Under the influence of anthropogenic and climate change,the problems caused by urban heat island(UHI)has become increasingly prominent.In order to promote urban sustainable development and improve the quality of human...Under the influence of anthropogenic and climate change,the problems caused by urban heat island(UHI)has become increasingly prominent.In order to promote urban sustainable development and improve the quality of human settlements,it is significant for exploring the evolution characteristics of urban thermal environment and analyzing its driving forces.Taking the Landsat series images as the basic data sources,the winter land surface temperature(LST)of the rapid urbanization area of Fuzhou City in China was quantitatively retrieved from 2001 to 2021.Combing comprehensively the standard deviation ellipse model,profile analysis and GeoDetector model,the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of the winter urban thermal environment were systematically analyzed.The results showed that the winter LST presented an increasing trend in the study area during 2001–2021,and the winter LST of the central urban regions was significantly higher than the suburbs.There was a strong UHI effect from 2001 to 2021with an expansion trend from the central urban regions to the suburbs and coastal areas in space scale.The LST of green lands and wetlands are significantly lower than croplands,artificial surface and unvegetated lands.Vegetation and water bodies had a significant mitigation effect on UHI,especially in the micro-scale.The winter UHI had been jointly driven by the underlying surface and socio-economic factors in a nonlinear or two-factor interactive enhancement mode,and socio-economic factors had played a leading role.This research could provide data support and decision-making references for rationally planning urban layout and promoting sustainable urban development.展开更多
本文基于Hadley中心的海表温度资料、全国160站气温资料以及National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCEP/NCAR)的再分析资料,运用经验正交函数(empirical orthogonal function,EOF)...本文基于Hadley中心的海表温度资料、全国160站气温资料以及National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCEP/NCAR)的再分析资料,运用经验正交函数(empirical orthogonal function,EOF)分解和相关分析等多种统计方法,研究了1951~2020年秋季(9~11月)北大西洋海温年际异常的主要特征及其对初冬(12月)我国气温异常的影响。结果表明:秋季北大西洋海温异常EOF的第一模态是纽芬兰岛东南部海温为负(正)距平,北大西洋副极地和副热带及其东部海温为正(负)距平的马蹄型海温模态,方差贡献率为20.5%。研究表明,秋季北大西洋马蹄型海温异常与我国大部分地区初冬气温异常有显著的正相关关系,即秋季北大西洋马蹄型海温模态呈正位相时,我国大部分地区初冬气温偏高,反之,我国大部分地区初冬气温偏低。进一步分析表明,秋季北大西洋马蹄型海温异常能够持续到初冬。当秋季北大西洋马蹄型海温呈正(负)位相时,初冬北大西洋副极地和副热带海温异常通过加热(冷却)异常能够引起局地对流层上层的辐散(辐合)运动,并且激发出南、北两支Rossby波列。其中,北支波列由北大西洋副极地向东北方向传播至巴伦支海附近,然后沿西伯利亚向东南方向传播至我国上空;南支波列由北大西洋副热带向东传播至我国上空。在南、北支波列的影响下,我国上空对流层上层出现异常辐合(辐散),与之伴随的异常下沉(上升)运动使得我国上空云量减少(增加),到达地表的短波辐射增加(减少),同时地表向低层大气传输的长波辐射增加(减少),在非绝热加热的作用下,我国大部分地区气温偏高(偏低)。利用NCAR Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3(CAM5.3)模式模拟了北大西洋马蹄型海温异常对初冬大气环流、辐射强迫和气温的影响,模拟结果与观测资料统计分析结果基本一致,进一步表明该海温模态能够激发出遥相关波列,影响东亚大气环流异常,通过非绝热加热的作用影响我国气温异常的年际变化。展开更多
Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the three major global food crops. Hightemperature stress can affect its yield and quality. Studies of the effect of hightemperature stress on wheat kernel development are importa...Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the three major global food crops. Hightemperature stress can affect its yield and quality. Studies of the effect of hightemperature stress on wheat kernel development are important because they can reveal the stability of wheat quality and lead to the genetic improvement of wheat quality traits. In this study, the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation(iTRAQ)method was adopted to analyze changes in the protein expression profile of wheat cultivars under high temperature stress. The protein content of wheat grain increased under heat stress, while the SDS-sedimentation value and starch content decreased.Grain filling was deficient under high temperature stress, which reduced thousandkernel weight but did not affect wheat kernel length. The 207 differentially expressed proteins identified in Gaocheng 8901 under heat stress were associated with energy metabolism, growth and development, and stress response. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that the annotated proteins that were differentially expressed in Gaocheng 8901 under heat stress were involved mainly in stimulus response, abiotic stress response, stress response, and plasma membrane. A set of 78 differentially expressed proteins were assigned to 83 KEGG signaling/metabolic pathways. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that this set of proteins was significantly enriched in members of 51 pathways, and the proteins participated mainly in protein synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum, starch and sucrose metabolism, and reaction on ribosomes. Five differentially expressed proteins were involved in protein–protein interaction networks that may greatly influence the yield and quality of wheat grain. In wheat, high-temperature stress leads to a variety of effects on protein expression and may ultimately cause changes in yield and quality.展开更多
