Analyzing the Influences on Women’s Upbringing and Their Educational Significance Using the Case of Estella,the Heroine of Great Expectations

This paper explores the influences on women’s upbringing and their educational significance by using the character Estella from Great Expectations as a case study.Through analyzing the impact of social environment,family education,and self-awakening,this article aims to promote gender equality and the construction of a feminist cognitive community.It delves into the class divisions of 19th-century England,the manipulative family education imposed on Estella by Miss Havisham,and Estella’s journey towards self-consciousness after her foster mother’s death.The study highlights the challenges faced by women in societal constraints,family expectations,and the importance of self-discovery in overcoming these limitations.

The Pattern of Women’s Reliance on Family Planning Providers in Egypt

Understanding choice of family planning provider is fundamental for policy makers and program managers as they seek ways to both improve the coverage and increase the sustainability and efficiency of family planning services for Egypt to achieve its population objectives. This study focuses first on providing a descriptive profile of the patterns of reliance on sources of family planning services during the early 2000s. Binomial logit models are then estimated to obtain a more in depth understanding of the determinants of the choice of family planning providers in Egypt using the 2000 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey. The study offers insights into a number of aspects of family planning service provision about which there has been less previous investigation. There are marked differences in the extent to which Egyptian women rely on public or private providers for family planning services depending on the type of method they are seeking. Among the more important findings is the consistency women display in the choice of provider among women reporting multiple segments of use. With regard to the determinants of the choice of provider for family planning services, perhaps the most interesting finding is that household wealth was not a significant determinant of the choice of provider. This may reflect that private sources met the demand for family planning services of significant proportions of women in rural areas and among those in the low income groups.

Effect of Family Planning on Women's Lives in China

I.BackgroundFertilityhasdeclinedprecipitouslyinChinaoverthepastthreedecades,sotherearegenerationsofChinesewomenalivetodaywhohavebeenaffectedverydifferentlybyfamilyplanning.China'stotalfertilityrate(TFR)fellfrommorethansixchildreninthe1950stoaroundtwo...

China's Women Leaders Promote Quality and Equity in Family Planning

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Ideas from the Women's Liberation Movement during the Period of the Central Soviet Area

During the period of the Central Soviet Area,the women's liberation movement flourished,greatly improving the living environment and space for women in the Soviet Area,and providing important implication for resolving issues concerning the development of women left behind in the current rural areas. Based on the useful exploration in the women's liberation movement during the period of the Central Soviet Area, and the field research data concerning the Gannan area,we conduct research on the women's liberation movement during the period of the Central Soviet Area from two dimensions ( family and society) . At the same time,we conduct analysis on current issues concerning the women left behind: in terms of family dimension,the patriarchal tendency of family interests is the core issue shackling the development of women left behind,extension of the family division of labor further restricts the space for the development of women left behind,and the weakening of family function is the key factor influencing the development of women left behind; in terms of social dimension,system isolation is the direct reason for restricted development of women left behind,weak economic foundation is the root cause of restricted development of women left behind, and the existence of discriminatory attitudes is the deep-seated reason for restricted development of women left behind. From the level of human development,we point out that the first step for the development of women left behind lies in the transformation of ideas. In order to solve issues concerning the women left behind,it is necessary to eliminate the property of individual family as the economic unit of society,and make all the women back to the common cause again.

亲属支持对农村女性家庭权力影响的实证研究——基于CGSS 2006数据的分析

本文基于中国综合社会调查(CGSS 2006)的问卷数据,考察了亲属经济支持对农村已婚女性的家庭权力影响,重点探求了姻亲经济支持和宗亲经济支持的作用。logistic回归分析结果表明:姻亲的长期经济支持和宗亲的近期经济支持对女性家庭权力存在显著的影响。姻亲的长期经济支持越多,女性的家庭权力越大;宗亲的近期经济支持越多,女性的家庭权力越小。除此以外,女性的家庭权力在一定程度上受到姻亲家庭经济状况的影响,姻亲家庭经济状况越好,女性的家庭权力越大。

家庭政治视角下农村青年女性的养老实践、权力提升及其悖论

家庭现代化发展过程中,农村青年女性的家庭权力与家庭养老实践之间存在因果定律,反之则较少谈及。以家庭政治为出发点,从“养老—夺权”的逆向倒逼视角探究农村青年女性养老实践与家庭权力之间的作用机制。研究发现,现代农村社会的代际关系呈现一种以“养”为中介的权力交换,青年女性主动承担的养老责任、积极的养老意愿以及亲代强烈的养老期待是致使老年个体权力转让及女性家庭权力提升的隐形推力,从而易使老年人陷入行为困境中。而对于养老期待较弱的老年个体,在女儿依赖及经济资本的加持下自我意识逐渐增强,崛起的老年个体在一定程度上弱化了农村青年女性的家庭权力。家庭养老与女性家庭权力之间实则存在双向建构的作用关系,隐藏在其中的逻辑过程是引发现有养老状况不一的重要因素。

