The Three Principles of Institutional Safeguards for Women's Participation in Legislation in China

The participation of women in legislation is an important aspect and means of safeguarding women’s rights.Feminist theory,based on criticism of both the“citizenship identity theory as rights”and the“citizenship identity theory as responsibilities,”proposes the“citizenship identity theory as subjectivity.”Observing the current practice of women’s participation in legislation in China,two institutional safeguard principles can be summarized:the“minimum proportion”and the“influence evaluation.”However,each of these principles has its inherent limitations.Therefore,it is necessary to supplement them with the principle of“subjective participation”in a reflective manner.This principle requires women to participate substantively in the legislative process as subjects,express women’s needs and demands,input women’s perspectives and experiences,and reconstruct the distribution of rights and responsibilities in the existing legislation.The three principles complement each other and work together to comprehensively constitute the institutional structure of women’s participation in legislation,thereby promoting the reproduction of corresponding action structures.

Bangsamoro Women＇s Participation on Political Processes in Lanao Del Sur

This study attempts to examine the conceptual and political bases of Bangsamoro women＇s participation on politics in terms of electoral, policy-making, and peace processes in Lanao del Sur. The descriptive correlation method was used, which utilized a survey questionnaire as the primary source in acquiring the data. The findings showed that the majority of the respondents were young, most of them were married and had finished elementary degree. It was observed that their participation in electoral, policy-making, and peace processes was high but vote buying, political ideology, and corruption were considered to be their problems. Despite cultural barriers, a clear understanding of their role as Muslim woman can increase their participation. Hence, total reform in the government as well as the Barangay should be done including their participation for the training programs on leadership, accountability and transparency, human and political rights awareness as well as the Shariah Law and the Philippine Constitution. Political party system that has a strong alliance to other political parties shall also be established in order to assure their participation. Linkages to other civil society like class-based organizations, occupation-based associations, and interest-based societies shall be tapped by the leaders of Bangsamoro women.

Arab Women in Israeli Politics： Aspirations for Fundamental Equality or Preservation of Gender Inequality？

This paper focuses on reviewing the factors that operate to reduce gender inequality in political representation among Arab women in Israel. A theoretical debate about the changes in the status of Arab women as they are reflected in political representation patterns is conducted in the context of the political reality in the last decade in Israel and the ＂Arab Spring＂ events. The paper also focuses on clarifying the significance of the changes in political representation patterns as future trends of reducing gender inequality, within the acknowledged social patterns, which do not subvert the gender order in Arab society in Israel or in the frame of fundamental social change.

A Kind of Sustainable Craft Making： Equal and Flexible Participation in Piecing Acehnese Hat

Terms of sustainable and sustainability have been employed in various sectors and fields since around 1990. To make a society sustainable needs to find ways of having sustainable local activities. The ways may be to find and revitalize local resources, or to support new life styles by accepting outsider＇s new ideas. I see those ways often taken from a perspective that the ways require a structure or institutional organization. To explore in-between ways, it would be better to have an alternative perspective and useful to learn from Southeast Asian cases of managing diversity while accepting new ways （cf. Reid, 2015）. In this essay, I focus on a sustainable craft making of a men＇s hat kopiah meuketob in Aceh, Sumatra, which is traditional item for marriage but has been used in various imaginative ways and has been shaping a regional ＂craft-scape.＂ I examine such ways and various facets of making the hat and conclude that a lesson from the case for making things sustainable is equal and flexible ways of participating in production processes.

Examining the relationship between sport and health among USA women:An analysis of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

Background：Research has been conducted linking sports participation and health in childhood and adolescence;however,little is known about the contribution of sport to women＇s health.The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sport and women＇s health in the USA by analyzing data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System（BRFSS）.Methods：This study was a secondary data analysis of the 2013 national BRFSS survey.Unlike the BRFSS core component from previous years,in2013,participants were questioned extensively about their physical activity behaviors.Seventy-six different activities were identifie by the participants.Two researchers categorized the 76 activities as sport,conditioning exercise,recreation,or household tasks based on previously identifie categories.Logistic regression was utilized to calculate odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios for chronic diseases based on physical activity category.Results：Women who participated in sport had better health outcomes with significant y lower odds for all chronic diseases except asthma and better general health than women who participated in conditioning exercise,household tasks,or recreation,and many of the significan differences remained after controlling for demographic characteristics.Conclusion：Sport participation was associated with more positive health outcomes among women in the USA compared with the other categories.As a means to improve health of women,the USA could focus on efforts to increase sport participation among women.

