Microstructure and thermal properties of dissimilar M300–CuCr1Zr alloys by multi-material laser-based powder bed fusion

Multi-material laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) allows manufacturing of parts with 3-dimensional gradient and additional functionality in a single step. This research focuses on the combination of thermally-conductive CuCr1Zr with hard M300 tool steel.Two interface configurations of M300 on CuCr1Zr and CuCr1Zr on M300 were investigated. Ultra-fine grains form at the interface due to the low mutual solubility of Cu and steel. The material mixing zone size is dependent on the configurations and tunable in the range of0.1–0.3 mm by introducing a separate set of parameters for the interface layers. Microcracks and pores mainly occur in the transition zone.Regardless of these defects, the thermal diffusivity of bimetallic parts with 50vol% of CuCr1Zr significantly increases by 70%–150%compared to pure M300. The thermal diffusivity of CuCr1Zr and the hardness of M300 steel can be enhanced simultaneously by applying the aging heat treatment.

Dissimilarities Between Gary Snyder's Zen and Chinese Zen Thought

Gary Snyder is a famous American poet in the 1960s.His works often reflect Zen thought,which highly influenced the Beat Generation of that time,and even the whole western society.This article attempts to discuss some of the possible aspects in which Snyder’s Zen diverts from Chinese Zen thought.To find out the answer,four of Snyder’s poetry collections were mainly consulted,as well as information about the environment that he’d been living in.The discrepancy this article will show case is three-folded:first,what Snyder pursued might be"square Zen",which is different from Chinese Zen;second,his poems integrated some ideas from Indian folklores,thus contradicting that of Zen;third,giving consideration to his western background and specific historical environment,he might misinterpret Chinese Zen thought unconsciously or intentionally.This is an area which so far no current studies about Snyder have probed into,so the results are just tentative and exploratory.

Similarities and Dissimilarities between Chinese and British Names

The name is the unique cultural phenomenon in human society.One’sOneooOoOOOOOOOO name not only a sign used to dis⁃tinguish him/her from others,but also a mark accompanying his/her whole life.It includes much information which implies the nation’s language,history,geography,religion,and cultural tradition.Research into the names of different nationalities will help us deepen the understanding of cultures.The commonness of Chinese and British cultures determines the similarities of Chinese and Britain names,while the different historical cultures,value ideas,thinking patterns,religion,and psychology determine the dissimilarities.This paper will discuss the similarities and dissimilarities between Chinese and British names from several aspects and analyze the cultural differences reflected by Chinese and British names.

Characteristics and Weldability of Resistance Plug Welding of Dissimilar Steels

TRIP980 high-strength steel plate/SPCC low-carbon steel plate were welded by RPW. The key factors such as size and material of filler were studied, and the structure, fusion ratio and mechanical properties of the RPW joint were analyzed. The experimental results show that the calculation formulas of the length and diameter of the filler were designed reasonably. Q235 as a filler for RPW of TRIP980 high-strength steel plate/SPCC low-carbon steel plate is suitable according to schaeffler organization chart. The deposited metal of RPW joint is in the shape of “spool”,and the base metal and cap of deposited metal are alternately combined. The deposited metal has the characteristics of “locking” as rivets, which is beneficial to the improvement of mechanical properties of RPW joint. The nugget of RPW joint is uniform without deviates. TRIP980 high-strength steel plate, SPCC low-carbon steel plate, and filler were metallurgically bonded in the RPW joint.

Dissimilar welding of high nitrogen stainless steel and low alloy high strength steel under different shielding gas composition:Process,microstructure and mechanical properties

Ar-N_(2)-O_(2)ternary shielding gas is employed in dissimilar welding between high nitrogen steel and low alloy steel.The effect of O_(2)and N_(2)is investigated based on the systematical analysis of the metal transfer,nitrogen escape phenomenon,weld appearance,nondestructive detection,nitrogen content distribution,microstructure and mechanical properties.There are two nitrogen sources of the nitrogen in the weld:high nitrogen base material and shielding gas.The effect of shielding gas is mainly reflected in these two aspects.The change of the droplet transfer mode affects the fusion ratio,N2in the shielding gas can increase nitrogen content and promote the nitrogen uniform distribution.The addition of 2%O_(2)to Ar matrix can change the metal transfer from globular transfer to spray transfer,high nitrogen base material is thereby dissolved more to the molten pool,making nitrogen content increase,ferrite decrease and the mechanical properties improve.When applying N2-containing shielding gas,arc stability becomes poor and short-circuiting transfer frequency increases due to the nitrogen escape from droplets and the molten pool.Performance of the joints is improved with N_(2)increasing,but internal gas pores are easier to appear because of the poor capacity of low alloy steel to dissolve nitrogen,The generation of pores will greatly reduce the impact resistance.4-8%N2content in shielding gas is recommended in this study considering the integrated properties of the dissimilar welded joint.