女性受教育程度与代际居住模式

代际居住模式与养老模式、人口老龄化问题密切相关。本文从女性视角出发,分析了女性受教育程度与家庭居住模式的关系。本研究基于实施义务教育法的准自然实验,使用2005年全国人口抽样调查数据,利用工具变量法识别女性受教育年限对代际同住的影响。结果表明,女性受教育程度提升显著降低了其与配偶父母同住的概率。进一步,本文发现教育通过提升女性的家庭地位、让女性拥有更平等现代的价值观念、生育子女数量下降等渠道,使得代际居住模式发生改变。本文从女性受教育程度提高的角度,为我国家庭小型化趋势提供了一个新的解释维度,同时也为女性受教育程度提高,使得孩子更可能继承母亲姓氏、改变女性相关认知等提供了证据。在老龄化和教育持续扩张背景下,本研究对于从国家战略高度应对人口老龄化、养老体系的构建与完善有重要现实意义。

How did women’s education and differential family planning policies shape transition to second and third births in historical China? New evidence from micro data

The influence of China’s family planning policies on fertility transition is widely acknowledged in research studies.However,little is known about how improve-ments in women’s education have shaped reproductive decisions of Chinese women across different family planning regimes,particularly at micro level.This study uses retrospective pooled birth history data from five consecutive population and fam-ily planning surveys collected over the period 1982-2006 to systematically examine the interrelationship between family planning policies and women’s education,and their interactive effect on the second and third birth transitions.We hypothesize that family planning policies had a differential influence on educational groups in reduc-ing the transition to second and third births.The results from discrete time com-plementary log-log survival models provide strong evidence of differential repro-ductive behavior of education groups across time in China,and the simultaneous influence of women’s education and family planning policies in lowering risks to higher parities.The rates of progression to second and third births tend to be lower after the introduction of rigid family planning policies,and more importantly,the policy impact persisted even after adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors.The increase in women’s education overall had a depressing effect on transi-tion to higher parities,and family planning policies implemented overtime have had differential effects on women from different educational groups.The findings show that both family planning policies and women’s education have been instrumental in shaping fertility behavior in China.

Chinese Rural Women's Decision-Making Status in Family

THE decision-making status of rural women in families is an important aspect which reflects the degree of their participation in development. Implementation of the Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women represent over the past 10 years has witnessed the gradual maturation of the production-related contract responsibility system in Chinese rural areas. Family functions have been further strengthened in both productive and social development in basic units such as production, consumption and trade. The period has been an important time for the rapid development of Chinese

女性家庭地位上升、生育率差异与工资不平等

文章通过把女性生育率和劳动力市场性别歧视内生化,为理解工资不平等的发展趋势提供了新的视角。研究表明,随着女性家庭地位上升和生育率下降,企业性别歧视程度降低,于是工资不平等将受女性技术工人和非技术工人生育率差异的影响。如果生育率差异扩大,那么技能溢价将上升。当性别工资差距可以影响女性家庭地位时,生育率下降将扩大女性家庭地位对技能溢价的影响。这一影响机制在关于我国农民工调查数据的实证研究中得到了验证。

农村妇女的家庭地位是如何逆转的——实践视角下的妇女家庭纵向地位变迁

本文利用关中平原S村实地调研材料,借助布迪厄"实践亲属关系"的分析视角,通过对农村纯女户生命历程的考察,分析农村纯女户家庭中妇女在个人人生阶段的角色及经历的事件来揭示妇女家庭纵向地位的转变过程。研究发现,在纯女户家庭中妇女的生命历程里,她们既是家庭秩序的接受者,更是家庭秩序的挑战者、再造者,纯女户家庭中的妇女正是在这种个体与环境的拉锯中实现了家庭纵向地位的逆转。

关于3岁以下托幼公共服务理念的再思考——跨学界视野与跨学界对话

《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010—2020年)》及《国务院关于当前发展学前教育的若干意见》为重启新时期托幼公共服务事业的发展奠定了政策基础。随着我国生育政策的调整,未来几年将带来一定规模婴幼儿人口的增长,由此导致家庭对托幼服务的需求会呈刚性增长,这将给我国托幼公共服务事业的发展带来全新的机遇和严峻的挑战。但相比现实需要,目前3岁以下托幼公共服务的发展还相对滞后,政府和社会包括学界对3岁以下托幼公共服务理念的理解和宣传普及还存在一些问题,不利于今后托幼公共服务事业的进一步发展。为此,本研究从社会学、学前教育学和人口学的综合视角出发,对3岁以下托幼公共服务理念进行再思考,认为应进一步在全社会树立3岁以下托幼服务是公共服务的理念,并要重新确立解除妇女后顾之忧和教育幼儿的双重目标;政府应继续承担发展托幼公共服务的主体责任,通过统筹规划与合理布局,适度扩大面向3岁以下婴幼儿的托幼公共服务。

