Design of Real-time Electricity Prices and Wireless Communication Smart Meter

Under the background of smart grid’s real-time electricity prices theory, a real-time electricity prices and wireless communication smart meter was designed. The metering chip collects power consumption information. The real-time clock chip records current time. The communication between smart meter and system master station is achieved by the wireless communication module. The “freescale” micro controller unit displays power consumption information on screen. And the meter feedbacks the power consumption information to the system master station with time-scale and real-time electricity prices. It results that the information exchange between users and suppers can be realized by the smart meter. It fully reflects the demanding for communication of smart grid.

Real-Time Communication Method for mHealth Base on Extended XMPP Protocol

Considering characteristic of mHealth communication and problems of existing methods, this paper presents a real-time communication method for mHealth based on extended XMPP protocol. The method can maintain the role status efficiently and reduce data latency during the communication process. Meanwhile, it can be extended flexibly to meet increasing communication demands of mHealth services. Furthermore, a system framework is presented to support telemonitoring scene. Finally, system implementation and feasibility tests verify the effectiveness of the method and framework.

System Performance of Wireless Sensor Network Using LoRa–Zigbee Hybrid Communication

Wireless sensor network(WSN)is considered as the fastest growing technology pattern in recent years because of its applicability in varied domains.Many sensor nodes with different sensing functionalities are deployed in the monitoring area to collect suitable data and transmit it to the gateway.Ensuring communications in heterogeneous WSNs,is a critical issue that needs to be studied.In this research paper,we study the system performance of a heterogeneous WSN using LoRa–Zigbee hybrid communication.Specifically,two Zigbee sensor clusters and two LoRa sensor clusters are used and combined with two Zigbee-to-LoRa converters to communicate in a network managed by a LoRa gateway.The overall system integrates many different sensors in terms of types,communication protocols,and accuracy,which can be used in many applications in realistic environments such as on land,under water,or in the air.In addition to this,a synchronous management software on ThingSpeak Web server and Blynk app is designed.In the proposed system,the token ring protocol in Zigbee network and polling mechanism in LoRa network is used.The system can operate with a packet loss rate of less than 0.5%when the communication range of the Zigbee network is 630 m,and the communication range of the LoRa network is 3.7 km.On the basis of the digital results collected on the management software,this study proves tremendous improvements in the system performance.

Exploration of IoT Nodes Communication Using LoRaWAN in Forest Environment

The simultaneous advances in the Internet of Things(IoT),Artificial intelligence(AI)and Robotics is going to revolutionize our world in the near future.In recent years,LoRa(Long Range)wireless powered by LoRaWAN(LoRa Wide Area Network)protocol has attracted the attention of researchers for numerous applications in the IoT domain.LoRa is a low power,unlicensed Industrial,Scientific,and Medical(ISM)bandequipped wireless technology that utilizes a wide area network protocol,i.e.,LoRaWAN,to incorporate itself into the network infrastructure.In this paper,we have evaluated the LoRaWAN communication protocol for the implementation of the IoT(Internet of Things)nodes’communication in a forest scenario.The outdoor performance of LoRa wireless in LoRaWAN,i.e.,the physical layer,has been evaluated in the forest area of Kashirampur Uttarakhand,India.Hence,the present paper aims towards analyzing the performance level of the LoRaWAN technology by observing the changes in Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR),Packet Reception Ratio(PRR)and Received Signal Strength Indicator(RSSI),with respect to the distance between IoT nodes.The article focuses on estimating network lifetime for a specific set of LoRa configuration parameters,hardware selection and power constraints.From the experimental results,it has been observed that transmissions can propagate to a distance of 300 m in the forest environment,while consuming approx.63%less energy for spreading factor 7 at 2 dBm,without incurring significant packet loss with PRR greater than 80%.

Balance energy-efficient and real-time with reliable communication protocol for wireless sensor network

In many wireless sensor network applications, it should be considered that how to trade off the inherent conflict between energy efficient communication and desired quality of service such as real-time and reliability of transportation. In this paper, a novel routing protocols named balance energy-efficient and real-time with reliable communication （BERR） for wireless sensor networks （WSNs） are proposed, which considers the joint performances of real-time, energy efficiency and reliability. In BERR, a node, which is preparing to transmit data packets to sink node, estimates the energy cost, hop count value to sink node and reliability using local information gained from neighbor nodes. BERR considers not only each sender＇ energy level but also that of its neighbor nodes, so that the better energy conditions a node has, the more probability it will be to be chosen as the next relay node. To enhance real-time delivery, it will choose the node with smaller hop count value to sink node as the possible relay candidate. To improve reliability, it adopts retransmission mechanism. Simulation results show that BERR has better performances in term of energy consumption, network lifetime, reliability and small transmitting delay.

