Research on Hydrodynamics Model Test for Deepsea Open-Framed Remotely Operated Vehicle

This paper presents the features of newly designed hydrodynamics test for the scaled model of 4500 m deepsea open-framed remotely operated vehicle （ROV）, which is being researched and developed by Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Accurate hydrodynamics coefficients measurement and spatial modeling of ROV are significant for the maneuverability and control algorithm. The scaled model of ROV was constructed by 1：1.6. Hydrodynamics coefficients were measured through VPMM and LAHPMM towing test. And dynamics model was derived as a set of equations, describing nonlinear and coupled 5-DOF spatial motions. Rotation control motion was simulated to verify spatial model proposed. Research and application of hydrodynamics coefficients are expected to enable ROV to overcome uncertainty and disturbances of deepsea environment, and accomplish some more challengeable and practical missions.

Study on Simulation of Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle Spatial Motion

In order to analyze the spatial maneuverability of the remotely operated underwater vehicle(ROV),the 6-DOF motion mathematic model of the ROV was founded.Hydrodynamics were analyzed by using the Taylor series.The thrusters on the ROV were discussed.This paper considers three cases of motion simulation:vertical motion,rotational motion and Z-shape motion.A series of simulation experiments showed that the 6-DOF motion mathematic model was correct and reliable,and also fit with the scene simulation.

Multi-role Remotely Operated Marine Surface Vehicle

Development of man-packable,versatile marine surface vehicle with ability to rescue a drowning victim and also capable of carrying mission specific sensor is explored.Design thinking methodology is implemented by using existing equipment/platform with the addition of external attachment to make it a functional product.Iterative prototyping process with extensive testing to achieve user-centric solution.Individual prototypes and their possible sub-configurations with their integration and characteristics are studied and compared with numerical model,inferences obtained are utilised to improve for the next iteration.A novel hinge-clamp assembly enables this marine surface vehicle to operate in the event of an overturn,this phenomenon is further studied with the aid of a mathematical model(Pendulum in a fluid).This research project aims to demonstrate a multi-role unmanned surface vehicle.

OBLIQUE TOWING TEST AND MANEUVER SIMULATION AT LOW SPEED AND LARGE DRIFT ANGLE FOR DEEP SEA OPEN-FRAMED REMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLE

This article presents the newly designed oblique towing test in the horizontal plane for the scaled model of 4 500 m deep sea open-framed Remotely Operated Vehicle （ROV）,which is being researched and developed by Shanghai Jiao Tong University.Accurate hydrodynamics coefficients measurement is significant for the maneuverability and control system design.The scaled model of ROV was constructed by 1：1.6.Hydrodynamics tests of large drift angle were conducted through Large Amplitude Horizontal Planar Motion Mechanism （LAHPMM） under low speed.Multiple regression method is adopted to process the test data and obtain the related hydrodynamic coefficients.Simulations were designed for the horizontal plane motion of large drift angle to verify the coefficients calculated.And the results show that the data can satisfy with the design requirements of the ROV developed.

Automatic analysis of deep-water remotely operated vehicle footage for estimation of Norway lobster abundance

Underwater imaging is being used increasingly by marine biologists as a means to assess the abundance of marine resources and their biodiversity. Previously, we developed the first automatic approach for estimating the abundance of Norway lobsters and counting their burrows in video sequences captured using a monochrome camera mounted on trawling gear. In this paper, an alternative framework is proposed and tested using deep-water video sequences acquired via a remotely operated vehicle. The proposed framework consists of four modules:(1) preprocessing,(2) object detection and classification,(3) object-tracking, and(4) quantification. Encouraging results were obtained from available test videos for the automatic video-based abundance estimation in comparison with manual counts by human experts(ground truth). For the available test set, the proposed system achieved 100%precision and recall for lobster counting, and around 83% precision and recall for burrow detection.

Design of motion control of dam safety inspection underwater vehicle

Plenty of dams in China are in danger while there are few effective methods for underwater dam inspections of hidden problems such as conduits,cracks and inanitions.The dam safety inspection remotely operated vehicle(DSIROV) is designed to solve these problems which can be equipped with many advanced sensors such as acoustical,optical and electrical sensors for underwater dam inspection.A least-square parameter estimation method is utilized to estimate the hydrodynamic coefficients of DSIROV,and a four degree-of-freedom(DOF) simulation system is constructed.The architecture of DSIROV's motion control system is introduced,which includes hardware and software structures.The hardware based on PC104 BUS,uses AMD ELAN520 as the controller's embedded CPU and all control modules work in VxWorks real-time operating system.Information flow of the motion system of DSIROV,automatic control of dam scanning and dead-reckoning algorithm for navigation are also discussed.The reliability of DSIROV's control system can be verified and the control system can fulfill the motion control mission because embankment checking can be demonstrated by the lake trials.

