Self-Medication of Senegalese Women through Social Networks

Self-medication is a form of self-care which has evolved considerably with the development of digital technology. It particularly challenges public health actors given the risks to which it may be exposed if it is not properly supervised. The aim of this work was to study the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Senegalese women on self-medication through social networks. A transversal descriptive study was conducted from June 10 to 30, 2019. It concerned all Senegalese women registered in at least one of the following women’s Facebook groups: Femme chic, Femme leader, Ladies club or Entre yaays. A study information sheet was posted on the wall of these different groups, and enabled consenting women to find a questionnaire deployed online directly through a link. Consenting women were able to complete the data collection tool directly online. The proportions were compared by setting the alpha risk at 5%. A total of 508 women were surveyed. The results thus showed a high prevalence (68.9%) of self-medication. A proportion of 46.3% of those self-medicated used Facebook or the Internet as a source of information to find the drugs to use. The advice received from these groups related to hygiene and dietary measures (96.1%), consultation with health personnel (54.6%), consultation with a traditional healer (50.4%) and taking medication (41.8%). The health problems most treated with these self-medications were headaches ((84.6%) and painful periods (45.1%). Simple analgesics (84.6%) and vitamins (66.9%) were the most recommended drugs, but it was also found antibiotics (40.0%), centrally acting analgesics (20.0%), anti-diabetics (6.9%) and antihypertensive (5.4%). Oral tablets (92.3%) remained the most widely used dosage forms, but eye drops (5.4%) and injectables (5.4%) were also found. Although searching for information on Facebook/internet, women obtained the drugs from pharmacies (72.4%) or the family medicine box (19%). Regarding self-medication on Facebook, its easy accessibility (67.8%) was the main motivation for which women chose it, as well as saving time (33.9%). Advice on health through the Facebook network is important for Senegalese women but taking medication on advice from these forums remains low. A better presence for health actors in social networks is becoming urgent in order to promote responsible self-medication.

The Social Statues of the Women in Austin's Day

Jane Austin(1775-1817),one of the greatest realistic novelists in English literature,wrote several classical and popular novels,which are the portrayal of the late eighteenth and the early nineteenth centuries,although with a certain limitation.This paper tries to reveal the social history,the economic realities as well as the women's social statues of Jane Austin's day through her fictions.

New Interpretation of Postmodern Cultural School on Women＇s Social Status

Postmodern cultural school makes a deep exploration of women's social roles and values from the perspective of human beings' social naturalness,culture and social function,conducts deep introspection on women's social status from both macro and micro levels and carries out a brand newinterpretation of the impetus effect of critical thinking on women's social development. Postmodern cultural school overthrows the definitions and viewpoints expressed in traditional social constructivism and power theory by other cultural schools,explaining objectively the measuring standards of women's social status and refuting male chauvinism,thus promoting newattention to be paid to women's equality in social status.

The Issue of Women＇s Social Organization to Participate in the Community Endowment Services

With the transformation of society and the deepening of reform, the government＇s emphasis on public service level gradually increased, arises at the historic moment of women in social organization to participate in social management and service ofgrassroots women play an important role on the stage. Women social organizations in jiangsu province to grow faster, quantity stability has increased year by year, widely participate in social services, in the ease of social contradictions, providing public services, safeguard women＇s rights has played a unique role. But at the same time also face the system is not sound, management is not standard, and all kinds of resources are scarce, etc. Women social organizations must through the standardization of the management and operation, actively integrating the resource of inside and outside the organization improve the survival and development environment, so as to promote their own development and perfection, a greater extent play a positive role in social and public services.

Diplomatic Implications of Women＇s Work in American Consumer Society

American foreign policies have observed guiding principles of democracy, yet an overemphasis on political values leads to more conflicts than mutual understandings in today＇s world. Therefore, this paper proposes that exploring diplomatic implications of ＂women＇s work＂ provides new insights into cultural values of the Four Freedomsmmajor pillars supporting modern American liberalism. This paper foregrounds the domestic and diplomatic significance of ＂women＇s work＂ by analyzing women＇s contributions as laborers at home, in the labor force, and in American consumer society. As American women participated in the paid labor force and took up most consumptive activities, women outside America also worked hard to provide food and care for families. This paper argues that a more comprehensive definition of＂women＇s work＂ is not only indispensable for the development of American industry, consumer society, and the expansion of marketplace, but integrates a system of dualisms separating wage labor and housework, or divisions between spheres of men and women. Moreover, investigations into hidden values of women＇s work alleviate worries arising from information revolution and economic globalization. Moreover, placing women＇s work in perspective enables diplomats to see through factors leading to international hostilities, to reduce conflicts arising from information revolution and economic globalization, and to understand America＇s soft power pertinently.