A synchronous duty-cycled reservation based MAC protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks

To design an energy-efficient Medium Access Control(MAC)protocol for the Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks(UWSNs)is an urgent research issue since depleted batteries cannot be recharged or replaced in the underwater environment.Moreover,the underwater acoustic channels are affected by hindrances such as long propagation delay and limited bandwidth,which appear in the design of the MAC protocol for the UWSNs.The available MAC protocols for the terrestrial wireless sensor networks exhibit low performance in energy efficiency,throughput and reliability in the UWSNs,and cannot be used in the UWSNs directly because of their unique characteristics.This paper proposes a synchronous duty-cycled reservation-based MAC protocol named Ordered Contention MAC(OCMAC)protocol.The basic mechanism of this protocol is to schedule data transmission by transmitters through the scheduling of Ready To Send(RTS)frames.The protocol eliminates the possible collision during data transmission and improves communication efficiency.The paper analyzes the performance in energy efficiency,throughput and reliability of the protocol by modeling the queuing behavior of OCMAC with a Markov Chain process.Furthermore,the analytical model is validated through a simulation study.The analysis results demonstrated that while providing good throughput and reliability,OCMAC can achieve energy saving.

Implementation Study of a Centralized Routing Protocol for Data Acquisition in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) attract considerable amount of research efforts from both industry and academia. With limited power and computational capability available on a sensor node, robustness and efficiency are the main concerns when designing a routing protocol for WSNs with low complexity. There are various existing design approaches, such as data-centric approach, hierarchical approach and location-based approach, which were designed for a particular application with specific requirements. In this paper, we study the design and implementation of a routing protocol for data acquisition in WSNs. The designed routing protocol is named Centralized Sensor Protocol for Information via Negotiation (CSPIN), which essentially combines the advertise-request-transfer process and a routing distribution mechanism. Implementation is realized and demonstrated with the Crossbow MicaZ hardware using nesC/TinyOS. It was our intention to provide a hand-on study of implementation of centralized routing protocol for WSNs.

Design of intelligent detecting system based on wireless transmission

An intelligent detecting system based on wireless transmission is designed. Its hardware includes the card reading module, the wireless digital transmission module, the LCD module, the random password keyboard module and a 16×16 lattice word database based on e-Flash MM36SB020. Its software is a communication protocol between the central control computer and the entrance management base station. To resolve the conflicting problems occurred during the data transmission, a method of delaying time at random is proposed.

Home Automation Device Protocol (HADP): A Protocol Standard for Unified Device Interactions

Daily activities have become more efficient and convenient with home automation. There are many different home automation devices in the market for consumers to enjoy their home for being smarter, resourceful, and remotely accessible. However, current home automation protocols lack extensibility and compatibility. In this paper, we propose a protocol standard for home automation system called Home Automation Device Protocol (HADP). This protocol standard aims for the interoperability of home automation devices across different platforms. Based on the IFTTT (IF-This-Then-That) model, we define a set of device communication protocols where devices’ triggers and actions are combined to generate and manage interactions through a central node. The proposed protocol standard offers low power consumption and low bandwidth requirements using the minimum data packets to trigger an action on a home automation device. The protocol supports various communication mediums such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 4.2, ZigBee IP, 6LoWPAN, IEEE 802.15.4 standards, and Ethernet orany network layer supporting IPv6 protocol.

Design and Implementation of a Real Time Wireless Monitor System for Urinary Incontinence

Urinary incontinence is the most common health problem in aged people. Leaving incontinence events unmanaged will make a negative influence on the aged and the patient both mentally and physically. This paper presents a design and implementation of a real time wireless monitor system for urinary incontinence, which has been applied in two nursing homes in Beijing and Shanghai. We collect real time moisture information by using non-contact humidity sensor designed and manufactured by us. When urinary incontinence, the sensor will send alert to mobile device via Bluetooth. If got the alert, the mobile device will send the alert to relatives of the aged or disabled people and cloud computing platform, through which we can make this information managed and displayed and the paramedic can be informed about the alarm. This paper gives a brief introduction to the framework of this system, the design of the non-contact sensor, the transmission of wireless data and the results of tests.

Energy Conservation Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comprehensive Study

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of a large number of randomly deployed sensor nodes. These sensor nodes organize themselves into a cooperative network and perform the three basic functions of sensing, computations and communications. Research in WSNs has become an extensive explorative area during the last few years, especially due to the challenges offered, energy constraints of the sensors being one of them. In this paper, a thorough comprehensive study of the energy conservation challenges in wireless sensor networks is carried out. The need for effective utilization of limited power resources is also emphasized, which becomes pre-eminent to the Wireless Sensor Networks.