Using Unmanned Underwater Vehicles as Research Platforms in Coastal Ocean Studies

The advantages of using unmanned underwater vehicles in coastal ocean studies are emphasized. Two types of representative vehicles, remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) from University of South Florida, are discussed. Two individual modular sensor packages designed and tested for these platforms and field measurement results are also presented. The bottom classification and albedo package, BCAP, provides fast and accurate estimates of bottom albedos, along with other parameters such as in-water remote sensing reflectance. The real-time ocean bottom optical topographer, ROBOT, reveals high-resolution 3-dimentional bottom topography for target identification. Field data and results from recent Coastal Benthic Optical Properties field campaign, 1999 and 2000, are presented. Advantages and limitations of these vehicles and applications of modular sensor packages are compared and discussed.

Remote Operation SW for USV: Part II. Simulation Development

For contingencies occurring in a complex marine environment, Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) has to recognize the situation and decide behaviors,?and?plan the following actions through the Integrated Mission Planning Process. Therefore, researches are actively being carried out about it. However, since it is difficult to test the actual USV with the mission planning process, it is necessary to develop a virtual experimental environment based on Modeling?&?Simulation (M&S). In this study, we developed an integrated simulation environment capable of simulating and analyzing the overall mission of USV. In Part?I, we modelled the USV Integrated Mission Planning Process and in Part?II, we developed an experimental framework and interface for loading them. In addition, we verified the suitability of this model through scenarios and defined the Mission of Effectiveness (MOE) concept for USV mission analysis.

Remote Operation SW for USV: Part I. Integrated Mission Planning System

The integrated Mission Planning System?(MPS) of Unmanned Surface Vehicle?(USV) refers to the process which can recognize, decide, plan situations and carry out missions, such as human beings, for all incidental or complex events occurring at sea. In the actual operating environment, it is necessary to develop a simulation software environment and analyze, verify it in advance so as to make an appropriate mission plan considering equipment, sensor, fuel, and other available resources. The existing USV mission planning process methodology has several limitations in the analysis of USV missions because the scenario to be tested is limited and autonomy of USV is not considered sufficiently. To overcome these problems, we constructed a process that considers various missions and is more autonomous, and an integrated environment in which to experiment. In this study, we designed a multi-agent based USV Integrated Mission Planning System and modeled each component. In addition, we constructed the USV remote operation S/W based on M&S that user can experiment with the modeled process and verified the usefulness of the developed system through simulations.

An approach to operational risk modeling and estimation of safety levels for deep water work class remotely operated vehicle-A case study with reference to ROSUB 6000

This paper presents a quantitative approach to operational risk modeling and estimation of safety integrity levels,required for the deep water electric work class remotely operated vehicle with reference to ROSUB6000 developed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology,India.ROSUB6000 is used for carrying out bathymetric surveys,gas hydrate surveys,poly-metallic nodule exploration,salvage operations,and meeting emergency response situations.The system is expected to be in operation for a period of 300 h per year,and has to be extremely safe and reliable.Methods and models for the quantitative assessment of operational safety and estimation of safety integrity levels for ROV are seldom available in the deep water intervention industry.The safety instrumented functions implemented in the ROV should be able to meet the SIL requirements of specific mission.This study indicates that the required safety factors are implemented into the design of the state-of-the-art ROV ROSUB 6000,considering IEC 61508/61511 recommendations on Health,Safety and Environment and it is found that the system is able to meet the required SIL for seven identified functions.This paper gives the design and safety engineers in the ROV industry,an overview of the numerical operational risk assessment methods and safety-centered ROV engineering.

