Intelligent geochemical interpretation of mass chromatograms:Based on convolution neural network

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)is an extremely important analytical technique that is widely used in organic geochemistry.It is the only approach to capture biomarker features of organic matter and provides the key evidence for oil-source correlation and thermal maturity determination.However,the conventional way of processing and interpreting the mass chromatogram is both timeconsuming and labor-intensive,which increases the research cost and restrains extensive applications of this method.To overcome this limitation,a correlation model is developed based on the convolution neural network(CNN)to link the mass chromatogram and biomarker features of samples from the Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,China.In this way,the mass chromatogram can be automatically interpreted.This research first performs dimensionality reduction for 15 biomarker parameters via the factor analysis and then quantifies the biomarker features using two indexes(i.e.MI and PMI)that represent the organic matter thermal maturity and parent material type,respectively.Subsequently,training,interpretation,and validation are performed multiple times using different CNN models to optimize the model structure and hyper-parameter setting,with the mass chromatogram used as the input and the obtained MI and PMI values for supervision(label).The optimized model presents high accuracy in automatically interpreting the mass chromatogram,with R2values typically above 0.85 and0.80 for the thermal maturity and parent material interpretation results,respectively.The significance of this research is twofold:(i)developing an efficient technique for geochemical research;(ii)more importantly,demonstrating the potential of artificial intelligence in organic geochemistry and providing vital references for future related studies.

An improved deep dilated convolutional neural network for seismic facies interpretation

With the successful application and breakthrough of deep learning technology in image segmentation,there has been continuous development in the field of seismic facies interpretation using convolutional neural networks.These intelligent and automated methods significantly reduce manual labor,particularly in the laborious task of manually labeling seismic facies.However,the extensive demand for training data imposes limitations on their wider application.To overcome this challenge,we adopt the UNet architecture as the foundational network structure for seismic facies classification,which has demonstrated effective segmentation results even with small-sample training data.Additionally,we integrate spatial pyramid pooling and dilated convolution modules into the network architecture to enhance the perception of spatial information across a broader range.The seismic facies classification test on the public data from the F3 block verifies the superior performance of our proposed improved network structure in delineating seismic facies boundaries.Comparative analysis against the traditional UNet model reveals that our method achieves more accurate predictive classification results,as evidenced by various evaluation metrics for image segmentation.Obviously,the classification accuracy reaches an impressive 96%.Furthermore,the results of seismic facies classification in the seismic slice dimension provide further confirmation of the superior performance of our proposed method,which accurately defines the range of different seismic facies.This approach holds significant potential for analyzing geological patterns and extracting valuable depositional information.

Angular unconformity in Pennsylvanian strata from 3-D seismic interpretation,Goldsmith Field,West Texas

The Pennsylvanian unconformity,which is a detrital surface,separates the beds of the Permian-aged strata from the Lower Paleozoic in the Central Basin Platform.Seismic data interpretation indicates that the unconformity is an angular unconformity,overlying multiple normal faults,and accompanied with a thrust fault which maximizes the region's structural complexity.Additionally,the Pennsylvanian angular unconformity creates pinch-outs between the beds above and below.We computed the spectral decomposition and reflector convergence attributes and analyzed them to characterize the angular unconformity and faults.The spectral decomposition attribute divides the broadband seismic data into different spectral bands to resolve thin beds and show thickness variations.In contrast,the reflector convergence attribute highlights the location and direction of the pinch-outs as they dip south at angles between 2° and 6°.After reviewing findings from RGB blending of the spectrally decomposed frequencies along the Pennsylvanian unconformity,we observed channel-like features and multiple linear bands in addition to the faults and pinch-outs.It can be inferred that the identified linear bands could be the result of different lithologies associated with the tilting of the beds,and the faults may possibly influence hydrocarbon migration or act as a flow barrier to entrap hydrocarbon accumulation.The identification of this angular unconformity and the associated features in the study area are vital for the following reasons:1)the unconformity surface represents a natural stratigraphic boundary;2)the stratigraphic pinch-outs act as fluid flow connectivity boundaries;3)the areal extent of compartmentalized reservoirs'boundaries created by the angular unconformity are better defined;and 4)fault displacements are better understood when planning well locations as faults can be flow barriers,or permeability conduits,depending on facies heterogeneity and/or seal effectiveness of a fault,which can affect hydrocarbon production.The methodology utilized in this study is a further step in the characterization of reservoirs and can be used to expand our knowledge and obtain more information about the Goldsmith Field.

