NOMA Empowered Energy Efficient Data Collection and Wireless Power Transfer in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks

As the sixth generation network(6G)emerges,the Internet of remote things(IoRT)has become a critical issue.However,conventional terrestrial networks cannot meet the delay-sensitive data collection needs of IoRT networks,and the Space-Air-Ground integrated network(SAGIN)holds promise.We propose a novel setup that integrates non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)and wireless power transfer(WPT)to collect latency-sensitive data from IoRT networks.To extend the lifetime of devices,we aim to minimize the maximum energy consumption among all IoRT devices.Due to the coupling between variables,the resulting problem is non-convex.We first decouple the variables and split the original problem into four subproblems.Then,we propose an iterative algorithm to solve the corresponding subproblems based on successive convex approximation(SCA)techniques and slack variables.Finally,simulation results show that the NOMA strategy has a tremendous advantage over the OMA scheme in terms of network lifetime and energy efficiency,providing valuable insights.

Monte-Carlo based random passive energy beamforming for reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted wireless power transfer

Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)employs passive beamforming to control the wireless propagation channel,which benefits the wireless communication capacity and the received energy efficiency of wireless power transfer(WPT)systems.Such beamforming schemes are classified as discrete and non-convex integer program-ming problems.In this paper,we propose a Monte-Carlo(MC)based random energy passive beamforming of RIS to achieve the maximum received power of electromagnetic(EM)WPT systems.Generally,the Gibbs sampling and re-sampling methods are employed to generate phase shift vector samples.And the sample with the maximum received power is considered the optimal solution.In order to adapt to the application scenarios,we develop two types of passive beamforming algorithms based on such MC sampling methods.The first passive beamforming uses an approximation of the integer programming as the initial sample,which is calculated based on the channel information.And the second one is a purely randomized algorithm with the only total received power feedback.The proposed methods present several advantages for RIS control,e.g.,fast convergence,easy implementation,robustness to the channel noise,and limited feedback requirement,and they are applicable even if the channel information is unknown.According to the simulation results,our proposed methods outperform other approxi-mation and genetic algorithms.With our methods,the WPT system even significantly improves the power effi-ciency in the nonline-of-sight(NLOS)environment.

Coupler Loss Analysis of Magnetically Coupled Resonant Wireless Power Transfer System

The demand for electric vehicles has increased over the past few years.Wireless power transfer for electric vehicles provides more flexibility than traditional plug-in charging technology.Charging couplers are critical components in wireless power transfer systems.The thermal effect produced by the magnetic coupler in work will cause the temperature of the device to rise rapidly,affecting the work efficiency,transfer power,operation reliability,and service life.This paper modeled and analyzed each component's temperature distribution characteristics and thermal behavior.Firstly,the magnetic coupler's mutual inductance and magnetic circuit model are established,and the thermal model of the magnetic coupler analyzes the heat generation process.The thermal models of the coupler under three different magnetic core distributions are established,and the temperature rise of each component is obtained.The temperature rise of different parts of the coupler is verified by the temperature rise test structure of the experiment.

Performance Analysis and Optimization of Energy Harvesting Modulation for Multi-User Integrated Data and Energy Transfer

Integrated data and energy transfer(IDET)enables the electromagnetic waves to transmit wireless energy at the same time of data delivery for lowpower devices.In this paper,an energy harvesting modulation(EHM)assisted multi-user IDET system is studied,where all the received signals at the users are exploited for energy harvesting without the degradation of wireless data transfer(WDT)performance.The joint IDET performance is then analysed theoretically by conceiving a practical time-dependent wireless channel.With the aid of the AO based algorithm,the average effective data rate among users are maximized by ensuring the BER and the wireless energy transfer(WET)performance.Simulation results validate and evaluate the IDET performance of the EHM assisted system,which also demonstrates that the optimal number of user clusters and IDET time slots should be allocated,in order to improve the WET and WDT performance.

Intelligent Reflecting Surface Assisted Transmission Optimization Strategies in Wireless Networks

Wireless Power Transfer(WPT)technology can provide real-time power for many terminal devices in Internet of Things(IoT)through millimeterWave(mmWave)to support applications with large capacity and low latency.Although the intelligent reflecting surface(IRS)can be adopted to create effective virtual links to address the mmWave blockage problem,the conventional solutions only adopt IRS in the downlink from the Base Station(BS)to the users to enhance the received signal strength.In practice,the reflection of IRS is also applicable to the uplink to improve the spectral efficiency.It is a challenging to jointly optimize IRS beamforming and system resource allocation for wireless energy acquisition and information transmission.In this paper,we first design a Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(LEACH)clustering protocol for clustering and data collection.Then,the problem of maximizing the minimum system spectral efficiency is constructed by jointly optimizing the transmit power of sensor devices,the uplink and downlink transmission times,the active beamforming at the BS,and the IRS dynamic beamforming.To solve this non-convex optimization problem,we propose an alternating optimization(AO)-based joint solution algorithm.Simulation results show that the use of IRS dynamic beamforming can significantly improve the spectral efficiency of the system,and ensure the reliability of equipment communication and the sustainability of energy supply under NLOS link.