Bi-criteria Optimal Fault-Tolerable Control for SY-II Remote Operated Vehicle

This paper proposed a bi-criteria weighting approach for fault tolerant control(FTC)of SY-II remote operated vehicle(ROV).This approach integrates the minimum kinetic energy(2-norm optimal)approach with the infinity-norm approach through a weighting coefcient,on the basis of SY-II ROV force allocation model.For the realization of fault tolerable control,this approach converts a quadratic programming problem into primaldual neural network.From the motion control simulations and experiments,bi-criteria optimization approach outperforms minimum kinetic energy optimization in FTC,SY-II ROV can realize 2-degree of freedom(DOF)horizontal fault tolerant control with one main thruster and any of horizontal ones.Therefore,this scheme is proved to be of superiority and computational efciency,both the reliability and safety for ROV have been improved.

Detecting large-scale underwater cracks based on remote operated vehicle and graph convolutional neural network

It is of great significance to quickly detect underwater cracks as they can seriously threaten the safety of underwater structures.Research to date has mainly focused on the detection of above-water-level cracks and hasn’t considered the large scale cracks.In this paper,a large-scale underwater crack examination method is proposed based on image stitching and segmentation.In addition,a purpose of this paper is to design a new convolution method to segment underwater images.An improved As-Projective-As-Possible(APAP)algorithm was designed to extract and stitch keyframes from videos.The graph convolutional neural network(GCN)was used to segment the stitched image.The GCN’s m-IOU is 24.02%higher than Fully convolutional networks(FCN),proving that GCN has great potential of application in image segmentation and underwater image processing.The result shows that the improved APAP algorithm and GCN can adapt to complex underwater environments and perform well in different study areas.

欠驱动型ROV改进设计与纵倾优化

针对无人遥控潜水器(remotely operated vehicle,ROV)在高速航行时因受流场作用而导致纵倾幅值、纵倾角度变化较大的问题,提出通过搭配选择扩展底盘和尾翼结构参数的方法来实现欠驱动型ROV的零纵倾或微纵倾高速运动。基于格子玻尔兹曼方法(lattice Boltzmann method,LBM),通过壁面自适应细化算法,结合ROV的结构参数进行六自由度仿真实验,以模拟ROV的航行运动。对扩展底盘和尾翼高度不同的ROV分别进行数值分析,得到扩展底盘、尾翼的结构参数与ROV纵倾幅值、纵倾角度的关系。通过对航行表现相似的ROV的旋转力矩进行比较,确定了在相同扩展底盘条件下ROV的稳定性与尾翼高度的关系。开展了扩展底盘和尾翼结构优化正交实验,利用遗传算法对不同实验方案下ROV的纵倾数据进行了拟合处理。结合实际需求确定了扩展底盘和尾翼的高度,并通过实际测试验证了ROV纵倾优化设计方案的正确性。结果表明,合理搭配扩展底盘和尾翼的结构可有效减小欠驱动型ROV的纵倾幅值,从而实现ROV在无幅值补偿时的微纵倾航行运动。研究结果可为相关水下装置纵倾运动的改进提供参考。

故障检测与重构下基于AFTSMO的ROV三维航迹跟踪控制

针对传统的滑模观测器在缆控水下机器人(ROV)系统状态估计与故障重构过程中存在渐近收敛、无法及时准确重构故障信号的问题,提出一种基于自适应快速终端滑模观测器(adaptive fast terminal sliding mode observer)的故障检测和控制优化方法。建立带有推进器故障、未知外界干扰和模型参数不确定性等复合干扰的ROV系统故障模型;设计具有自适应特性的快速终端滑模控制器,保证所有的状态估计误差在有限时间内收敛;通过等效输出误差注入法对推进器引起的故障进行估计重构。采用Lyapunov稳定性理论验证控制系统的稳定性,仿真结果表明,所设计的故障检测方法能够快速检测和重构故障,保证ROV系统较高的跟踪精度,并通过实验验证了所提算法的有效性。

基于RBF神经网络补偿的ROV运动控制算法

针对作业型遥控水下航行器(ROV)在模型参数不确定和外部环境干扰下的运动控制问题,提出了一种基于径向基函数(RBF)神经网络的自适应双环滑模控制策略。首先,对于ROV外环位置控制采用改进趋近律的积分滑模控制方法,对于ROV内环速度控制采用指数趋近律的积分滑模控制方法;其次,为进一步改善滑模控制的抖振问题,引入双曲正切函数作为滑模切换项;然后,利用RBF神经网络控制技术对ROV模型的不确定参数和外部扰动进行估计与补偿;最后,利用李雅普诺夫稳定性理论证明了整个闭环系统的稳定性,并对作业型ROV的运动控制进行了数值仿真。仿真结果验证了所设计的控制器可以实现ROV航行的精确控制,并能够有效抑制模型不确定参数和外部扰动对ROV运动的影响。

