Romanian legal management rules limit wood production in Norway spruce and beech forests

Background： The quantitative impact of forest management on forests＇ wood resource was evaluated for Picea and Fagus mixed forests. The effects on the productivity of tendering operations, thinnings and rotation length have seldom been directly quantified on landscape scale. Methods： Two sites of similar fertility but subject to contrasted forest management were studied with detailed inventories： one in Germany, the other in Romania, and compared with the respective national forest inventories. In Romania, regulations impose very long rotations, low thinnings and a period of no-cut before harvest. In contrast, tending and thinnings are frequent and intense in Germany. Harvests start much earlier and must avoid clear cutting but maintain a permanent forest cover with natural regeneration. While Germany has an average annual wood increment representative for Central Europe, Romania represents the average for Eastern Europe. Results： The lack of tending and thinning in the Romanian site resulted in twice as many trees per hectare as in the German site for the same age. The productivity in Romanian production forests was 20 % lower than in Germany despite a similar fertility. The results were supported by the data from the national forest inventory of each country, which confirmed that the same differential exists at country scale. Furthermore, provided the difference in rotation length, two crops are harvested in Germany when only one is harvested in Romania. The losses of production due to a lower level of management in Romania where estimated to reach 12.8 million m3.y-1 in regular mountain production forests, and to 15 million m3.y-1 if managed protection forest is included. Conclusions： The productivity of Picea and Fagus mountain forests in Romania is severely depressed by the lack of tending and thinning, by overly long rotations and the existence of a 25-years no-cut period prior to harvest. The average standing volume in Germany was 50 % lower than in Romania, but the higher harvesting rate resulted in more than doubling wood production. Considering the mitigation effects of climate change by forests, it emerges that the increase in standing volume of forests in Romania is smaller than the additional harvest in Germany which serves fossil fuel substitution.

Market analysis for timber and forest products in China

This paper introduces the general condition of forestry resources of China and the demand and supply of timber and forest products. The market for timber and forest producls has borne dual pressure because of the population explosion and growth of the domestic economy. A major contemporary strategy for sustainable forestry includes the promotion of the Forest Products Industry (FPI), the substitution of other materials for timber,and the encouragement of imports of timber and forest products. The author analyzes the effect of these policies on the market for timber and forest products. In addition, the difficulties encountered by most mid-to large -scale state- owned forest enterprises during the transition from a centrally-planned economy to a market economy are examined. Finally, the author points out the countermeasures and means for reform of these old forest enterprises with a view toward future prosperity of the market for timber and forest products.

An Assessment of the Potential Use of Forest Residues for the Production of Bio-Oils in the Urban-Rural Interface of Louisiana

Louisiana is endowed with forest resources. Forest wastes generated after thinning, land clearing, and logging operations, such as wood debris, tree trimmings, barks, sawdust, wood chips, and black liquor, among others, can serve as potential fuels for energy production in Louisiana. This paper aims to evaluate the potential annual volumes of forest wastes established on detailed and existing data on the forest structure in the rural-urban interface of Louisiana. It also demonstrates the state’s prospects of utilizing forest wastes to produce bio-oils. The data specific to the study was deduced from secondary data sources to obtain the annual average total residue production in Louisiana and estimate the number of logging residues available for procurement for bioenergy production. The total biomass production per year was modeled versus years by polynomial regression curve fitting using Microsoft Excel. Results of the model show that the cumulative annual total biomass production for 2025 and 2030 in Louisiana is projected to be 80000000 Bone Dry Ton (BDT) and 16000000 (BDT) respectively. The findings of the study depict that Louisiana has a massive biomass supply from forest wastes for bioenergy production. Thus, the potential for Louisiana to become an influential player in the production of bio-based products from forest residues is evident. The author recommends that future research can use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to create maps displaying the potential locations and utilization centers of forest wastes for bioenergy production in the state.