Rural Women's Aspirations through Art Work

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The Changing Role of Chinese Women in History--From the Dream of Red Mansions to the Moment in Peking

In the history of feudal society,women were suffering from the oppression and inequality in their family and status,and also strict restriction from the society.Their freedom was limited and they could not make full use of their wisdom,and abili ty.But the role of women did not stay the same during the feudal society.It had changed though the fundamental role remained the same.Here in this essay,it mainly talked about the changing role of Chinese in history,from the beginning of the Qing Dy nasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty.It collected information,and evidences from two books which were of great value to inves tigate women's role.They were Cao Xueqin's the Dream of Red Mansions and Lin Yutang's Moment in Peking.A great por tion of these two book's main characters were women,no matter what their social statuses were,no matter what roles they were playing in the big feudal family.Based on the result of analysis,the study suggests that women have been making progress all the time in changing their situation.And the development of economy has given women immense chances to achieve their self-actu alization.

Being a Woman in the 1950s and the 1960s:Women and Everyday Life in Ginger and Rosa

The present study aims to focus on the relationship between gender and everyday life and reflect on the meanings of being a woman in the 1950s and the 1960s over Sally Potter’s film Ginger and Rosa(2012a).The 1950s and the 1960s are marked with significant changes and transformations in terms of the social statuses and everyday lives of women in many countries all around the world.Women began to question their gendered roles and performances,resist“doing gender”and speak out“the problem that has no name”in these years,which would then evolve into the second-wave feminist movement—a significant historical period in women’s history.Therefore,an analysis of this specific period is considered significant to understand the relationship between gender and everyday life.Thus,the present study first addresses the relationship between gender and everyday life in general terms,discussing the social construction of gender and how we are taught to do gender through socialization.Then,it examines women’s practices,performances,relationships,conflicts,and resistances in their everyday lives throughout the 1950s and the 1960s over the film Ginger and Rosa.Considering the historical,social,and political developments at the time,this study tries to explore significant issues within feminist studies such as the relationship between mothers and daughters,and female friendship/sisterhood through the characters in the film,and comprehend what it meant to be a young girl,a woman,a wife,and a mother in both private and public spheres in these years based upon the director’s own experiences and memories.

Identifying the Cultural Shifts and Societal Changes That Facilitated the Rise in Box Office Performance of Chinese Women’s Cinema in the 21st Century

With the gradual improvement of Chinese women’s status in the 21st century,gender studies and gender relations have become one of the hottest topics in Chinese society,which consequently prompted Chinese Women’s Cinema to attract the attention of larger audiences.With regard to the box office performance of Chinese Women’s Cinema,there seems to be a gap in research in finding an association between women’s status and the relevant films’box office performance.The purpose of this research is to outline the underlying reasons for the changes in gender roles and gender representation in the Chinese film industry over the past few decades in order to better understand this expansive social change in the 21st century.This study provides a comprehensive analysis through the use of questionnaires to better understand society’s attitude towards gender representation within the film industry.The questionnaire findings indicate that there is a direct correlation between people’s awareness of women’s changing status and gender equality and their acceptance of materials produced by Chinese Women’s Cinema.At the some time,it highlights that the Chinese government’s support and initiatives for gender equality have had a significant impact on the general popularity of Chinese Women’s Cinema.The significance of this research is to effectively popularize Chinese Women’s Cinema culture and the box office growth by understanding the social attitude towards gender representation in the Chinese film industry and to provide relevant information about the development direction and trend of Chinese Women’s Cinema.Furthermore,this research aims to provide foundational support for gender equality and help to understand the underlying factors that society needs to promote gender equality.

The Image of Polish Women in the Early 1950s

Over the past decades, there were questions often asked： What is education？ What is it purpose in the world whether it helps an individual or not to understand himself and connect his views with existing beliefs and critical thinking about education to deal with daily practical challenges enable in a new way. The founder of instrumentalism philosophical school, John Dewey remarks that knowledge is practical instrument that purpose must be to solve all problems that a person encounters during his/her lifetime. According to instrumentalism theoretical concepts, theories are instruments by means of that relationship with surrounding world is established （communication becomes possibleS. Representatives of traditional epistemology make distinct difference between ＂world＂ and ＂mind＂. In accordance with Dewey＇s genetic epistemology mind, constitutes the result of living being-environment relationship as the universe is defined by our mind and the development of a human＇s knowledge is adaptive response to the environment.