Based on hydrographic data obtained at an ice camp deployed in the Makarov Basin by the 4th Chinese Arctic Research Expedition in August of 2010, temporal variability of vertical heat flux in the upper ocean of the Ma...Based on hydrographic data obtained at an ice camp deployed in the Makarov Basin by the 4th Chinese Arctic Research Expedition in August of 2010, temporal variability of vertical heat flux in the upper ocean of the Makarov Basin is investigated together with its impacts on sea ice melt and evolution of heat content in the remnant of winter mixed layer （rWML）. The upper ocean of the Makarov Basin under sea ice is vertically stratified. Oceanic heat flux from mixed layer （ML） to ice evolves in three stages as a response to air temperature changes, fluctuating from 12.4 W/m2 to the maximum 43.6 W/m2. The heat transferred upward from ML can support （0.7＋0.3） cm/d ice melt rate on average, and daily variability of melt rate agrees well with the observed results. Downward heat flux from ML across the base of ML is much less, only 0.87 W/m2, due to enhanced stratification in the seasonal halocline under ML caused by sea ice melt, indicating that increasing solar heat entering summer ML is mainly used to melt sea ice, with a small proportion transferred downward and stored in the rWML. Heat flux from ML into rWML changes in two phases caused by abrupt air cooling with a day lag. Meanwhile, upward heat flux from Atlantic water （AW） across the base of rWML, even though obstructed by the cold halocline layer （CHL）, reaches 0.18 W/m2 on average with no obvious changing pattern and is also trapped by the rWML. Upward heat flux from deep AW is higher than generally supposed value near 0, as the existence of rWML enlarges the temperature gradient between surface water and CHL. Acting as a reservoir of heat transferred from both ML and AW, the increasing heat content of rWML can delay the onset of sea ice freezing.展开更多
Computational fluid dynamics( CFD) techniques are used to investigate effects of both wind direction and wind speed on net solar heat gain of south wall with internal insulation in winter.Results show that wind effect...Computational fluid dynamics( CFD) techniques are used to investigate effects of both wind direction and wind speed on net solar heat gain of south wall with internal insulation in winter.Results show that wind effect has a significant influence on the net solar heat gain,where the impact of wind direction is stronger than that of wind speed. For regions in lower reaches of the Yangtze River,difference of their average net solar heat gains( NSHGS) is about 20% due to various wind speeds and wind directions.Buildings in districts with a dominant wind direction of north achieve the highest solar energy utilization.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of the Social Science and Humanity on Young Fund of the Ministry of Education of China(No.21YJCZH100)the Scientific Research Project on Outstanding Young of the Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(No.XJQ201920)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Special Fund Project of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(No.CXZX2021032)the Forestry Peak Discipline Construction Project of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(No.72202200205)。
文摘Under the influence of anthropogenic and climate change,the problems caused by urban heat island(UHI)has become increasingly prominent.In order to promote urban sustainable development and improve the quality of human settlements,it is significant for exploring the evolution characteristics of urban thermal environment and analyzing its driving forces.Taking the Landsat series images as the basic data sources,the winter land surface temperature(LST)of the rapid urbanization area of Fuzhou City in China was quantitatively retrieved from 2001 to 2021.Combing comprehensively the standard deviation ellipse model,profile analysis and GeoDetector model,the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of the winter urban thermal environment were systematically analyzed.The results showed that the winter LST presented an increasing trend in the study area during 2001–2021,and the winter LST of the central urban regions was significantly higher than the suburbs.There was a strong UHI effect from 2001 to 2021with an expansion trend from the central urban regions to the suburbs and coastal areas in space scale.The LST of green lands and wetlands are significantly lower than croplands,artificial surface and unvegetated lands.Vegetation and water bodies had a significant mitigation effect on UHI,especially in the micro-scale.The winter UHI had been jointly driven by the underlying surface and socio-economic factors in a nonlinear or two-factor interactive enhancement mode,and socio-economic factors had played a leading role.This research could provide data support and decision-making references for rationally planning urban layout and promoting sustainable urban development.