Achieving a high-strength dissimilar joint of T91 heat-resistant steel to 316L stainless steel via friction stir welding

The reliable welding of T91 heat-resistant steel to 316L stainless steel is a considerable issue for ensuring the safety in service of ultrasupercritical power generation unit and nuclear fusion reactor,but the high-quality dissimilar joint of these two steels was difficult to be obtained by traditional fusion welding methods.Here we improved the structure-property synergy in a dissimilar joint of T91 steel to 316L steel via friction stir welding.A defect-free joint with a large bonding interface was produced using a small-sized tool under a relatively high welding speed.The bonding interface was involved in a mixing zone with both mechanical mixing and metallurgical bonding.No obvious material softening was detected in the joint except a negligible hardness decline of only HV~10 in the heat-affected zone of the T91 steel side due to the formation of ferrite phase.The welded joint exhibited an excellent ultimate tensile strength as high as that of the 316L parent metal and a greatly enhanced yield strength on account of the dependable bonding and material renovation in the weld zone.This work recommends a promising technique for producing high-strength weldments of dissimilar nuclear steels.

Review on friction stir welding of dissimilar magnesium and aluminum alloys: Scientometric analysis and strategies for achieving high-quality joints

Magnesium and aluminum alloys continually attract interest as lightweight structural materials for transport applications. However, joining these dissimilar alloys is very challenging. The main obstacle that hinders progress in dissimilar Mg-Al joining is the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds(IMCs). As a solid-state joining technique, FSW is an excellent candidate to attenuate the deleterious IMC effects in dissimilar Al-Mg joining due to the inherent low heat inputs involved in the process. However, the IMCs, namely Al_(3)Mg_(2) and Al_(12)Mg_(17) phases, have also been reported to form during Al-Mg dissimilar FSW;their amount and thickness depend on the heat input involved;thus,the weld parameters used. Since the heat dissipated in the material during the welding process significantly affects the amount of IMCs,the heat input during FSW should be kept as low as possible to control and reduce the amount of IMCs. This review aims to critically discuss and evaluate the studies conducted in the dissimilar Al/Mg FSW through a scientometric analysis and also with a focus on the strategies recently applied to enhance joint quality. The scientometric analysis showed that the main research directions in Mg/Al FSW are the technological weldability of aluminum and magnesium during FSW, structural morphology, and mechanical properties of dissimilar welded joints. Considering the scope of application of the aforementioned joints, the low share of articles dealing with environmental degradation and operational cracking is surprising. This might be attributed to the need for well-developed strategies for obtaining high-quality and sustainable joints for applications. Thus, the second part of this review is conventional, focusing mainly on the new strategies for obtaining high-quality Mg/Al joints. It can be concluded that in addition to the necessity to optimum welding parameters to suppress the excessive heat to limit the amount and thickness of IMC formed and improve the overall joint quality, strategies such as using Zn interlayer, electric current assisted FSW(EAFSW), ultrasonic vibration FSW(UVa FSW), are considered effective in the elimination, reduction, and fragmentation of the brittle IMCs.

Research on microstructure and properties of boron/Q235 steel laser welded dissimilar joints under synchronous thermal field

The mechanical mismatch effect frequently occurs in the dissimilar materials welded joints, thus leading to plastic gradient at the interface between the weld and heat-affected zone(HAZ). In this work, the boron steel and Q235 steel were selected for laser tailor welding,which obtained boron/Q235 steel tailor-welded blanks(TWBs). The method of welding with synchronous thermal field(WSTF) was utilized to eliminate the mismatch effects in TWBs. The WSTF was employed to adjust cooling rates of welded joints, thereby intervening in the solidification behaviors and phase transition of the molten pool. Boron/Q235 steel was welded by laser under conventional and WSTF(300-600 ℃) conditions, respectively. The results show that the microstructure of weld and HAZ(boron) was adequately transitioned to ferrites and pearlites instead of abundant martensite by WSTF. Meanwhile, the discrepancy of microhardness and yield strength between various regions of welded joints was greatly reduced, and the overall plasticity of welded joints was enhanced by WSTF. It is indicated that WSTF can effectively contribute to reducing plastic gradient and achieving mechanical congruity in welded joints by restraining the generation of hardbrittle phase, which could significantly improve the formability of TWBs in subsequent hot stamping.

Electron-Beam Welding Joint Strength of Dissimilar Materials

This paper provides an in-depth discussion of the joint strength of electron beam welding of dissimilar materials.The effect of welding parameters and material properties on the joint strength was analyzed,and an argument for the optimal parameter combination is presented.Electron-beam welding technology offers several advantages,including high energy density and the ability to create fine weld seams.However,it also presents certain challenges,such as the complexity of welding parameters and the potential generation of brittle phases.The analysis conducted in this paper holds significant importance in enhancing the quality and efficiency of dissimilar material welding processes.