日常生活视角下的农村女性家庭权力研究

从日常生活角度来看,农村女性的家庭权力总体上得到了提升,但仍然存在局限性。从性别间来看,表现为父权制与父权文化的延续,这种延续既有显性表征又存在隐性影响。从性别内部看,农村女性的家庭权力状况由于受到农村社会分层的影响而产生阶层差异。因而我们应当关注限制农村女性家庭权力充分实现的多重因素。现阶段的乡村治理应注意性别盲视问题,需将性别问题纳入决策过程,实现性别主流化,为女性提供更多参与发展的机会,提升农村女性地位,进一步实现农村基层治理的公平性。

日本养老保障制度中的女性利益分析及其对中国的启示

日本养老保障制度的建构以及改革都充分考虑了女性利益,以女性利益为基点,实现了家庭利益与社会利益的互补与互动,这也从一个角度反映社会保障制度是镶嵌于社会文化基础上的制度,社会保障制度的改革必须考虑即定的文化背景的约束。中国的改革不仅应该考虑儒家的家庭文化约束,而且应当发扬中国人的家庭观,使家庭保障与社会保障得以和谐并存与发展。

妇女当家会强化低生育水平吗?——一项关于家庭权力与生育决策的实证研究

妇女地位的提升对降低生育率有着重要作用。在低生育水平的湖北宜昌农村地区,数据分析表明,家庭权力在生育决策中产生重要影响,男性的生育观念更为传统,男性主导家庭权力可以提高家庭的生育意愿,而女性拥有越来越自主的生育决策权力以及更理性的、以核心家庭幸福为准则的生育观,但在这部分地区,没有证据显示妇女当家会直接降低生育率。因此,在妇女家庭权力日渐提升的趋势下,为防范极低生育水平、提升农村家庭的发展能力、为妇女生育提供良好的家庭支持和社会支持环境尤为重要。

不同流动经历农村已婚女性家庭实权感比较及影响因素分析

基于第三期中国妇女社会地位调查,利用二元Logistic回归分析,对不同流动经历农村已婚女性的家庭实权感进行比较研究。结果显示,本人有流动经历者的家庭实权感与夫妻双方均无流动经历农村已婚女性相比并没有显著差异,而本人没有流动经历但配偶有流动经历者却因丈夫的"缺席",家庭实权感显著增强。在短暂往返式的、家庭化和结伴式的流动特征作用下,传统的性别角色规范在流动家庭中依然发挥着重要作用,并对本人有流动经历农村已婚女性产生深刻影响。尤其是在夫妻同行的流动方式下,社会结构性因素进一步削弱了本人有流动经历对农村已婚女性家庭实权感的增强作用。

妇女权益保障与和谐家庭构建的问题及对策

和谐家庭是社会主义和谐社会的基础。保障妇女权益是构建和谐家庭的必要条件。由于历史和现实的种种原因,妇女权益仍存在影响家庭和谐的若干问题。从法律、道德、制度等方面探讨健全妇女权益的保障机制,探讨构建和谐家庭的相关对策,既是理论任务又是实践要求。

从敦煌文书看唐代下层社会女子家教

一般认为,唐代女子家教具有开放活泼的特点,实际上这只是上层社会的情况。而不少敦煌文书资料,从女子家教的重要性、母亲在女子家教中的作用、女子家教的内容等方面反映了唐代下层社会平民女子家教遵从封建社会礼教、维持男尊女卑观念、抹杀女性独立人格、限制女性自主权利的本质,从而说明唐代平民女子家教保守禁锢的一面。

卡珊德拉:特洛伊的“疯女人”

《卡珊德拉》是后现代文化语境中重新读解和改写西方传统经典文本的一个范例。德国女作家克里斯塔.沃尔夫从"女性书写"的视角出发,借用卡珊德拉这个人物创造了一个后现代的神话世界。沃尔夫在小说中揭示了卡珊德拉面临身份认同危机时的困惑,揭示了女性声音遭到压抑而产生的疏离感和挫败感,揭示了个体在自我认知的艰难旅途中保持道德良知与肩负社会责任的矛盾与冲突。沃尔夫借古讽今、对冷战时期核军备竞赛造成的人类生存危机的严峻现实进行了冷静的反思,抨击了西方男性理性权力话语中所隐含的人类自我毁灭的可怕欲望。