文摘本文基于Hadley中心的海表温度资料、全国160站气温资料以及National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCEP/NCAR)的再分析资料,运用经验正交函数(empirical orthogonal function,EOF)分解和相关分析等多种统计方法,研究了1951~2020年秋季(9~11月)北大西洋海温年际异常的主要特征及其对初冬(12月)我国气温异常的影响。结果表明:秋季北大西洋海温异常EOF的第一模态是纽芬兰岛东南部海温为负(正)距平,北大西洋副极地和副热带及其东部海温为正(负)距平的马蹄型海温模态,方差贡献率为20.5%。研究表明,秋季北大西洋马蹄型海温异常与我国大部分地区初冬气温异常有显著的正相关关系,即秋季北大西洋马蹄型海温模态呈正位相时,我国大部分地区初冬气温偏高,反之,我国大部分地区初冬气温偏低。进一步分析表明,秋季北大西洋马蹄型海温异常能够持续到初冬。当秋季北大西洋马蹄型海温呈正(负)位相时,初冬北大西洋副极地和副热带海温异常通过加热(冷却)异常能够引起局地对流层上层的辐散(辐合)运动,并且激发出南、北两支Rossby波列。其中,北支波列由北大西洋副极地向东北方向传播至巴伦支海附近,然后沿西伯利亚向东南方向传播至我国上空;南支波列由北大西洋副热带向东传播至我国上空。在南、北支波列的影响下,我国上空对流层上层出现异常辐合(辐散),与之伴随的异常下沉(上升)运动使得我国上空云量减少(增加),到达地表的短波辐射增加(减少),同时地表向低层大气传输的长波辐射增加(减少),在非绝热加热的作用下,我国大部分地区气温偏高(偏低)。利用NCAR Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3(CAM5.3)模式模拟了北大西洋马蹄型海温异常对初冬大气环流、辐射强迫和气温的影响,模拟结果与观测资料统计分析结果基本一致,进一步表明该海温模态能够激发出遥相关波列,影响东亚大气环流异常,通过非绝热加热的作用影响我国气温异常的年际变化。
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100502)
文摘Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the three major global food crops. Hightemperature stress can affect its yield and quality. Studies of the effect of hightemperature stress on wheat kernel development are important because they can reveal the stability of wheat quality and lead to the genetic improvement of wheat quality traits. In this study, the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation(iTRAQ)method was adopted to analyze changes in the protein expression profile of wheat cultivars under high temperature stress. The protein content of wheat grain increased under heat stress, while the SDS-sedimentation value and starch content decreased.Grain filling was deficient under high temperature stress, which reduced thousandkernel weight but did not affect wheat kernel length. The 207 differentially expressed proteins identified in Gaocheng 8901 under heat stress were associated with energy metabolism, growth and development, and stress response. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that the annotated proteins that were differentially expressed in Gaocheng 8901 under heat stress were involved mainly in stimulus response, abiotic stress response, stress response, and plasma membrane. A set of 78 differentially expressed proteins were assigned to 83 KEGG signaling/metabolic pathways. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that this set of proteins was significantly enriched in members of 51 pathways, and the proteins participated mainly in protein synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum, starch and sucrose metabolism, and reaction on ribosomes. Five differentially expressed proteins were involved in protein–protein interaction networks that may greatly influence the yield and quality of wheat grain. In wheat, high-temperature stress leads to a variety of effects on protein expression and may ultimately cause changes in yield and quality.
基金The Global Change Research Program of China under contract No.2015CB953902the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41330960 and 40976111
文摘Based on hydrographic data obtained at an ice camp deployed in the Makarov Basin by the 4th Chinese Arctic Research Expedition in August of 2010, temporal variability of vertical heat flux in the upper ocean of the Makarov Basin is investigated together with its impacts on sea ice melt and evolution of heat content in the remnant of winter mixed layer （rWML）. The upper ocean of the Makarov Basin under sea ice is vertically stratified. Oceanic heat flux from mixed layer （ML） to ice evolves in three stages as a response to air temperature changes, fluctuating from 12.4 W/m2 to the maximum 43.6 W/m2. The heat transferred upward from ML can support （0.7＋0.3） cm/d ice melt rate on average, and daily variability of melt rate agrees well with the observed results. Downward heat flux from ML across the base of ML is much less, only 0.87 W/m2, due to enhanced stratification in the seasonal halocline under ML caused by sea ice melt, indicating that increasing solar heat entering summer ML is mainly used to melt sea ice, with a small proportion transferred downward and stored in the rWML. Heat flux from ML into rWML changes in two phases caused by abrupt air cooling with a day lag. Meanwhile, upward heat flux from Atlantic water （AW） across the base of rWML, even though obstructed by the cold halocline layer （CHL）, reaches 0.18 W/m2 on average with no obvious changing pattern and is also trapped by the rWML. Upward heat flux from deep AW is higher than generally supposed value near 0, as the existence of rWML enlarges the temperature gradient between surface water and CHL. Acting as a reservoir of heat transferred from both ML and AW, the increasing heat content of rWML can delay the onset of sea ice freezing.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51478098)Innovation Foundation of Shanghai Education Commission,China(No.13ZZ054)
文摘Computational fluid dynamics( CFD) techniques are used to investigate effects of both wind direction and wind speed on net solar heat gain of south wall with internal insulation in winter.Results show that wind effect has a significant influence on the net solar heat gain,where the impact of wind direction is stronger than that of wind speed. For regions in lower reaches of the Yangtze River,difference of their average net solar heat gains( NSHGS) is about 20% due to various wind speeds and wind directions.Buildings in districts with a dominant wind direction of north achieve the highest solar energy utilization.
