,the contributions of the nine regions to the PM_(2.5) concentration in the OIAs were simulated spatially and temporally.The simulated source apportionment results showed that the contribution of regional transportation was 48.78%,and when PM_(2.5) concentration was larger than 75μg/m^(3) central Hebei was the largest contributor with a contribution of 19.18%,followed by Tianjin,northern Hebei,Shanxi,Inner Mongolia,Shandong,southern Hebei,Henan and Liaoning.Furthermore,the contribution from neighboring regions of the OIAs was 47.12%,which was nearly twice that of long-range transportation.Haze episodes were analyzed,and the results presented the importance of regional transportation during severe PM_(2.5) pollution periods.It was also found that they were associated with differences in pollution sources between Zhangjiakou and Beijing.Regional transportation was the main factor affecting PM_(2.5) pollution in Zhangjiakou due to its low local emissions.Stagnant weather with a low planetary boundary layer height and a low wind velocity prevented the local emitted pollutants in Beijing from being transported outside,and as a result,local emissions constituted a larger contribution in Beijing.

Probabilistic Wind Gust Forecasting during the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics

The probabilistic forecast of wind gusts poses a significant challenge during the post-processing of numerical model outputs.Comparative analysis of probabilistic forecasting methods plays a crucial role in enhancing forecast accuracy.Within the context of meteorological services for alpine skiing at the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics,The ECMWF ensemble products were used to evaluate six post-processing methods.These methods include ensemble model output statistics(EMOS),backpropagation neural networks(BP),particle swarm optimization algorithms with backpropagation neural networks(PSO),truncated normal distributions,truncated logarithmic distributions,and generalized extreme value(GEV) distributions.The performance of these methods in predicting gust probabilities at five observation points along a ski track was compared.All six methods exhibited a substantial reduction in forecast errors compared to the original ECMWF products;however,the ability to correct the model forecast results varied significantly across different wind speed ranges.Specifically,the EMOS,truncated normal distribution,truncated logarithmic distribution,and GEV distribution demonstrated advantages in low wind-speed ranges,whereas the BP and PSO methods exhibit lower forecast errors for high wind-speed events.Furthermore,this study affirms the rationality of utilizing the statistical characteristics derived from ensemble forecasts as probabilistic forecast factors.The application of probability integral transform(PIT) and quantile–quantile(QQ) plots demonstrates that gust variations at the majority of observation sites conform to the GEV distribution,thereby indicating the potential for further enhanced forecast accuracy.The results also underscore the significant utility of the PSO hybrid model,which amalgamates particle swarm optimization with a BP neural network,in the probabilistic forecasting of strong winds within the field of meteorology.

Optimization of COVID-19 prevention and control measures during the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics:a model-based study

Background:The continuous mutation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has made the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic complicated to predict and posed a severe challenge to the Beijing 2022Winter Olympics and Winter Paralympics held in February and March 2022.Methods:During the preparations for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics,we established a dynamic model with pulsedetection and isolation efect to evaluate the efect of epidemic prevention and control measures such as entry policies,contact reduction,nucleic acid testing,tracking,isolation,and health monitoring in a closed-loop managementenvironment,by simulating the transmission dynamics in assumed scenarios.We also compared the importance ofeach parameter in the combination of intervention measures through sensitivity analysis.Results:At the assumed baseline levels,the peak of the epidemic reached on the 57th day.During the simulationperiod(100 days),13,382 people infected COVID-19.The mean and peak values of hospitalized cases were 2650and 6746,respectively.The simulation and sensitivity analysis showed that:(1)the most important measures to stopCOVID-19 transmission during the event were daily nucleic acid testing,reducing contact among people,and dailyhealth monitoring,with cumulative infections at 0.04%,0.14%,and 14.92%of baseline levels,respectively(2)strictlyimplementing the entry policy and reducing the number of cases entering the closed-loop system could delay thepeak of the epidemic by 9 days and provide time for medical resources to be mobilized;(3)the risk of environmentaltransmission was low.Conclusions:Comprehensive measures under certain scenarios such as reducing contact,nucleic acid testing,health monitoring,and timely tracking and isolation could efectively prevent virus transmission.Our research resultsprovided an important reference for formulating prevention and control measures during the Winter Olympics,andno epidemic spread in the closed-loop during the games indirectly proved the rationality of our research results.

Medical services for sports injuries and illnesses in the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games

BACKGROUND:Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games was the second Games held amid the COVID-19 pandemic.To a certain extent,it has altered the way sporting activities operate.There is a lack of knowledge on injury risk and illness occurrence in elite winter sport athletes amid the COVID-19 pandemic.This study aimed to describe the incidence of injuries and illnesses sustained during the XXIV Olympic Winter Games in Beijing from February 4 to 20,2022.METHODS:We recorded the daily number of injuries and illnesses among athletes reported by Beijing 2022 medical staff in the polyclinic,medical venues,and ambulance.We calculated injury and illness incidence as the number of injuries or illnesses occurring during competition or training,respectively,with incidence presented as injuries/illnesses per 100 athlete-days.RESULTS:In total,2,897 athletes from 91 nations experienced injury or illness.Beijing 2022 medical staff reported 326 injuries and 80 illnesses,equaling 11.3 injuries and 2.8 illnesses per 100 athletes over the 17-day period.Altogether,11%of the athletes incurred at least one injury and nearly 3%incurred at least one illness.The number of injured athletes was highest in the skating sports(n=104),followed by alpine skiing(n=53),ice track(n=37),freestyle skiing(n=36),and ice hockey(n=35),and was the lowest in the Nordic skiing disciplines(n=20).Of the 326 injuries,14(4.3%)led to an estimated absence from training or competition of more than 1 week.A total of 52 injured athletes were transferred to hospitals for further care.The number of athletes with illness(n=80)was the highest for skating(n=33)and Nordic skiing(n=22).A total of 50 illnesses(62.5%)were admitted to the department of dentistry/ophthalmology/otolaryngology,and the most common cause of illness was other causes,including preexisting illness and medicine(n=52,65%).CONCLUSION:Overall,11%of athletes incurred at least one injury during the Games,which is similar to the findings during the Olympic Winter Games in 2014 and 2018.Regarding illness,2%of athletes were affected,which is approximately one-third of the number affected in the 2018 Olympic Winter Games.