全球木质林产品贸易竞争与互补网络结构分析

运用社会网络分析方法,构建2009—2019年74个木质林产品贸易经济体之间的竞争性网络与互补性网络,从网络密度、节点中心性以及贸易板块的角度,研究各经济体之间的竞争性与互补性。结果表明:①2009—2019年竞争性网络和互补性网络联系的密切程度下降,但互补性网络密切程度大于竞争性网络,主要经济体之间仍存在较大合作空间。②中国在贸易网络中连通性增强。竞争性网络中,中国节点度排名提升速度较快,与其他经济体竞争激烈;互补性网络中,中国节点入度增加较快,贸易潜力较大。③木质林产品贸易已形成三大竞争群体,其中,中国与其他经济体之间的竞争关系不断加剧,中国所在板块2009—2019年内部互补关系逐渐减弱,白俄罗斯、丹麦等经济体组成的板块是中国重要的潜在贸易伙伴。

Forest land use discontinuity and northern red oak Quercus rubra introduction change biomass allocation and life strategy of lingonberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea

Background:Multi-purpose use of forests in a sustainable way forces a recognition of how introduction of alien woody species in forests with different land use histories affect native plants other than trees.Lingonberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea is an important understory component of temperate and boreal forests and provider of valuable non-wood forest products.Here we studied effects of land use changes and introduction of Northern red oak Quercus rubra on lingonberry in mesic Scots pine forests(in central Poland).We measured lingonberry cover,height of shoots,biomass of stems and leaves,and fruit productivity.Shoots were collected within 200 research plots located in recent and ancient Scots pine forests,with and without Q.rubra.Results:We found that V.vitis-idaea reached lower cover,aboveground biomass and fruit production in recent than ancient forests and in forests with than without Q.rubra.The fruit production in recent pine forest was only 2%of that reported in ancient pine forest,and V.vitis-idaea did not reproduce generatively in forests with Q.rubra.Biomass and carbon sequestration of V.vitis-idaea in forests with alien(invasive)trees decreased by 75%compared to ancient pine forest.Effects were also clear at the individual shoot level–in less suitable conditions we found taller heights and higher biomass allocation into stems than foliage.Biomass allocation in fruiting and non-fruiting shoots in pine forests was also different–less of the dry biomass of fruiting shoots was allocated to leaves than to stems.Conclusions:In the age of high interest in ecosystem services and discussions about usage of alien tree species as alternatives in forest management,our results clearly indicate disruption of ecosystem services provided by V.vitisidaea in the presence of Q.rubra.Lingonberry benefited from the continuity of forest land use,however,regardless of land-use legacy,alien tree introduction led to decline in abundance of species crucial for ecosystem functioning.Therefore,to maintain valuable native species and for conservation of ecosystem services delivery,we suggest limiting the introduction of Q.rubra in areas with abundant V.vitis-idaea,especially in forests with continuous forest land-use history.

全球木质林产品贸易网络的韧性研究

以资源型和深加工型两类木质林产品的贸易网络为研究对象,从静态和动态两方面测度和比较网络韧性,并模拟随机攻击和刻意攻击对木质林产品贸易网络的影响。研究表明:木质林产品贸易网络韧性较为脆弱。与资源型木质林产品相比,深加工型木质林产品贸易网络不仅在连接性、传输性以及聚合性等方面呈现出更佳的性能,且在受到冲击后表现出更高的恢复效能和维持网络运作的能力。在所有的负面冲击中,贸易纷争和政治冲突等刻意攻击对木质林产品贸易的影响超过了自然灾害等随机因素。优化木质林产品贸易网络结构,推动木质林产品贸易网络韧性建设,保障网络安全高效运转才能保障全球木质林产品供需安全。

人民币汇率波动对中国木质林产品进口量的非对称影响——基于NARDL模型的实证研究

本文基于2008年第1季度至2022年第4季度的季度数据,运用NARDL模型实证分析人民币汇率波动对中国木质林产品进口量的非对称影响。结果发现:①人民币汇率波动对中国原木、锯材进口量存在非对称影响,对木浆不存在非对称影响,汇率波动增大会减少原木、锯材、木浆的进口量(不显著、-0.286、-0.236),波动减小会增加原木、锯材、木浆的进口量(-0.360、-0.603、-0.318)。②汇率波动对中国原木进口量的影响源于人民币汇率波动减少而非增加。基于实证研究结果,本文给出了健全和完善国内林产品风险规避市场、在木质林产品出口国建立木材生产基地、使用人民币作为计价货币来规避汇率风险的建议。

Yield models for predicting aboveground ectomycorrhizal fungal productivity in Pinus sylvestris and Pinus pinaster stands of northern Spain