Q345B/304异种钢激光填丝焊接工艺与性能研究

为了提高异种钢焊接质量,采用激光焊技术填充ER308L焊丝对Q345B低合金钢与304不锈钢两种异质材料进行焊接。在不同的激光功率下,采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪等对焊接接头进行了深入的表征和分析。结果表明,当激光功率高于3 kW时,接头处得以焊透,4 kW、4.5 kW和5 kW这3种焊缝截面均呈现束腰现象,且焊缝组织均为典型的板条状马氏体,其中5 kW焊接件焊缝所含的板条马氏体更加细小,表现出最高的硬度值;4 kW焊接件的抗拉强度达到590 MPa,随着激光功率的增大,焊接件的抗拉强度逐步下降;焊缝中主要出现了Cr_(2)Ni_(3)、Fe_(2)Ni_(3)、α-Fe等相,没有大量出现对质量有较大影响的M_(23)C_(6)和σ相等有害相。采用激光填丝焊接技术能够实现Q345B/304异种钢的高质量焊接。

领导—员工职业定位匹配对青年新员工早期组织适应的影响研究

对于初入职场的青年员工而言,他们与领导之间可能存在多元的职业定位,“以组织为中心”和“以个人为中心”的观念发生碰撞,为他们融入集体带来了新挑战。对此,本研究基于个人—环境匹配理论,聚焦于当前青年新员工与领导的职业定位匹配情况,采用多项式回归和响应面分析方法,对235位主管领导匹配问卷数据进行实证检验,探究青年新员工早期的组织社会化机制,并验证感知深层差异的中介作用与包容型氛围的调节作用。研究发现:青年新员工在上下级职业定位不匹配的情况下,会产生较高水平的感知深层差异,难以顺利完成组织融入,早期组织适应表现较差;良好的包容型组织氛围可减轻青年新员工感知上的深层差异,并促进他们的早期组织适应。研究为理解职业定位对青年新员工早期组织适应产生影响的具体机制提供了理论基础与实践建议,启发管理者将包容型氛围作为促进青年新员工早期组织适应的重要手段。

基于GIS技术的区域多尺度空间数据集成方法

区域多尺度空间数据,其量较大,其来源、格式、特点、性质不同,数据在逻辑上或物理上的有机集中比较困难,容易导致集成路径拥塞,集成效率下降。为此,提出了一种基于GIS技术的区域多尺度空间数据集成方法。利用GIS技术搭建区域多尺度空间数据挖掘架构,结合数据转换矩阵构建多尺度空间数据库。根据多尺度空间数据库中拥塞窗口状态集合,采用不同策略对数据集成路径进行拥塞控制,通过确定理想集成效率而选择多尺度空间数据集成路径。计算不同集成路径上空间数据特征向量之间的紧密度,结合相异度阈值和空间数据权重构建数据集成函数,实现区域多尺度空间数据集成。实验结果表明:所给方法在有、无人工干预的情况下,集成延时分别控制在7 min以内和5 min以内,数据集成效率较高。

铸铝与挤压铝合金的电阻点焊工艺试验研究

采用电阻点焊工艺对厚度为3mm的铸铝和2mm的5系挤压铝合金进行了连接。对焊后的接头进行了剪切拉伸试验,使用金相显微镜分析其宏观形貌和微观结构,使用扫描电镜对断口进行分析。结果表明:接头主要由4个典型区域组成,分别为母材、热影响区、柱状晶区和等轴晶区。焊核主要向铸铝侧偏移,合适的焊接电流能够降低焊核偏移带来的影响,同时提升接头性能。在压力6k N、焊接电流40k A的条件下,接头平均失效载荷达到最高,为(7.09±0.33)kN。接头断裂行为可分为焊点处和铸铝处断裂两种模式,其中铸铝处断裂为韧性断裂。

基于交互作用积分的异种金属焊接区域裂纹扩展模拟方法

核电厂中存在大量的异种金属焊接区域,该区域内裂纹扩展的合理评价与核电厂安全运行密切相关。由于焊接区域材料具有显著的非均匀特点,传统的J积分理论在该区域不再具有守恒性,同时大量的运行经验反馈表明,在焊接区域裂纹扩展呈现出明显的偏折现象,传统基于Ⅰ型裂纹扩展的分析方法不再适用。为解决上述问题,本文建立了基于交互作用积分理论的异种金属焊接区域裂纹扩展模拟方法。通过交互作用积分的引入,能够准确计算焊接区域复合型裂纹的应力强度因子,采用最大周向应力等裂纹扩展准则后,能够快速实现裂纹扩展路径的预测。通过将本文方法与实验结果和解析解进行对比分析,验证了当前方法的精度和有效性。该方法的建立对焊接区域裂纹扩展模拟及核电设备安全分析评价具有重要意义。