Identification and distribution of 13003 landslides in the northwest margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on human-computer interaction remote sensing interpretation

The periphery of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is renowned for its susceptibility to landslides.However,the northwestern margin of this region,characterised by limited human activities and challenging transportation,remains insufficiently explored concerning landslide occurrence and dispersion.With the planning and construction of the Xinjiang-Tibet Railway,a comprehensive investigation into disastrous landslides in this area is essential for effective disaster preparedness and mitigation strategies.By using the human-computer interaction interpretation approach,the authors established a landslide database encompassing 13003 landslides,collectively spanning an area of 3351.24 km^(2)(36°N-40°N,73°E-78°E).The database incorporates diverse topographical and environmental parameters,including regional elevation,slope angle,slope aspect,distance to faults,distance to roads,distance to rivers,annual precipitation,and stratum.The statistical characteristics of number and area of landslides,landslide number density(LND),and landslide area percentage(LAP)are analyzed.The authors found that a predominant concentration of landslide origins within high slope angle regions,with the highest incidence observed in intervals characterised by average slopes of 20°to 30°,maximum slope angle above 80°,along with orientations towards the north(N),northeast(NE),and southwest(SW).Additionally,elevations above 4.5 km,distance to rivers below 1 km,rainfall between 20-30 mm and 30-40 mm emerge as particularly susceptible to landslide development.The study area’s geological composition primarily comprises Mesozoic and Upper Paleozoic outcrops.Both fault and human engineering activities have different degrees of influence on landslide development.Furthermore,the significance of the landslide database,the relationship between landslide distribution and environmental factors,and the geometric and morphological characteristics of landslides are discussed.The landslide H/L ratios in the study area are mainly concentrated between 0.4 and 0.64.It means the landslides mobility in the region is relatively low,and the authors speculate that landslides in this region more possibly triggered by earthquakes or located in meizoseismal area.

Log interpretation of carbonate rocks based on petrophysical facies constraints

The complex pore structure of carbonate reservoirs hinders the correlation between porosity and permeability.In view of the sedimentation,diagenesis,testing,and production characteristics of carbonate reservoirs in the study area,combined with the current trends and advances in well log interpretation techniques for carbonate reservoirs,a log interpretation technology route of“geological information constraint+deep learning”was developed.The principal component analysis(PCA)was employed to establish lithology identification criteria with an accuracy of 91%.The Bayesian stepwise discriminant method was used to construct a sedimentary microfacies identification method with an accuracy of 90.5%.Based on production data,the main lithologies and sedimentary microfacies of effective reservoirs were determined,and 10 petrophysical facies with effective reservoir characteristics were identified.Constrained by petrophysical facies,the mean interpretation error of porosity compared to core analysis results is 2.7%,and the ratio of interpreted permeability to core analysis is within one order of magnitude,averaging 3.6.The research results demonstrate that deep learning algorithms can uncover the correlation in carbonate reservoir well logging data.Integrating geological and production data and selecting appropriate machine learning algorithms can significantly improve the accuracy of well log interpretation for carbonate reservoirs.

Application of Secondary Logging Interpretation—Taking Yan 9 Reservoir in X Area as an Example

Logging data and its interpretation results are one of the most important basic data for understanding reservoirs and oilfield development. Standardized and unified logging interpretation results play a decisive role in fine reservoir description and reservoir development. Aiming at the problem of the conflict between the development effect and the initial interpretation result of Yan 9 reservoir in Hujianshan area of Ordos Basin, by combining the current well production performance, logging, oil test, production test and other data, on the basis of making full use of core, coring, logging, thin section analysis and high pressure mercury injection data, the four characteristics of reservoir are analyzed, a more scientific and reasonable calculation model of reservoir logging parameters is established, and the reserves are recalculated after the second interpretation standard of logging is determined. The research improves the accuracy of logging interpretation and provides an effective basis for subsequent production development and potential horizons.