Background: Predictive models shed light on aboveground fungal yield dynamics and can assist decision-making in forestry by integrating this valuable non-wood forest product into forest management planning. However, the currently existing models are based on rather local data and, thus, there is a lack of predictive tools to monitor mushroom yields on larger scales.Results: This work presents the first empirical models for predicting the annual yields of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms and related ecosystem services in Pinus sylvestris and Pinus pinaster stands in northern Spain, using a long-term dataset suitable to account for the combined effect of meteorological conditions and stand structure.Models were fitted for the following groups of fungi separately: all ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, edible mushrooms and marketed mushrooms. Our results show the influence of the weather variables(mainly precipitation) on mushroom yields as well as the relevance of the basal area of the forest stand that follows a right-skewed unimodal curve with maximum predicted yields at stand basal areas of 30–40 m2·ha-1.Conclusion: These models are the first empirical models for predicting the annual yields of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms in Pinus sylvestris and Pinus pinaster stands in northern Spain, being of the highest resolution developed to date and enable predictions of mushrooms productivity by taking into account weather conditions and forests’ location, composition and structure.

Carbon forestry is surprising

Background： Forestry offers possibilities to sequestrate carbon in living biomass, deadwood and forest soil, as we as in products prepared of wood. In addition, the use of wood may reduce carbon emissions from fossil fuels. However, harvesting decreases the carbon stocks of forests and increases emissions from decomposing harvest residues. Methods： This study used simulation and optimization to maximize carbon sequestration in a boreal forest estate consisting of nearly 600 stands. A reference management plan maximized net present value and the other plans maximized the total carbon balance of a 100-, 200- or 300-year planning horizon, taking into account the carbon balances of living forest biomass, dead organic matter, and wood-based products Results： Maximizing carbon balance led to low cutting level with all three planning horizons. Depending on the time span, the carbon balance of these schedules was 2 to 3.5 times higher than in the plan that maximized net present value. It was not optimal to commence cuttings when the carbon pool of living biomass and dead organic matter stopped increasing after 150-200 years. Conclusions： Letting many mature trees to die was a better strategy than harvesting them when the aim was to maximize the long-term carbon balance of boreal Fennoscandian forest. The reason for this conclusion was that large dead trees are better carbon stores than harvested trees. To alter this outcome, a higher proportion of harvested trees should be used for products in which carbon is stored for long time.

标准规制对中国木质林产品出口贸易的影响研究

基于中国与出口目的地2006—2020年的面板数据,利用面板数据模型评估国内外林产品相关标准规制对中国木质林产品出口贸易的影响;结果表明:中国国内标准规制显著促进木质林产品出口增长,且这种正面效应至少可持续3期;当国内标准直接采纳国际和国外先进标准时,可促进中国木质林产品出口;从标准内容来看,木材质量标准、木材技术标准、质量测试方法标准、其他安全标准均具有显著正面促进作用,且共同作用也可促进中国木质林产品出口;从影响机制来看,国内标准规制通过刺激技术创新产生间接出口促进效应;国际标准规制会阻碍中国木质林产品出口,但国内标准建设可对冲该负面效应;国内标准建设对中国向发展中地区出口木质林产品的促进作用大于发达地区;基于此,应继续推进国内木质林产品相关标准编制与修订工作,助力中国木质林产品出口稳定增长。

林业产业政策能否提升中国出口木质林产品质量?

木质林产品质量升级是中国林业产业发展的内在要求,是中国各级政府部门出台林业产业政策的基本目标之一,探究林业产业政策能否有效提升出口木质林产品质量具有重要现实指导意义。文章收集中央政府及各部委、31个省份、281个地级市共计4818项林业产业政策,基于281个地级市2000-2019年(2018年除外)的面板数据,测算样本地级市分产品类别的出口木质林产品质量,采用面板固定效应模型评估林业产业政策对中国出口木质林产品质量的影响。研究结果表明:(1)林业产业政策对出口木质林产品质量升级具有正面效应,且两者呈现互补关系。扶持类产业政策效力和规制类产业政策效力每提高1%,出口木质林产品质量分别提高0.0156和0.0058,两类政策协同可更好发挥产业政策的质量提升效应;(2)扶持类与规制类产业政策均可通过促进产品技术创新对出口木质林产品质量产生间接正面效应;(3)林业产业政策影响出口木质林产品质量升级具有地域、产品和市场化程度异质性。综合实证结果,文章从充分把握两类政策的协同作用、重视产品技术创新的赋能效应及重点强调林业产业政策的差异化实践等三个方面提出政策启示。