New Progress of Magnetically-coupled Resonant Wireless Power Transfer Technology

近些年,无线电能传输技术受到了越来越广泛的关注。作为一种中等距离无线电能传输技术,自从美国麻省理工学院于2007年发表其研究成果后,磁耦合谐振式无线电能传输技术就成为了研究热点问题。该文在对无线电能传输技术进行总体介绍的基础上,主要对磁耦合谐振式无线电能传输技术进行概括论述。首先分析了磁耦合谐振式无线电能传输技术的基本结构和工作原理,介绍了目前运用于分析该技术的主要理论;接着对该技术目前的传输水平和热点问题进行了分类阐释,主要分为传输特性、新材料的应用、干扰问题和实际应用,介绍了目前的研究现状;最后在当前研究热点问题的基础之上,对该技术有待研究的问题以及发展趋势进行了展望。

Efficient and stable wireless power transfer based on the non-Hermitian physics

As one of the most attractive non-radiative power transfer mechanisms without cables,efficient magnetic resonance wireless power transfer(WPT)in the near field has been extensively developed in recent years,and promoted a variety of practical applications,such as mobile phones,medical implant devices and electric vehicles.However,the physical mechanism behind some key limitations of the resonance WPT,such as frequency splitting and size-dependent efficiency,is not very clear under the widely used circuit model.Here,we review the recently developed efficient and stable resonance WPT based on non-Hermitian physics,which starts from a completely different avenue(utilizing loss and gain)to introduce novel functionalities to the resonance WPT.From the perspective of non-Hermitian photonics,the coherent and incoherent effects compete and coexist in the WPT system,and the weak stable of energy transfer mainly comes from the broken phase associated with the phase transition of parity-time symmetry.Based on this basic physical framework,some optimization schemes are proposed,including using nonlinear effect,using bound states in the continuum,or resorting to the system with high-order parity-time symmetry.Moreover,the combination of non-Hermitian physics and topological photonics in multi-coil system also provides a versatile platform for long-range robust WPT with topological protection.Therefore,the non-Hermitian physics can not only exactly predict the main results of current WPT systems,but also provide new ways to solve the difficulties of previous designs.

RIS-Aided Constant-Envelope Beamforming for Multiuser Wireless Power Transfer:A Max-Min Approach

As a revolutionary hardware technology that can reconfigure the propagation environment,reconfigurable intelligent surfaces(RISs)have been regarded as a promising solution to enhance wireless networks.In this paper,we consider a multiuser multiple-input single-output(MISO)wireless power transfer(WPT)system,which is assisted by several RISs.In order to improve energy efficiency and reduce hardware cost,we consider that the energy transmitter(ET)in the WPT system is equipped with a constant-envelope analog beamformer,instead of a digital beamformer.Focusing on user fairness,we study a minimum received power maximization problem by jointly optimizing the ET beamforming and the RIS phase shifts,subject to the constant-envelope constraints.We iteratively solve this non-convex maxmin problem by leveraging both the successive convex approximation(SCA)method and the alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM)algorithm.Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and show attractive performance gain brought by RISs.

Analysis and Design of Four-Plate Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer System for Undersea Applications

This paper presents a four-plate undersea capacitive wireless power transfer(CPT)system for underwater applications such as autonomous underwater vehicles(AUVs).Generally,a CPT system transfers the power based on electric fields.The complex resonant compensation networks are used to make the CPT system work in the resonant condition.The resonant voltage is always very high.It will be a big challenge to the human safety.In this paper,a virtual electrons periodic reciprocating flow theory is proposed for the CPT system.In one switching cycle,the electrons firstly flow in the forward direction through the forward path and then flow in the inverse direction through the inverse path.The CPT system has been deeply studied with the vacuum dielectric or the air dielectric.However,for the CPT system,there are few papers to show the underwater application.In this paper,an undersea four-plate CPT system is designed and studied in the underwater condition.The two coupling capacitors and other elements of the CPT system could build a closed-loop path.A small value inductor is adapted as a resonant compensation network for the four-plate CPT system.The DC voltage is inverted to the AC voltage in the primary side with the single-phase full-bridge inverter.The resonant voltage is rectified to the DC voltage in the secondary side with the single-phase full-bridge diode rectifier.A 100 W power level CPT system is constructed to verify the theory analysis and the calculation.The theory analysis is verified by the simulated and experimental results.The stable output voltage and load power are achieved in this paper.