Preliminary report of coseismic surface rupture(part)of Türkiye's M_(W)7.8 earthquake by remote sensing interpretation

Both M_(W) 7.8 and M_(W) 7.5 earthquakes occurred in southeastern Türkiye on February 6,2023,resulting in numerous buildings collapsing and serious casualties.Understanding the distribution of coseismic surface ruptures and secondary disasters surrounding the epicentral area is important for post-earthquake emergency and disaster assessments.High-resolution Maxar and GF-2 satellite data were used after the events to extract the location of the rupture surrounding the first epicentral area.The results show that the length of the interpreted surface rupture zone(part of)is approximately 75 km,with a coseismic sinistral dislocation of 2-3 m near the epicenter;however,this reduced to zero at the tip of the southwest section of the East Anatolia Fault Zone.Moreover,dense soil liquefaction pits were triggered along the rupture trace.These events are in the western region of the Eurasian Seismic Belt and result from the subduction and collision of the Arabian and African Plates toward the Eurasian Plate.The western region of the Chinese mainland and its adjacent areas are in the eastern section of the Eurasian Seismic Belt,where seismic activity is controlled by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian Plates.Both China and Türkiye have independent tectonic histories.

A Contrastive Analysis of English and Chinese Idioms About Color Words & Their Cultural Connotations

There are many idioms related to color words in English and Chinese.The use of color words in idioms adds beauty and vividness to the language.Due to the cultural differences,“color idioms”have gained different cultural connotations with the development of English and Chinese languages.It is of great significance to accurately understand and grasp the meanings and differences of color-related idioms in Chinese and English.This paper intends to analyze and expound the cultural connotations of English and Chinese idioms related to several widely used basic color words with the aim of helping English learners know and use the idioms about color words better.

Translation of Culture-loaded Words in The Golden Cangue under the Perspective of Reception Aesthetics

Good translations play a very important role in cultural exchange.The idea of reception aesthetics think the reader as the center in translation process.This paper will study the translation of culture-loaded words from the perspective of reception aesthetics.It is divided into five parts.The first part mainly introduces the background and theoretical foundation of this paper,the second part introduces the writer’s works,the third part gives examples to analyze the culture-loaded words appearing in The Golden Cangue,the fourth part gives examples of the translation methods,and the fifth part is the conclusion.It aims to provide a reference for the English translation of culture-loaded words.

Effects and Causes of VR-Supported Interpreting Learning Environment on the Interpretation Classroom Anxiety of Student Interpreter

Interpreting activity is considered a high-anxiety activity due to its immediacy, multitasking, complexity of cognitive processing, and uncertainty of cognitive processing. Research has shown that interpreting anxiety, as the biggest emotional obstacle in the interpreting process, is the main emotional factor that leads to individual differences in interpreting. Students often claim to have fear or anxiety behaviors in interpreting exams, interpreting competitions, and interpreting classes. However, the research on interpreting teaching attaches importance to the cultivation of language knowledge, cultural knowledge, and interpreting skills, and does not pay enough attention to emotional factors such as motivation and anxiety in interpreting learning, which makes it difficult for the cultivated interpreters to meet the requirements of professional practice. In recent years, virtual reality technology (VR) has been gradually applied in the field of foreign language and interpreting teaching for creating a real, interactive and experiential language learning environment. Situated Learning Theory stresses that the fundamental mechanism for learning to take place is for individuals to participate in the real context in which knowledge is generated, and to realize the construction of knowledge through the interaction with the community of practice and the environment. Virtual reality technology can satisfy the needs of language learners for real contexts by providing learners with immersive, imaginative and interactive scenario simulations, and has a certain positive effect on alleviating learning anxiety. Therefore, relying on the virtual simulation course “United Nations Kubuqi International Desert Ecological Science and Technology Innovation International Volunteer Language Service Practical Training System”, this paper adopts a combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses to investigate the interpretation anxiety level of the interpreter trainees and the factors affecting them in the VR situation to help them discover effective responses to interpreter anxiety.

Problems of Music Interpretation and Its Expression: On the Example of the Violin

Music is essentially a sonic phenomenon, an intangible art that we experience through our auditory organs. It is written as a physical note on paper. It is the result of harmony and composition of music that expresses the meaning of music created from the author’s mind, thinking, skills, and feelings, or composition or work. If a composition is not interpreted by a musician and set to music, it is nothing more than a notation and notation written down on paper. The main process of conveying the composition to the listeners through the musician’s interpretation of the music is somewhat overlooked. Therefore, in this research, the musician’s thinking and editing method, and how to express it through interpretation, were the doctoral dissertation and articles of researchers such as have been studied in comparison.

