Production from unconventional formations,such as shales,has significantly increased in recent years by stimulating large portions of a reservoir through the application of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing...Production from unconventional formations,such as shales,has significantly increased in recent years by stimulating large portions of a reservoir through the application of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing.Although oil shales are heavily dependent on oil prices,production forecasts remain positive in the North-American region.Due to the complexity of hydraulically fractured tight formations,reservoir numerical simulation has become the standard tool to assess and predict production performance from these unconventional resources.Many of these unconventional fields are immense,consisting of multistage and multiwell projects,which results in impractical simulation run times.Hence,simplification of large-scale simulation models is now common both in the industry and academia.Typical simplified models such as the“single fracture”approach do not often capture the physics of large-scale projects which results in inaccurate results.In this paper we present a simple,yet rigorous workflow that generates simplified representative models in order to achieve low simulation run times while capturing physical phenomena which is fundamental for accurate calculations.The proposed workflow is based on consideration of representative portions of a large-scale model followed by postprocess scaling to obtain desired full model results.The simplified models that result from the application of the proposed workflow for a single well and a multiwell case are compared to full-scale models and the“single fracture”model.Comparison of fluid rates and cumulative production show that accurate results are possible for simplified models if all important components for a particular case are taken into account.Finally,application of the workflow is shown for a heterogeneous field case where prediction studies can be carried out.展开更多
文摘Production from unconventional formations,such as shales,has significantly increased in recent years by stimulating large portions of a reservoir through the application of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing.Although oil shales are heavily dependent on oil prices,production forecasts remain positive in the North-American region.Due to the complexity of hydraulically fractured tight formations,reservoir numerical simulation has become the standard tool to assess and predict production performance from these unconventional resources.Many of these unconventional fields are immense,consisting of multistage and multiwell projects,which results in impractical simulation run times.Hence,simplification of large-scale simulation models is now common both in the industry and academia.Typical simplified models such as the“single fracture”approach do not often capture the physics of large-scale projects which results in inaccurate results.In this paper we present a simple,yet rigorous workflow that generates simplified representative models in order to achieve low simulation run times while capturing physical phenomena which is fundamental for accurate calculations.The proposed workflow is based on consideration of representative portions of a large-scale model followed by postprocess scaling to obtain desired full model results.The simplified models that result from the application of the proposed workflow for a single well and a multiwell case are compared to full-scale models and the“single fracture”model.Comparison of fluid rates and cumulative production show that accurate results are possible for simplified models if all important components for a particular case are taken into account.Finally,application of the workflow is shown for a heterogeneous field case where prediction studies can be carried out.