Wireless communication and wireless power transfer system for implantable medical device

Traditional magnetically coupled resonant wireless power transfer technology uses fixed distances between coils for research,to prevent fluctuations in the receiving voltage,and lead to reduce transmission efficiency.This paper proposes a closed-loop control wireless communication wireless power transfer system with a wearable four-coil structure to stabilize the receiving voltage fluctuation caused by changes in the displacement between the coils.Test results show that the system can provide stable receiving voltage,no matter how the distance between the transmitting coil and the receiving coil is changed.When the transmission distance is 20 mm,the power transfer efficiency of the system can reach 18.5%under the open-loop state,and the stimulus parameters such as the stimulation period and pulse width can be adjusted in real time through the personal computer terminal.

Design of Wireless Power Transfer with High Efficiency for Biomedical Implants

Wireless power transfer(WPT)technology is a popular choice for biomedical implant devices.The demands of higher efficiency and smaller implantation size are hard to compromise in previous studies.In the present work,an implantable magnetic coupling resonant WPT system in-tegrated with a metasurface element working at 430 MHz is presented.Similar planar copper coil components for the transmitting and receiving structures are used to construct the primary system,and then the metasurface element is integrated to constitute the whole WPT system.The effects of the distances between the transmitting coil and skin surface,between the skin surface,and receiv-ing coil are discussed.The results show that the efficiency will be enhanced by 38-50 dB integrat-ing with the metasurface.

Numerical Analysis of Magnetic-Shielding Effectiveness for Magnetic Resonant Wireless Power Transfer System

Magnetic radiation phenomena appear inevitably in the magnetic-resonance wireless power transfer （MR-WPT） system, and regarding this problem the magnetic-shielding scheme is applied to improve the electromagnetic performance in engineering. In this study, the shielding effectiveness of a two-coil MR-WPT system for different material shields is analyzed in theory using Moser＇s formula and Schelkunoff＇s formula. On this basis a candidate magnetic-shielding scheme with a double-layer structure is determined, which has better shielding effectiveness and coils coupling coefficient. Finally, some finite element simulation results validate the correctness of the theoretical analysis, and the shielding effectiveness with the double-layer shield in maximum is 30？dB larger than the one with the single-layer case.

Robust Beamforming for Secured Wireless Power Transfer in MIMO Magnetic Resonant Coupling System:A Probabilistic Approach

Wireless power transfer(WPT) to support mobile and portable devices is an emerging wireless technique.Among all kinds of approaches,magnetic resonance coupling(MRC) is an excellent one for mid-range WPT,which provides better mobility,flexibility,and convenience due to its simplicity in hardware implementation and longer transmission distances.In this paper,we consider an MRCWPT system with multiple power transmitters,one intended power receiver and multiple unintended power receivers.We investigate the probabilistic robust beamforming designs and provide efficient algorithms to achieve the local optimums under two different criteria,i.e.,total source power minimization problem and min-max unintended receiving power restriction problem.As the problems are quite typical in robust design situations,our proposed robust beamformers can be conveniently applied to other probabilistic robust design problems,thus reduce the complexity as well as improve the beamforming performance.Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms can significantly improve the performance as well as the robustness of the WPT system.

High-Power Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer: Injection-Locked Magnetron Technology

Applications using simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)have increased significantly.Wireless communication technologies can be combined with the Internet of Things to develop many innovative applications using SWIPT,which is mainly based on wireless energy harvesting from electromagnetic waves used in communications.Wireless power transfer that uses magnetrons has been developed for communication technologies.Injection-locked magnetrons that can be used to facilitate high-power SWIPT for several devices are reviewed in this paper.This new technology is expected to pave the way for promoting the application of SWIPT in a wide range of fields.

Decode-and-Forward Relay Based Bidirectional Wireless Information and Power Transfer

In this paper, we propose the decode-and-forward(DF) based bidirectional wireless information and power transfer(BWIPT) in two-hop relay systems, where the bidirectional relay can decode and forward information from the user to the access point(AP), and assist the wireless power transfer from the AP to the user. To maximize the information rate from the user to the AP, we derive the closed form expression of the optimal power splitting(PS) factor, and the time allocation scheme to obtain the optimal time switching(TS) factor. Simulation results show that for both PS and TS protocols, the proposed DF based bidirectional relay systems can improve the information rate as compared with the amplify-and-forward(AF) based bidirectional relay systems.