Cross Layer Design for Cooperative Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks

Several protocols and schemes have been proposed to reduce energy consumption in Wireless Sensor Net-works (WSNs). In this paper we employ farcoopt, a cross layer design approach with the concept of coop-eration among the nodes with best farthest neighbor scheme to increase the Quality of Service (QoS), reduce energy consumption, increases performance and end-to-end throughput. We present cooperative transmission to connect previously disconnect parts of a network thus overcoming the separation problem of multi-hop network. We show that this approach improves connectivity over 50% compared to multi-hop approaches and reduces the number of nodes necessary to provide full coverage of an area up to 35%. Simulation results show that on increase of data rates i.e. packet the network life time increases in farcoopt as compared to tra-ditional multi hop approach. The result of this analysis is presented in this work.

Development of a Wireless Environmental Data Acquisition Prototype Adopting Agile Practices: An Experience Report

The traditional software development model commonly named “waterfall” is unable to cope with the increasing functionality and complexity of modern embedded systems. In addition, it is unable to support the ability for businesses to quickly respond to new market opportunities due to changing requirements. As a response, the software development community developed the Agile Methodologies (e.g., extreme Programming, Scrum) which were also adopted by the Embedded System community. However, failures and bad experiences in applying Agile Methodologies to the development of embedded systems have not been reported in the literature. Therefore, this paper contributes a detailed account of our first-time experiences adopting an agile approach in the prototype development of a wireless environment data acquisition system in an academic environment. We successfully applied a subset of the extreme Programming (XP) methodology to our software development using the Python programming language, an experience that demonstrated its benefits in shaping the design of the software and also increasing productivity. We used an incremental development approach for the hardware components and adopted a “cumulative testing” approach. For the overall development process management, however, we concluded that the Promise/Commitment-Based Project Management (PB-PM/CBPM) was better suited. We discovered that software and hardware components of embedded systems are best developed in parallel or near-parallel. We learned that software components that pass automated tests may not survive in the tests against the hardware. Throughout this rapid prototyping effort, factors like team size and our availability as graduate students were major obstacles to fully apply the XP methodology.

WirelessLLM:Empowering Large Language Models Towards Wireless Intelligence

The rapid evolution of wireless technologies and the growing complexity of network infrastructures necessitate a paradigm shift in how communication networks are designed,configured,and managed. Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have sparked interest in their potential to revolutionize wireless communication systems. However, existing studies on LLMs for wireless systems are limited to a direct application for telecom language understanding. To empower LLMs with knowledge and expertise in the wireless domain, this paper proposes WirelessLLM, a comprehensive framework for adapting and enhancing LLMs to address the unique challenges and requirements of wireless communication networks. We first identify three foundational principles that underpin WirelessLLM:knowledge alignment, knowledge fusion, and knowledge evolution. Then,we investigate the enabling technologies to build WirelessLLM, including prompt engineering, retrieval augmented generation, tool usage, multi-modal pre-training, and domain-specific fine-tuning. Moreover, we present three case studies to demonstrate the practical applicability and benefits of WirelessLLM for solving typical problems in wireless networks. Finally, we conclude this paper by highlighting key challenges and outlining potential avenues for future research.

Convergence to real-time decision making

Real-time decision making reflects the convergence of several digital technologies,including those concerned with the promulgation of artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies that underpin real-time actions.More specifically,real-time decision making can be depicted in terms of three converging dimensions:Internet of Things,decision making,and real-time.The Internet of Things include tangible goods,intangible services,ServGoods,and connected ServGoods.Decision making includes model-based analytics(since before 1990),information-based Big Data(since 1990),and training-based artificial intelligence(since 2000),and it is bolstered by the evolving real-time technologies of sensing(i.e.,capturing streaming data),processing(i.e.,applying real-time analytics),reacting(i.e.,making decisions in real-time),and learning(i.e.,employing deep neural networks).Real-time includes mobile networks,autonomous vehicles,and artificial general intelligence.Central to decision making,especially real-time decision making,is the ServGood concept,which the author introduced in an earlier paper(2012).It is a physical product or good encased by a services layer that renders the good more adaptable and smarter for a specific purpose or use.Addition of another communication sensors layer could further enhance its smartness and adaptiveness.Such connected ServGoods constitute a solid foundation for the advanced products of tomorrow which can further display their growing intelligence through real-time decisions.

Efficient Performance Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cascaded Multihop Network over Nagakami-m Fading Channels

Performance evaluation of spectrum sensing in infrastructure based multihop network is very hard to achieve because of the adverse effects of channel fading. In this paper, performance of a multihop link is studied over Nakagami-m distribution. It provides the exact theoretical methodology for the performance analysis of spectrum sensing by evaluating detection probability. Using a cascaded multihop model, the end-to-end Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is given over Nakagami-m distribution. In the analysis, multihop model based on relays are considered over independent and not identically distributed (i.n.i.d) wireless channels. Simulation results show the effect of increase in number of hops on probability of detection for multihop links. Subsequent to the thorough fading severity analysis, it has been accomplished that spectrum hole detection is more crucial at lower SNR values with large number of hops.