易地搬迁后农村老年妇女的生计困境与社会工作介入方法探讨——以鲁西北黄河滩S安置社区为例

黄河滩区移民搬迁工程能有效帮助群众走出发展的困境,但移民搬迁安置后面临的生计冲击亦不容忽视。以鲁西北黄河滩S安置社区为例,聚焦农村老年妇女这一常被认为处于弱势地位的群体,从社会性别视角分析她们的生计困境并探讨社会工作介入方法。研究发现,农村老年妇女在易地迁建中面临土地资本化、经济参与空间窄化、生活方式城镇化、金钱匮乏感加剧、非农就业与“工作—家庭”关系难平衡等困境。为回应农村老年妇女易地搬迁后独特的生计需要,社会工作者应将社会性别理念融入具体的服务方案与实务方法中,从老年妇女日常生活经验出发,通过长期陪伴式的能力建设,协助农村老年妇女经济增能,增强她们的自养能力和社会参与能力,缓解她们在易地搬迁后面临的生计压力。这将有益于易地搬迁后农村老年妇女平等权利的实现,更好地保障她们搬迁后的生活。

Analyzing the Influences on Women’s Upbringing and Their Educational Significance Using the Case of Estella,the Heroine of Great Expectations

This paper explores the influences on women’s upbringing and their educational significance by using the character Estella from Great Expectations as a case study.Through analyzing the impact of social environment,family education,and self-awakening,this article aims to promote gender equality and the construction of a feminist cognitive community.It delves into the class divisions of 19th-century England,the manipulative family education imposed on Estella by Miss Havisham,and Estella’s journey towards self-consciousness after her foster mother’s death.The study highlights the challenges faced by women in societal constraints,family expectations,and the importance of self-discovery in overcoming these limitations.

The Rise of China’s Women’s Basketball Team:An Exploration of Gender Equality in Professional Basketball

This article explores the rise of the Chinese women’s basketball team in professional basketball and its relationship to gender equality issues.In view of the gender differences in salary,market value,social status,and other aspects,the article proposes a series of strategies to promote the realization of gender equality for female basketball players in professional basketball.This article points out that the rise of the Chinese women’s basketball team will lead the process of gender equality and lay the foundation for a more equitable and inclusive future.To achieve this goal,this article highlights the importance of improving the competitive level of female athletes,improving basic education,promoting basketball culture,and promoting gender equality.

The Challenges for Women in the Academic Organization

For needed changes to occur, we need to do gender in higher education and tenure differently. The way that tenure is established and reviews for tenure are conducted need to be based more on a system that allows for the development of the whole individual. The future health of academia rests on the development and refinement of a system that creates a healthy environment for all members of that system. All faculty members cannot and should not be held to standards that were created in another time, which constructed the academic role as a gendered role. Individuals need to consider how we do gender, and how that creates an impact on our organization, academia. A process for equitable review of all participants in the system requires that all individuals be involved in the process of defining the standards for a tenurable professor. Then all voices should and must be represented when we construct how we do tenure so that even minority voices still have their chance to speak. There is a better way to perform the roles we take in academia, there is a better way to perform our gender in this setting, and from recognizing this we can then move to a better way to do all this that is academia.

试论社会工作方法在SOS儿童村模式中的介入

SOS国际儿童村模式,是指赫尔曼.格迈纳尔博士自1949年起在奥地利创立的世界上第一所SOS国际儿童村以来,形成的家庭抚养、教育儿童的方式。本文通过先后两次进入被称为中国SOS儿童样板村烟台SOS儿童村的实地调查发现,尽管SOS儿童村模式在世界范围内被广泛应用并取得了巨大的成就,但在其进入中国的本土化过程中,仍然产生了许多的问题和偏差。本文将运用社会工作的专业理念和方法,通过对儿童村、SOS家庭和村内个体成员三个层次的的介入,对一些问题进行分析和建议。希望能够对SOS模式顺利实现本土化以及村内孤儿们的健康成长有所帮助。

Cleft Lip Surgical Intervention in Resource Constraint Settings: A Case Report

Cleft lip and palate is a very common condition which is globally undertreated. This case report shows how cleft lip surgery can transform patient’s lives, self-perception, and their self-esteem through a visionary and adaptive leadership of a few social workers and medical doctors in resource constrained settings. The case report also shows that when treated, the benefits to the patient and their family are lifelong and disproportionately large compared to the degree of effort and cost of doing the reconstruction;and puts forth the case for educating physicians to maximize their societal benefit through work in resource-constrained settings.