Middle range wireless power transfer systems with multiple resonators

The equivalent two-port network model of a middle range wireless power transfer(WPT) system was presented based on strongly coupled multiple resonators. The key parameters of the WPT system include self-inductance, resistance, parasitic capacitance, mutual inductance and S-parameters of coils & resonators were analyzed. The impedance matching method was used to optimize load power and transmission efficiency of the multi-resonator WPT system, and the impedance matching method was realized through adjusting the distances between the coils and resonators. Experiments show that the impedance matching method can effectively improve load power and transmission efficiency for middle range wireless power transfer systems with multiple resonators, at distances up to 3 times the coil radius with efficiency more than 70% and load power also close to 3.5 W.

Mid-Range Wireless Power Transfer and Its Application to Body Sensor Networks

It has been reported that, through the evanescent near fields, the strongly coupled magnetic resonance is able to achieve an efficient mid-range Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) beyond the characteristic size of the resonator. Recent studies on of the relay effect of the WPT allow more distant and flexible energy transmission. These new developments hold a promise to construct a fully wireless Body Sensor Network (wBSN) using the new mid-range WPT theory. In this paper, a general optimization strategy for a WPT network is presented by analysis and simulation using the coupled mode theory. Based on the results of theoretical and computational study, two types of thin-film resonators are designed and prototyped for the construction of wBSNs. These resonators and associated electronic components can be integrated into a WPT platform to permit wireless power delivery to multiple wearable sensors and medical implants on the surface and within the human body. Our experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of the WPT approach.

Receiver Power Allocation and Transmitter Power Control Analysis for Multiple-Receiver Wireless Power Transfer Systems

As different power has its own receivers,this paper analyzes and designs a multiple-receiver wireless power transfer(WPT)system systematically.The equivalent circuit model of the system is established to analyze the key parameters including transmitter power,receiver power,transmission efficiency,and each receiver power allocation.A control circuit is proposed to achieve the maximum transmission efficiency and transmitter power control and arbitrary receiver power allocation ratios for different receivers.Through the proposed control circuit,receivers with different loads can allocate appropriate power according to its power demand,the transmitter power and system efficiency do not vary with the change of the number of receivers.Finally,this control circuit is validated using a 130-kHz WPT system with three receivers whose power received is 3:10:12,and the overall system efficiency can reach as high as 55.5%.

Multi-Sinusoidal Waveform Shaping for Integrated Data and Energy Transfer in Aging Channels

Integrated data and energy transfer(IDET)is capable of simultaneously delivering on-demand data and energy to low-power Internet of Everything(Io E)devices.We propose a multi-carrier IDET transceiver relying on superposition waveforms consisting of multi-sinusoidal signals for wireless energy transfer(WET)and orthogonal-frequency-divisionmultiplexing(OFDM)signals for wireless data transfer(WDT).The outdated channel state information(CSI)in aging channels is employed by the transmitter to shape IDET waveforms.With the constraints of transmission power and WDT requirement,the amplitudes and phases of the IDET waveform at the transmitter and the power splitter at the receiver are jointly optimised for maximising the average directcurrent(DC)among a limited number of transmission frames with the existence of carrier-frequencyoffset(CFO).For the amplitude optimisation,the original non-convex problem can be transformed into a reversed geometric programming problem,then it can be effectively solved with existing tools.As for the phase optimisation,the artificial bee colony(ABC)algorithm is invoked in order to deal with the nonconvexity.Iteration between the amplitude optimisation and phase optimisation yields our joint design.Numerical results demonstrate the advantage of our joint design for the IDET waveform shaping with the existence of the CFO and the outdated CSI.

Resonant-Inductive Wireless Power Transfer for Autonomous Mobile Robots

Due to the increasing commercial interest in autonomy and sustainability,this paper reviews and presents a comprehensive summary of the resonant-inductive power transmission(RPT)technology for autonomous mobile robots.It outlines historic and recent research activities in wireless power transmission,covering the fundamental operation of microwave,capacitive and inductive power transfer technologies,state-of-the-art developments in RPT for high-power applications,current design and health standards,technological drawbacks,and possible future trends.In this paper,coupling-enhanced pad designs,adaptive tuning techniques,compensation network designs,and control techniques are explored.Major design issues such as coupling variation,frequency splitting,and bifurcation are reviewed.The difference between maximum power transfer and maximum energy efficiency is highlighted.Human exposure guidelines are summarized from documentations provided by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)and the International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection(ICNIRP).Other standards like WPC’s Qi and Airfuel design standards are also summarized.Finally,the possible trends of the relevant research and development,particularly dynamic charging,are discussed.The intention of this review is to encourage designs that will relieve robot operators of the burden of frequent manual recharging,and to reduce downtime and increase the productivity of autonomous mobile robots in industrial environments.