English Loan Words in Chinese and Their Impact on Chinese

The development of China has tremendously enhanced the intercultural communication among various nations and ethnic groups. As a result, more and more words are borrowed from English into Chinese to express those western-oriented objects,concepts, values, etc. This paper focuses on English loan words and their impact on Chinese. First, their classification will be presented; then, this paper will elaborate on the main characteristics of them; at last, their lexical as well as cultural impact on Chinese are revealed. Overall, it aims at proving that English loan words help promote the development and innovation of the Chinese language and enhance the performance of different language learners thus facilitating international exchange and crosscultural communication.

Interpretation of Nature:A Comparison of the Influence of Childhood Experience on William Wordsworth and John Ruskin

Since childhood,William Wordsworth and John Ruskin have developed a very natural love for landscape and scenery.Although they have different ways to interpret what they see and how they feel,they both stick to their genuine feelings without pre⁃tension in their poems.Those unpretentious feelings and behaviors,which are crucial to their later development to be remarkable artists,come from their original habit and attitude towards Nature as a child.All their life,they preserved this innocence in their work as a memory of childhood.

Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Reservoir in the “SIMA” Field of Niger Delta Nigeria from Interpretation of 3D Seismic and Petrophysical Log Data

3D seismic and petrophysical log data interpretation of reservoir sands in “SIMA” Field, onshore Niger Delta has been undertaken in this study to ascertain the reservoir characteristics in terms of favourable structural and petrophysical parameters suitable for hydrocarbon accumulation and entrapment in the field. Horizon and fault interpretation were carried out for subsurface structural delineation. In all, seven faults (five normal and two listric faults) were mapped in the seismic section. These faults were major structure building faults corresponding to the growth and antithetic faults in the area within the well control. The antithetic fault trending northwest-southeast and the normal fault trending northeast-southwest on the structural high in the section act as good trapping mechanisms for hydrocarbon accumulations in the reservoir. From the manual and auto-tracking methods applied, several horizons were identified and mapped. The section is characterized by high amplitude with moderate-to-good continuity reflections appearing parallel to sub-parallel, mostly disturbed by some truncations which are more fault related than lithologic heterogeneity. The southwestern part is, however, characterized by low-to-high or variable amplitude reflections with poor-to-low continuity. Normal faults linked to roll-over anticlines were identified. Some fault truncations were observed due to lithologic heterogeneity. The combination of these faults acts as good traps for hydrocarbon accumulations in the reservoir. Reservoir favourable petrophysical qualities, having average NTG, porosity, permeability and water saturation of 5 m, 0.20423, 1128.219 kD and 0.458 respectively.

Physical Interpretation of Electricity and Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

Electricity and magnetism and electromagnetic induction are phenomena that can be perceived by people. But their interpretation and theoretical study took a long time. The theoretical research on electricity began with the discovery of Coulomb’s law in 1785, while the theoretical research on magnetism began with the discovery of Oersted’s Law in 1820. From the 1850s to the 1870s, Maxwell summarized a set of theoretical equations for electromagnetism based on some laws of predecessors. However, this set of equations contains a few statistical relationships and empirical concepts, so it is difficult to explain the physical nature of electromagnetic phenomena and principles. This paper explained that the macro phenomenon of electricity is the separation of unlike charges of new electrons produced by the orthogonal collision of old particles under the action of external forces. The physical nature of magnetism is the potential energy (magnetic energy) and information associated with the overall orientation of the moving electrons solidly recorded in the material. The physical principle of electromagnetic induction describes how change in electric current intensity generates change in magnetic intensity and vice versa through orthogonal interaction of ordered electrons. This theoretical interpretation does not require the concepts of traditional electromagnetic forces, electromagnetic fields, magnetic moments, and magnetic domains.