FeAl-316SS接头的反应行为、显微组织与力学性能

采用热爆反应与粉末冶金相结合的工艺实现了FeAl金属间化合物与316不锈钢(316SS)的有效连接,研究了连接温度(700、800、900℃)对界面成分组成和力学性能的影响。结果表明,当加热到637℃时,FeAl反应层温度瞬间升高到1050℃,发生明显的热爆反应,并伴随持续约15 s的剧烈放热。随着温度从700℃提高到900℃,界面由Fe-316SS、316SS(Al)交替组成的形式转变为由FeAl-316SS(Al)-316SS组成。三种温度下均形成良好的冶金结合,当连接温度为800℃时,抗剪切强度可达75 MPa。

Ti_(43.76)Zr_(12.50)Cu_(37.49-x)Ni_(6.25)Co_(x)非晶钎料真空钎焊TC4钛合金/316L不锈钢

根据双团簇模型设计并制备了Ti-Zr-Cu-Ni-Co系非晶钎料,用于真空钎焊TC4钛合金和316L不锈钢,分析了钎料中Co元素含量对钎焊接头界面微观组织形貌、力学性能及断裂行为的影响规律.结果表明,钎焊接头可划分为TC4/扩散区(Ⅰ区)/钎缝中心区(Ⅱ区)/界面区(Ⅲ区)/316L,界面典型微观组织结构为TC4/β-Ti+Ti_(2)Cu/(Ti,Zr)_(2)(Cu,Ni)+Ti_(2)Cu+Ti_(2)(Cu,Ni)+TiFe/(Fe,Cr)_(2)Ti+α-(Fe,Cr)+τ+γ-(Fe,Ni)+σ/316L,随着Co元素含量的增加,接头剪切强度先升高后降低再升高,当Co元素含量为1.56%时达到最大310 MPa,不添加Co元素时,接头断裂于钎缝中心区(Ⅱ区);当Co元素含量为1.56%~6.24%时,接头断裂于靠近316L母材的界面区(Ⅲ区)附近,断裂模式为典型的解理断裂.

外加能场辅助搅拌摩擦焊研究现状

搅拌摩擦焊作为先进固相连接技术,广泛应用于航空航天等领域,轻质高强材料及异种材料连接对常规搅拌摩擦焊的发展提出了新的挑战.近年来,外加能场辅助搅拌摩擦焊技术的兴起有效地解决了异种材料连接中塑化程度不匹配和界面金属间化合物导致接头脆化的问题.同时,这一技术也为解决高熔点材料流变应力大、塑性变形能力差以及焊具磨损严重、焊接效率低等问题提供了新的思路.文中综述了外加能场辅助搅拌摩擦焊的研究现状,包括感应加热、激光加热、电流加热、电弧加热和超声辅助等,从过程产热、材料流动、组织性能调控和耦合作用机制等方面分析了热能和机械能对接头微观组织和性能的影响规律,同时对未来的研究方向进行展望.

钛/钢异种金属连接技术研究现状

钛材有着多种优异的性能,在多个领域得到了广泛应用。但由于钛与钢之间物理化学性能的差异,两种金属焊接时会出现大量脆性间隙相,导致焊接接头失效。为解决因金属间隙相导致的接头失效,需尽量避免钛与钢的熔焊,采用合理的中间层是避免生成金属间隙相的有效途径,适当的连接方式及工艺是提高接头使用性能的有效手段。文章从压力焊、高能密度焊、钎焊、塞焊等几个角度对钛/钢异种金属连接的研究现状进行探讨,并展望了未来钛/钢异种金属连接的研究和发展方向。

钛/铝异种金属扩散连接及其界面调控的研究进展

钛/铝复合构件具有轻量化、高强度、耐腐蚀等优势,使其广泛应用于新能源汽车、航空航天等领域。但是钛/铝之间的物理性能差异较大,且冶金反应容易生成如TiAl_(3),TiAl等脆性的金属间化合物,导致钛/铝异种金属接头性能下降。为了解决上述问题,基于扩散连接技术在异种金属连接方面变形小、无污染、冶金结合致密等优势,文中详细讨论了扩散连接技术在钛/铝异种金属连接上的应用,以及连接温度、保温时间、压力等焊接工艺参数、焊后热处理工艺、中间层对接头的影响。重点总结了工艺调控和添加中间层调控钛/铝接头的组织和性能。结果表明,工艺调控和添加中间层调控相结合可以最大限度的调控脆性金属间化合物的类型和降低金属间化合物的厚度。在此基础上,讨论了钛/铝异种金属扩散连接的发展趋势。