A Kind of Sustainable Craft Making： Equal and Flexible Participation in Piecing Acehnese Hat

Terms of sustainable and sustainability have been employed in various sectors and fields since around 1990. To make a society sustainable needs to find ways of having sustainable local activities. The ways may be to find and revitalize local resources, or to support new life styles by accepting outsider＇s new ideas. I see those ways often taken from a perspective that the ways require a structure or institutional organization. To explore in-between ways, it would be better to have an alternative perspective and useful to learn from Southeast Asian cases of managing diversity while accepting new ways （cf. Reid, 2015）. In this essay, I focus on a sustainable craft making of a men＇s hat kopiah meuketob in Aceh, Sumatra, which is traditional item for marriage but has been used in various imaginative ways and has been shaping a regional ＂craft-scape.＂ I examine such ways and various facets of making the hat and conclude that a lesson from the case for making things sustainable is equal and flexible ways of participating in production processes.

The Risk of Romantic Sensibility--An analysis of Marianne's Sensibility in Sense and Sensibility

Jane Austen is one of the outstanding women writers in the modern history of the U.K. She displayed what the society of England looked like between the end of the 18 th century and the first of the 19 th century with her unique style and particular materials. She also combined her view on value and love in her novels harmoniously. Sense and Sensibility(SS) is one of the masterpieces of Jane Austen. Although it drew fierce debate, its literary value cannot be overlooked. The paper focuses the comments on sensibility of the heroine Marianne, and analyzes the misery and frustration she experiences. Putting Marianne as well as other women in the society where they lived in, the paper uncovers the mask of inequality hidden behind the sensibility and analyzes the reasons why the females stand always in an inferior position. Sensibility is pure. We cannot degenerate our recognition about it because of some unfavorable factors. Obviously, it's significant to establish such ideas in today's society.

最低工资标准提升对女性育儿时间的影响研究

当前我国经济面临着较为复杂的外部发展环境和内部多重挑战,这使我国低收入家庭尤其女性家庭成员存在较大的收入不确定性,这些变化将会对女性的工作(有酬劳动)和育儿(照料子女)的选择产生深刻影响。尽管已有研究广泛探讨了女性所面临的工作-育儿冲突问题,但现实生活中我国女性在二者之间究竟会作何选择并可能引致何种后果则少有文献涉及。文章借助最低工资政策的实施,构建理论模型刻画女性在面临增收机会情境下育儿时间的选择机制,以期加深理解低收入女性在工作和育儿之间的权衡难题。文章还利用子女的未来健康状况变化进一步考察女性育儿时间决策的后果,为上述问题的分析提供补充证据。在此基础上,采用2004—2015年中国健康与营养调查数据和同期各区县的最低工资标准进行系统的实证检验。结果显示最低工资标准提升对低收入女性育儿时间具有显著负向影响,该结论在经过一系列内生性分析和稳健性检验后依然成立。机制分析表明最低工资标准提升主要通过提高女性参与劳动的概率和工作时间产生作用,这一结论为低收入女性用工作替代育儿的事实提供了直接证据。异质性分析表明:处于生育平稳期、子女年龄为4~6岁或父辈健康状况较好的女性因具有更高的育儿弹性,育儿时间受到的负向影响更强,同时技能水平更低或工作搜寻难度更小的女性育儿时间同样也更容易受到最低工资政策的不利影响。进一步研究发现最低工资标准提升对短期内子女的身心健康具有显著负向影响,且均可归因于女性育儿时间的减少,这也为文章中的核心结论提供了补充性证据。据此建议政府部门推动建立父亲育儿假制度,加强对托儿机构的普遍监管和支持,鼓励企业为女性群体提供灵活的工作时间和工作模式,聚焦低技能、低学历女性群体的职业技能培训和教育提升,增强其就业竞争力,同时加强最低工资政策的执行力度,确保小时工资标准得到遵守,防止企业延长工作时间。这些措施有助于弥补女性育儿时间减少导致的不利后果,构建合理的生育支持政策体系。

环境社会学视角下疍民妇女身份转变策略

疍民曾是海上居民,基本不登上陆地活动。由于海洋资源的逐步开发,疍民洗脚上岸生活,生产方式和居住环境由海洋属性变为陆地属性。依托环境社会学及其理论研究发现,海洋环境污染、渔业资源匮乏和生产空间压缩等环境问题的凸显严重影响着以渔业生产为核心的疍民妇女的社会生产身份、家庭价值身份和社会参与身份的变化,并带来了生活模式差异化明显、生产经验摩擦和生活技能冲突等适应性困境,导致她们的身心健康和劳动价值受到影响。结合疍民妇女的切实需求和社会工作的专业优势,提出了解决疍民妇女的实际问题、塑造健康身心、发挥实践经验和提高劳动价值等方面的建议,以期协助疍民妇女克服环境问题带来的制约,完成身份转变。