中国与俄罗斯木质林产品国际竞争力比较分析

【目的/意义】探讨中国与俄罗斯木质林产品国际竞争力,促进中国木质林产品贸易可持续发展。【方法/过程】分析中国与俄罗斯木质林产品的贸易特征,利用UN Comtrade Database 2001—2020年数据,选取国际市场占有率指数(IMS)、贸易竞争力指数(TC)以及显示性比较优势指数(RCA)测度中国与俄罗斯木质林产品国际竞争力,利用钻石模型比较分析两国木质林产品国际竞争力。【结果/结论】结果显示:中国木质林产品国际市场占有率高于俄罗斯,但在贸易竞争力和显示性比较优势指数上处于劣势;中国在需求条件、相关及支持性产业、企业战略结构和同业竞争、政府与机遇等方面比俄罗斯更具有竞争力。据此提出加大生产要素投入、突出产品特点、完善产业链等建议。

森林伐后碳减排核算方法演进与展望

森林生态系统的碳汇功能对我国完成“双碳目标”具有独特意义,其中森林伐后碳减排,包括木质林产品全生命周期内的碳储和替代减排,是增强林业中长期碳减排能力的重要路径。当前我国森林伐后碳减排研究尚落后于欧美等发达国家,不利于我国林业国家碳库模型的构建以及更好地指导固碳增汇的森林管理策略。系统回顾了近30余年国内外学术界关于森林伐后碳减排方法学的演进动态,总结了碳循环和碳减排模型的核心参数,为推进我国森林伐后碳减排研究提供理论基础。学术界近30余年涉及方法模型的主要成果如下:(1)建立并完善了立足于木材采伐国的生产法和简单分解法,以及立足于终端木质林产品消费国的储量变化法和大气流动法两类方法框架;(2)形成了体系化的碳储计算模型,并在包括发达国家和主要发展中国家取得了大量实测数据和参数积累;(3)初步完成了替代减排分析模型和基于情景设定的分析框架,并在以欧美国家为主体的部分地区进行了应用。在梳理历史文献的基础上,本研究认为当前存在的方法缺陷包括:第一,既有依靠实测调研获取数据的成本过高,限制了研究国家的深度和广度,尤其导致广大发展中国家研究较为薄弱;第二,当前方法框架在追踪木质林产品贸易流方面较为欠缺,难以形成生命周期链条的上下游国家的有机整合;第三,替代减排基本假设对社会经济规律下的替代考虑较为薄弱,影响其评估结果的客观性。研究认为,首先应加强在既有实测数据的基础上总结一般规律、形成经验模型,降低发展中国家的数据获取成本;其次应建立一种立足于中间木质林产品生产国的方法框架,并结合多区域投入产出模型力图整合生命周期上下游国家;最后,引入包括经济学经典的替代弹性和产业关联分析可能是增强替代减排客观性的路径。

我国林业特色资源产业发展现状及对策建议

林业特色资源是绿水青山的重要组成部分,发展林业特色资源培育与加工产业对保障国家粮油安全、实施乡村振兴和健康中国战略、促进绿色增长、建设生态文明意义重大,但其发展仍面临诸多挑战。文中总结了国内外林业特色资源及其产业发展概况,肯定了林业特色资源对不同国家和地区发展的重要意义。在此基础上,针对我国林业特色资源产业发展面临的主要问题,提出推动我国林业特色资源产业高质量发展的建议:(1)加强总体规划布局,推进一、二、三产业融合发展;(2)创新特色资源高效利用,培育战略性新兴产业;(3)加快全产业链智能装备研发,提高劳动生产率;(4)创新林业科技工程组织实施模式,设立专项资金开展长期稳定支持;(5)引入市场机制,强化投入扶持政策。

广西国有黄冕林场桉树人工林木材生产潜力探究

为进一步挖掘桉树人工林木材生产潜力,提高单位面积林木产量和林地综合生产力,本文通过系统收集广西黄冕林场2013—2021年木材产量的变化趋势,结合系列强化后营林措施和集约化经营管理进行综合分析。结果表明,黄冕林场桉树人工林具有较大的生产潜力,投入必要的追肥抚育营林成本,加上经营措施管理到位,桉树人工林后期生长速度不会下降,可使整个轮伐期持续速生高产,经营收入持续增长。