How Much Are Women Involved in Decision-Making in Family in Iran？

Studying the process of the decision-making in family is a necessity. The main aim of this study is to recognize the factors affecting decision-making in family. This investigation has been performed by using the survey method and 200 people were studied, emphasizing the approaches of Collins, Ingellhart, Weber, and Watt. The present study attempts to probe the role of women in power relationships in family. To analyze the data, the multivariable regression has been used. The result from the multivariable regression statistical analysis of participation in family decision-making equals R2 = .3. It can be concluded that the duration of marriage life, age, and men＇s age of marriage have affected the women＇s family participation. The comparison of regression quotient shows that marriage duration has the most share in dependent variable changes.

农村人居环境整治中妇女参与的组织路径与实践机制——以赣州“清洁家园”活动为例

农村人居环境整治是满足人民对美好生活的向往,实施乡村振兴战略的重要任务。作为面向农民生活的治理,其在实践中遭遇农民冷漠和不满的困境,需要激活和重建农民主体性,实现外部行政力量与内部自治力量的融合。在村妇女的“主内”特性及上升地位使其成为重要的治理主体资源,赣州“清洁家园”活动表明借助制度吸纳、事务匹配和双重激励等方式将妇女组织起来后,妇女能够通过调动村内治理资源,明确治理单元,累积自身治理权威等方式参与农村人居环境整治,实现治理的低成本与高效能。基于此,面向农民生活的治理要充分重视并推动在村妇女参与,但同时也应警惕生活化治理事务带来的固化女性家庭角色的风险,真正推动妇女参与公共事务,让妇女在村庄治理中发挥更大治理效用。

农村公共空间的退缩与女性的政治参与——对湖北省S村公共空间的分析与思考

公共空间主要指社会内部业已存在的一些具有某种公共性且以特定空间相对固定下来的社会关联形式和人际交往结构形式,是村民自治的重要舞台。通过对湖北省S村公共空间功能和变迁的透视,发现公共空间在农村退缩已是不争的事实,公共空间的退缩对农村女性政治参与产生了不利影响。

性别意识视角下的女性政治参与研究——基于中国综合社会调查(CGSS)的实证研究

社会民主政治的发展离不开女性的参与,性别意识是构建平等性别秩序的重要基础。从性别意识出发,基于中国综合社会调查的数据以及社会性别理论,采用二元Logistic回归分析,通过投票选举行为对性别意识在女性政治参与中的作用进行定量研究的结果表明:(1)性别意识对女性政治参与存在显著正向影响,即性别意识越强的女性其政治参与意愿越高。同时,性别意识对政治参与的影响存在性别差异,对女性的政治参与影响程度高于男性。(2)性别意识对女性政治参与的影响在不同工作状况、年龄状况、户口状况、婚姻状况以及生育状况的女性中存在异质性,其对无业女性、中老年女性、农村女性、已婚女性和已育女性的政治参与影响更加显著。基于此,建议加强女性政治参与的制度建设,构建先进的社会性别生态环境,促进妇女组织作用发挥,加快妇女组织改革与发展,以进一步提升我国女性社会性别意识和政治参与水平。

晚期罗马帝国“奥古斯塔”群体的施政能力及参政空间探析

自屋大维册封了第一位同时享有皇室尊荣和参政权的“奥古斯塔”之后,奥古斯塔群体开始活跃于帝国的政界、军界和宗教界,此传统一直延续至拜占庭帝国中晚期阶段。本文仅从晚期罗马帝国时期的二十余位拥有奥古斯塔头衔的皇室女性群体在帝国政治、军事、外交、宗教与文化等多方面的施政能力与参政空间展开论述。在晚期罗马帝国,地位与身份显赫的奥古斯塔群体凭借突出的能力积极参与国家公共事务,实现了与重要男性人物的多维互动。在施政过程中,奥古斯塔群体显露出高度依附于最高权力者的共性。归根究底,奥古斯塔群体施政的基础来自于社会自身所提供的经济、政治、宗教与文化教育环境,其参政受到国家体制、法律、传统习俗等条件的约束,具有显著的局限性。

论唐代双室砖券墓的“神龙模式”

目前已发现的唐代双室砖券墓,唐中宗朝至玄宗朝初期下葬的15个墓例具备典型规律和深层次的社会意义,命名为“神龙模式”墓葬。本文运用考古类型学的方法,将“神龙模式”墓葬作以综合分析,认为其密集出现是由“后武则天时代”的特殊政治背景决定的。“神龙模式”的积极制作者是“后武则天时代”的宗室女性,其消失是缘于唐玄宗稳固了自己的统治地位。墓葬规模和葬礼规格关乎政治秩序,当“后武则天时代”的政治环境已经不存在了,“神龙模式”这种利用葬礼表达政治意图的手段也就自然失去了市场和利用价值。