Transport Patterns and Potential Sources of Atmospheric Pollution during the ⅩⅩⅣ Olympic Winter Games Period

The attainment of suitable ambient air quality standards is a matter of great concern for successfully hosting the ⅩⅩⅣ Olympic Winter Games(OWG). Transport patterns and potential sources of pollutants in Zhangjiakou(ZJK) were investigated using pollutant monitoring datasets and a dispersion model. The PM_(2.5) concentration during February in ZJK has increased slightly(28%) from 2018 to 2021, mostly owing to the shift of main potential source regions of west-central Inner Mongolia and Mongolian areas(2015–18) to the North China Plain and northern Shanxi Province(NCPS) after 2018.Using CO as an indicator, the relative contributions of the different regions to the receptor site(ZJK) were evaluated based on the source-receptor-relationship method(SRR) and an emission inventory. We found that the relative contribution of pollutants from NCPS increased from 33% to 68% during 2019–21. Central Inner Mongolia(CIM) also has an important impact on ZJK under unfavorable weather conditions. This study demonstrated that the effect of pollution control measures in the NCPS and CIM should be strengthened to ensure that the air quality meets the standard during the ⅩⅩⅣ OWG.

Effects of a closed-loop system against SARS-CoV-2 at the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games:a descriptive and modeling study

BACKGROUND:To assess the efficacy of the epidemic prevention measures of the“closed-loop”system adopted by the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games(BOWG).METHODS:We retrospectively collected and analyzed information,including age,sex,nationality,vaccination status,date of diagnosis,and date of entry,from 280 SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals identified during the BOWG.A susceptibility-exposed-infectious-remove model was employed to evaluate the effectiveness of epidemic prevention strategies on controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2 under different scenarios during the BOWG.RESULTS:Regarding SARS-CoV-2-positive cases,97.9%were imported,and 96.4%were asymptomatic.The median age was 37 years(range:29–47 years),and 73.9%were male,with the majority of cases being broadcasters and European attendees.Regarding vaccination status,93.5%were fully vaccinated,and six cases were considered to have been infected in the closed-loop system during the BOWG.Assuming that the BOWG adopted a semi-closed-loop management system,the cumulative number of confirmed cases would be 1,137 for quick quarantine measures(3 d later)implemented and 5,530 for delayed quarantine measures(9 d later)implemented.This modeling revealed that stringent pandemic prevention measures and closed-loop management effectively controlled the spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the BOWG.CONCLUSION:Imported cases are considered the main risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 transmission during mass gatherings,but a comprehensive closed-loop system could minimize transmission among attendees and general personnel.

Comparison and Analysis of Data at Traffic Meteorological Observation Station during Beijing Winter Olympic Games Period

This paper presents a comparison and analysis method of data at traffic meteorological observation station during Beijing Winter Olympic Games period based on Grubbs criterion. By comparing the data of a set of standard multi-element observation stations with the data of multiple measured traffic stations, the outliers of each element data at each station were analyzed. It could provide data support for the maintenance of Zhangjiakou traffic meteorological observation station and a guarantee for the accuracy of forest service during Beijing Winter Olympic Games period.

Study on the Influence of Winter Olympic Games on Sports Information Work in China

The holding of winter Olympic Games in China indicates that China＇s sports has achieved a great degree of progress. At the same time, it also has a great impact on the sports information work. It will promote a great improvement in sports information access, information services and other aspects, as well as greatly stimulate the progress of sports information work. Therefore, this paper will emphatically analyze the impact on sports information work for holding the winter Olympic Games in China.

北京2022年冬奥会六足冰壶机器人机构设计与运动规划

When a curling rock slides on an ice sheet with an initial rotation,a lateral movement occurs,which is known as the curling phenomenon.The force of friction between the curling rock and the ice sheet changes continually with changes in the environment;thus,the sport of curling requires great skill and experience.The throwing of the curling rock is a great challenge in robot design and control,and existing curling robots usually adopt a combination scheme of a wheel chassis and gripper that differs significantly from human throwing movements.A hexapod curling robot that imitates human kicking,sliding,pushing,and curling rock rotating was designed and manufactured by our group,and completed a perfect show during the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics Games.Smooth switching between the walking and throwing tasks is realized by the robot’s morphology transformation based on leg configuration switching.The robot’s controlling parameters,which include the kicking velocity v_(k),pushing velocity v_(p),orientation angle θc,and rotation velocityω,are determined by aiming and sliding models according to the estimated equivalent friction coefficientμ_(equ)and ratio e of the front and back frictions.The stable errors between the target and actual stopping points converge to 0.2 and 1.105 m in the simulations and experiments,respectively,and the error shown in the experiments is close to that of a well-trained wheelchair curling athlete.This robot holds promise for helping ice-makers rectify ice sheet friction or assisting in athlete training.