中国与俄罗斯之间木质林产品贸易优势及潜力演变

依据2001-2018年中国与俄罗斯之间木质林产品贸易数据,运用复合方式分析中国与俄罗斯之间木质林产品整体贸易变化、贸易结构变化特征,运用显性比较优势指数、标准显性比较优势指数、贸易互补性指数、贸易互补性分析中国与俄罗斯之间木质林产品贸易优势变化特征,运用拓展引力模型对中国与俄罗斯之间木质林产品贸易潜力演变进行测度。结果表明:中国与俄罗斯之间木质林产品贸易优势均处于上升趋势。其中,中国的人造板、木家具、木制品,俄罗斯的原木、锯材、木浆,在对方市场具有比较优势;中国与俄罗斯木质林产品进出口贸易的互补性较强,且持续提升;俄罗斯出口与中国进口的木质林产品贸易互补性,常年高于中国出口与俄罗斯进口的木质林产品贸易互补性,原木、锯材、木浆互补性明显;中国与俄罗斯之间木质林产品贸易潜力较大,仍有广阔的拓展空间。

中国木质林产品的碳储存与碳排放

木制品在加工过程中需要消耗化石燃料来提供能量,本文依据中国农业年鉴统计的2007年木质林产品数据,计算了中国木质林产品200年内的碳储存和碳排放,分析得出木质林产品的产消特点对温室效应具有重要影响,木质林产品能够储存碳,同时在非科学化的贮存和加工过程中也含有程度不等的碳排放,从而降低木材的碳汇效应,但可以通过增加木质林产品产量、开发洁净能源项目、调整产业结构、延长使用寿命等方法来提高木质林产品的碳汇效应。

我国非木质林产品开发利用现状及对策研究

在全球范围内,非木质林产品的开发利用活动活跃,尤其在发展中国家人们维持生计、获取现金收入和发展经济等方面发挥了重要作用。非木质林产品的开发利用对我国林业和山区经济发展具有重要作用。本文基于国内外有关研究成果和实地调研资料,对我国非木质林产品开发利用现状、存在问题及其产生原因进行了系统分析,并提出了非木质林产品开发利用对策。研究表明我国非木质林产品开发利用种类多、数量大,利用活动主要在山区,涉及人口众多,利用方式以"采集—出售"为主。我国非木质林产品资源管理体制不健全,资源利用导致生态破坏;产业发展水平落后,导致资源利用效率不高;市场机制不完善,导致资源配置效率低下。文章最后提出健全管理体制和完善法律法规,制定可持续利用战略规划,完善市场机制,出台产业发展扶持政策等建议,以推动非木质林产品可持续利用格局的形成。

中美木质林产品产业内贸易的实证研究——基于1992—2009年的进出口贸易数据

采用UNcomtrade数据库的中美木质林产品贸易数据,利用G-L指数、G-L修正指数、Aquino指数、Brülhart边际产业内贸易指数及Thom&McDowell水平型和垂直型产业内贸易指数,对1992—2009年中美木质林产品产业内贸易的水平和结构进行实证分析。结果表明:中美木质林产品产业内贸易水平总体较低,贸易方式仍以产业间贸易为主;中美木质林产品贸易的增长由产业间贸易和产业内贸易共同引发;产业内贸易方式以垂直型产业内贸易为主。

中国-欧盟木质林产品贸易影响因素的实证分析

基于UNcomtrade数据库整理的数据,分析中国与欧盟木质林产品贸易状况,利用扩展的引力模型识别中国与欧盟木质林产品贸易的关键影响因素。研究结果表明：中国与欧盟木质林产品贸易在2000～2008年间处于增长阶段;但2008年受全球金融危机的不利影响,中国出口所占比例持续下降,贸易顺差呈缩小趋势,市场集中度与产品集中度均较高;国内生产总值、森林资源禀赋差异、劳动力资源禀赋差异、欧盟东扩及海岸线等因素对中国与欧盟木质林产品贸易具有显著的促进作用,而相对距离、汇率、金融危机等因素却起着显著的抑制作用。