妇女参政视角下的五四时期中国妇女解放实践

妇女参政是妇女解放实践的重要内容,也是妇女走向解放的必由之路。以天足运动、西方新思想的传播、创办女刊和学生运动为实践切入点,透视五四时期的中国妇女参政实践,天足运动为妇女参政提供了实践前提,西方新思想的传播为妇女参与政治奠定思想基础,创办女刊为妇女参与政治提供思想指引,学生运动为妇女参与政治提供路径借鉴。五四时期妇女参政实践是近代中国妇女百年参政实践中重要的组成部分,探究五四时期妇女参政实践,必将进一步推进新时代中国妇女参政和妇女事业发展。

少子老龄化背景下日本女性社会参与:政策推展、成效评估及动因分析

20世纪90年代以来,在少子老龄化背景下,日本通过颁布《男女共同参与社会基本法》等相关政策和法律,逐步打破了长期以来“良妻贤母主义”的垄断地位,加大了日本女性社会参与政策改革的力度,推动了建设“男女共同参与社会”的进程。其中,政策领域女性人权的彰显、经济领域政策目标的调适、文化领域男女共同参与的推进以及社会教育领域女性机构的建立,是推动日本女性社会参与政策不断调整和完善的主要动因。日本女性社会参与政策的实施成效和动因中折射出的“男女共同参与”观念、教育中嵌入的“性别认同”、政策中体现的“性别主流化”以及女性理论研究等,对推进日本女性社会参与起到了重要作用。这些经验对于中国女性社会参与政策的未来发展取向具有一定的参考价值。

两晋上层士族阶层女性家庭环境、婚姻关系与政治活动探讨

两晋时期,士庶有别。出身于上层士族阶层的女性,从小受到良好的家庭教育,德才兼备;在婚姻对象的选择上,除嫁给皇室司马氏之外,她们大多与同阶层高门士族联姻;在政治活动方面,嫁入皇室的士族女性对两晋政局的影响较大,嫁入同阶层高门士族的女性其政治表现也很突出。女性的出身阶层是两晋士族联姻成功的前提,女性的品行与教育有助于维系士族阶层婚姻与家庭的稳定。士族阶层女性的婚姻是推动两晋社会政治资源在同阶层流动的重要因素,其本质上是一种社会交换行为。个别女性影响了两晋政局走向。

Women’s Political Status and the Sex Ratio at Birth:An Empirical Study Based on 1950-2020 County-Level Data

Women’s emancipation is an important part of the people’s liberation movement led by the Communist Party of China.Improving women’s political status is the basic condition for improving their social welfare rights and interests.Based on the data from county gazetteers covering more than 1,700 counties,the censuses of 1990 and 2000,and other representative surveys,we conducted an empirical study on the long-term effect of women’s political status on the sex ratio at birth.Our research found that the higher the ratio of female Communist Party members in each county in 1950,the more normal was the sex ratio at birth in the following 50 years.The improved political status of women aged 16-20 significantly raised the proportion of girls among surviving children,especially in the era of family planning.This demographic study provides empirical historical evidence for the first time on one aspect of the long-term social impact of the mission of the Chinese people’s liberation.

Hong Kong Women's Participation in Public Affairs——Myth or Reality?

This is a translation of a speech delivered by Rita Fan at the All-China Women’s Federation on 28 September 1996. Ms. Fan is a member of the SAR Preparatory Committee and Vice President of the Hong Kong Women’s Association. JUDGING from the current situation in Hong Kong, it is difficult for women to take an active role in public affairs. This is probably due to two factors.

THE PATH OF CHINESE WOMEN TO PARTICIPATE IN POLITICS

In 1994, there were two Vice-Chairwomen of the Standing Committee of the NPC, one woman State Councillor, 19 women ministers and vice ministers, 18 women provincial governors and vice governors and 308 women mayors and vice mayors.

影响妇女参与村级选举的诸因素分析

通过比较平均数和多元回归分析,在控制了年龄、文化程度、政治面貌以及是否村干部等因素之后,可以发现男女村民在选举中的政治参与仍有相当大的差异。可以说,现阶段男女选民在农村选举中参与的差异是农村居民整体文化素质较低造成的。要提高农村妇女的政治参与水平,除了进一步推进村民自治之外,还有待于从整体上提高农村居民的文化素质和公民意识,从根本上改变妇女处于从属地位的传统性别角色。

村民自治进程中欠发达地区农村妇女的政治参与

提高欠发达地区农村妇女在村民自治进程中的政治参与水平,是广大农村乃至整个中国社会主义政治文明建设的重要内容。然而,由于历史和现实的种种原因,欠发达地区农村妇女仍处于政治边缘化的状态,这很不利于农村政治文明乃至整个社会经济的可持续发展。因此,需要认真分析欠发达地区农村妇女在村民自治进程中政治参与边缘化的特征及其制约因素,并提出保障的措施。