深海ARV在海洋资源调查中的应用及展望

深海自主/遥控式水下机器人(ARV)作为新兴的复合型水下机器人,融合了自主式水下机器人的灵活性和遥控式水下机器人的人机交互性等优势,开启了自主与遥控混合作业的新模式。深海ARV可切换为AUV自主航行模式,独立采集周边区域近海底地形地貌、地质结构以及环境参数等数据,也能下潜至目标区域后切换为ROV遥控模式进行局部观察和采样操作,其探测作业一体化技术代表了具备复杂使命执行力的第三代深海水下机器人的发展方向。通过分析国内外深海混合型水下机器人的发展现状,结合ARV在中国深海矿产资源调查中的主要应用案例和取得的成果,以6 000米级“问海一号”ARV系统的研发为例,给出其关键技术集成以及面对的技术挑战,并对未来深海ARV的应用场景、功能集成和发展方向提出了一些设想和建议。

下凹和上凸型海洋内孤立波对遥控潜航器的作用力研究

遥控潜航器在海洋环境勘测、钻井支持和水下救援等领域得到了广泛应用。遥控潜航器在陆架和陆坡处工作时很容易遭遇海洋内孤立波(Internal Solitary Waves, ISWs)。海洋内孤立波在传播过程中会诱发水平向和垂向流,从而对正在下放、回收和作业状态的遥控潜航器施加作用力。本文分别利用连续分层e KdV和KdV方程估算2个振幅相近的下凹和上凸型海洋内孤立的流速场,进而利用莫里森公式(Morison’s equation)估算这2个海洋内孤立波对1个遥控潜航器的作用力,比较遥控潜航器在不同类型海洋内孤立波流场中的受力差别。研究表明:下凹和上凸型海洋内孤立波均会对遥控潜航器施加较强的水平向力,且不同类型海洋内孤立波在相同深度上对遥控潜航器施加的水平向力的方向不同;对下凹型海洋内孤立波,遥控潜航器在上、下层所受水平向力的大小相差不大;对上凸型海洋内孤立波,遥控潜航器在下层所受水平向力是上层所受的水平向力的2倍;2种类型海洋内孤立波对潜航器施加的垂向力都较弱。

改进型自抗扰在ROV位姿控制中的应用

为提高水下机器人(ROV)在水域环境中的位姿控制能力,结合传统自抗扰控制(Active Disturbance Rejection Control,ADRC)策略中fal函数在分段处过渡不够平滑的特点,提出一种新型非线性函数,用以改进传统fal函数。利用双曲正切函数在原点附近单调递增且连续光滑的特征,通过多项式拟合的方法构建出非线性函数sfal函数,然后使用李雅普诺夫方法对sfal函数进行稳定性分析,基于sfal函数给出扩张状态观测器的一般形式,并由此设计改进的ADRC控制器,通过对控制对象ROV搭建数学模型,利用Matlab/Simulink对系统的输出进行仿真与数值分析。最后,在ROV平台上进行对比实验,实验结果表明,改进型自抗扰控制能够有效抑制系统响应的超调量,并提升ROV位姿状态的抗扰能力。

深海无人遥控潜水器水面监控软件的设计与实现

针对深海无人遥控潜水器(ROV)实时远程监控的需求以及传统ROV水面监控软件人机交互性差的问题,详细研究软件的实时性策略和虚拟仪表开发等关键技术,基于海龙系列ROV平台设计开发一套水面监控软件。软件采用三层架构的体系结构,实现串口通信、数据处理、状态监视、设备控制、警报显示等主要功能。经测试,该水面监控软件可在Windows系统下稳定运行,具有良好的实时性以及友好的人机交互性。

基于自适应S面算法的小型ROV艏向和深度运动控制研究

带缆遥控水下机器人(ROV)系统艏向与深度运动具有强非线性和运行环境不确定性等特点。针对ROV的运动特点,构建运动控制模型并进行化简,通过构建自适应S面控制法对艏向与深度进行控制,并利用Lyapunov的稳定性判据证明该控制法的稳定性,通过仿真验证了该控制法具有良好的稳定性和控制品质。同时,与S面控制法相比,自适应S面控制具有更好的动态性能与静态性能,调节速度快、稳定性强,能够准确控制ROV运动。