Next Words Prediction and Sentence Completion in Bangla Language Using GRU-Based RNN on N-Gram Language Model

We use a lot of devices in our daily life to communicate with others. In this modern world, people use email, Facebook, Twitter, and many other social network sites for exchanging information. People lose their valuable time misspelling and retyping, and some people are not happy to type large sentences because they face unnecessary words or grammatical issues. So, for this reason, word predictive systems help to exchange textual information more quickly, easier, and comfortably for all people. These systems predict the next most probable words and give users to choose of the needed word from these suggested words. Word prediction can help the writer by predicting the next word and helping complete the sentence correctly. This research aims to forecast the most suitable next word to complete a sentence for any given context. In this research, we have worked on the Bangla language. We have presented a process that can expect the next maximum probable and proper words and suggest a complete sentence using predicted words. In this research, GRU-based RNN has been used on the N-gram dataset to develop the proposed model. We collected a large dataset using multiple sources in the Bangla language and also compared it to the other approaches that have been used such as LSTM, and Naive Bayes. But this suggested approach provides excellent exactness than others. Here, the Unigram model provides 88.22%, Bi-gram model is 99.24%, Tri-gram model is 97.69%, and 4-gram and 5-gram models provide 99.43% and 99.78% on average accurateness. We think that our proposed method profound impression on Bangla search engines.

Exploration of Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Failures in English Interpretation and Their Solutions

From the perspective of international market development and international cultural exchange,English is the main applied language,especially in most western countries.With the deepening of global economic integration and international trade,cultural collisions are becoming increasingly frequent,and interpretation in different languages is inevitably required.However,interpretation does not only mean transfer language,it also involves culture.In the practice of interpretation,some errors arise from the lack of cross-cultural awareness,which becomes pragmatic errors.Therefore,this article will mainly discuss cross-cultural pragmatic failures in English interpretation with some examples and specific solutions.Firstly,it will introduce what pragmatic failures are and typical types of failures,clarify the relationship between English interpretation and pragmatic failures,and then elaborate on representative cross-cultural pragmatic failures in English interpretation.Finally,it will summarize the reasons and solutions that lead to cross-cultural pragmatic failures in English interpretation,putting forward corresponding suggestions for reducing cross-cultural pragmatic failures.

A Physical Interpretation of Mass-Energy Equivalence Based on the Orthogonal Collision

Einstein described the mass-energy equivalence as the most important result of special relativity. But more than a century after Einstein first derived the relationship between mass-energy equivalence (or mass-energy equation), questions left for people are how to understand that mass and energy are somehow equivalent, and how to give the dynamical process for the conversion from mass to energy (or vice versa). This paper first interprets the formula of mass-energy equivalence published by Einstein in 1905, and then gives the equivalence relationship of mass-energy transition based on the dynamics of particle orthogonal collision. As a result, the orthogonal collision of two high-energy mass particles can generate a huge mass-energy density, equivalent to the total energy of N new particles, which is a one-way dynamic process that generates new mass-energy density and new matter. This conversion of mass into energy has nothing to do with special relativity.

Research on Well Testing Interpretation of Low Permeability Deformed Dual Medium Reservoir

Considering the influence of quadratic gradient term and medium deformation on the seepage equation, a well testing interpretation model for low permeability and deformation dual medium reservoirs was derived and established. The difference method was used to solve the problem, and pressure and pressure derivative double logarithmic curves were drawn to analyze the seepage law. The research results indicate that the influence of starting pressure gradient and medium deformation on the pressure characteristic curve is mainly manifested in the middle and late stages. The larger the value, the more obvious the upward warping of the pressure and pressure derivative curve;the parameter characterizing the dual medium is the crossflow coefficient. The channeling coefficient determines the time and location of the appearance of the “concave”. The smaller the value, the later the appearance of the “concave”, and the more to the right of the “concave”.

A Study on the English Translation of Culture-Loaded Words From the Perspective of Relevance-Theoretic Translation Theory-A Case Study of Yang Xianyi’s The True Story of Ah Q

Culture-loaded words reveal the basic features of a country’s social life,customs and habits,religious beliefs,and so on.The meanings of culture-loaded words contain the profound cultural connotation of a country or a nation.However,due to the influence of different cultures,the original author and the target readers lack a common cognitive context,which means they cannot successfully conduct a cultural communication.Therefore,correctly understanding and translating these culture-loaded words have become a major problem for translators in the translation process of literary works.Under the guidance of the dual ostensive-inferential model in relevance-theoretical translation theory,this paper,by emphasizing the importance of common cognitive context to a successful translation,analyzes the translation process of five categories of culture-loaded words and summarizes the translation strategies that can accurately convey the writing intention of the original author,which provides a new perspective for the translation of culture-loaded words.