DIRECT DIGITAL DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MESHING IN WORM-GEAR DRIVE

A direct digital design method （DDDM） of worm-gear drive is proposed. It is directly based on the simulation of manufacturing process and completely different from the conventional modeling method. The loaded tooth contact analysis （LTCA） method is analyzed, in which the advanced surface to surface searching technique is included. The influence of misalignment errors and contact deformations on contact zone and transmission error （TE） is discussed. Combined modification approach on worm tooth surface is presented. By means of DDDM and LTCA, it is very conven- ient to verify the effect of worm-gear drive＇s modification approach. The analysis results show that, the modification in profile direction reduces the sensitivity of worm-gear drive to misalignment errors and the modification in longitudinal direction decreases the TE. Thus the optimization design of worm-gear drive can be achieved prior to the actual manufacturing process.

CYLINDRICAL WORM MACHINED BY THE CONE GRINDING WHEEL WITH TWO DEGREE－OF－FREEDOM AND MESHING THEORY OF ITS DRIVE①

The characteristics of novel cone-generated cylindrical worm and the machining princi- ple of using a grinding wheel with two degree-of-freedom motions are described. A systematic study is made on the first enveloping process of the grinding wheel forming a worm and the second enveloping process of the worm forming a worm wheel with the meshing theory of kinematic method. Some numerical calculation formulas and important conclusions are obtained.

Parametric Analysis of the End Face Engagement Worm Gear

A novel specific type of worm drive, so-called end face engagement worm gear（EFEWD）, is originally presented to minimize or overcome the gear backlash. Different factors, including the three different types, contact curves, tooth profile, lubrication angle and the induced normal curvature are taken into account to investigate the meshing characteristics and create the profile of a novel specific type of worm drive through mathematical models and theoretical analysis. The tooth of the worm wheel is very specific with the sine-shaped tooth which is located at the alveolus of the worm and the tooth profile of a worm is generated by the meshing movement of the worm wheel with the sine-shaped tooth, but just the end face of the worm（with three different typical meshing types） is adapted to meshing, and therefore an extraordinary manufacturing methods is used to generate the profile of the end face engagement worm. The research results indicates that the bearing contacts of the generated conjugate hourglass worm gear set are in line contacts, with certain advantages of no-backlash, high precision and high operating efficiency over other gears and gear systems besides the end face engagement worm gear drive may improve bearing contact, reduce the level of transmission errors and lessen the sensitivity to errors of alignment. Also, the end face engagement worm can be easily made with superior meshing and lubrication performance compared with the conventional techniques. In particular, the meshing and lubrication performance of the end face engagement worm gear by using the end face to meshing can be increased over 10% and 7%, respectively. This investigate is expect to provide a new insight on the design of the future no-backlash worm drive for industry.

侧链含有不同电子受体的聚咔唑衍生物的合成及其WORM型存储性能

利用Suzuki偶联反应合成了3种侧链含有不同电子受体的可溶性D-A型聚咔唑衍生物：聚[（9-（2-己基葵基）-9 H-咔唑）-（9-（4-硝基苯基）-9 H-咔唑）]（PCz-NO2）、聚[（9-（2-己基葵基）-9 H-咔唑）-（4-（9 H-咔唑-9-基）苯甲醛）]（PCz-CHO）和聚[（9-（2-己基葵基）-9 H-咔唑）-（4-（9 H-咔唑-9-基）苯甲腈）]（PCz-CN）。基于这3种聚合物的存储器件（器件结构：Al（200nm）/高分子（90nm）/氧化铟锡（ITO）均表现出典型的电双稳电子开关效应和非易失性一次写入多次读出（WORM）型存储性能。随着共轭聚合物光学带隙的增加[2.26eV（PCz-NO2）→2.79eV（PCzCHO）→3.20eV（PCz-CN）],相应器件的启动阈值电压逐渐增大（-1.70V→-1.81V→-1.89V）;而电流开关比（ON/OFF）则依次减小（6.63×10^4→4.08×10^4→5.68×10^3）。含氰基的聚咔唑衍生物需要的开启电压最大,展现出来的电流开关比在3种聚合物中则最小。

一种WORM光盘文件存储系统的设计

本文讨论了ＷＯＲＭ光盘构成文件存储系统时由于写一次特性引起的各种处理方式。给出了一种存档后备式文件系统的设计。详细说明了其层次结构、文卷结构、文件结构，以及用户界面、层内部界面等设计。同时给出了速度及可靠性的设计考虑。

Optimum Determination of Partial Transmission Ratios of Mechanical Driven Systems Using a Chain Drive and a Two-step Helical Gearbox

This paper presents a study on optimum determination of partial ratios of mechanical drive systems using a chain drive and two-step helical gearbox for getting minimum size of the system. The chosen objective function was the cross section dimension of the system. In solving the optimization problem, the design equation for pitting resistance of a gear set was investigated and equations on moment equilibrium condition of a mechanic system including a chain drive and two helical gear units and their regular resistance condition were analyses. From the results of the study, effective formulas for determination of the partial ratios of the chain drive and two-step helical gearboxes were introduced. As the formulas are explicit, the partial ratios can be calculated accurately and simply.

Optimum Determination of Partial Transmission Ratios of Mechanical Driven Systems Using a V-belt and a Helical Gearbox with Second-Step Double Gear-Sets

This paper presents a study on the optimum determination of partial transmission ratios of a mechanical drive system using a V-belt and a helical gearbox with second-step double gear-sets in order to get the minimum size of the system. The chosen objective function was the cross section dimension of the system. In the optimization problem, the design equation for pitting resistance of a gear set was investigated and equations on moment equilibrium condition of a mechanic system including a V-belt and a helical gearbox with second-step double gear-sets and their regular resistance condition were analysed. Based on the results of the study, effective formulas for calculation of the partial ratios of the V-belt and a helical gearbox with second-step double gear-sets were proposed. By using explicit models, the partial ratios can be determined accurately and simply.

Optimum Determination of Partial Transmission Ratios of Mechanical Driven Systems Using a V-belt and a Three-Step Helical Gearbox

This paper introduces a new study on the optimum calculation of partial transmission ratios of a mechanical drive system using a V-belt and a three-step helical gearbox in order to get the minimum size of the system. The chosen objective function was the cross section dimension of the system. In solving the optimization problem, the design equation for pitting resistance of a gear set was investigated and equations on moment equilibrium condition of a mechanic system including a V-belt and three helical gear units and their regular resistance condition were analysed. From the results of the study, effective formulas for determination of the partial ratios of the V-belt and three-step helical gearboxes were introduced. As using explicit models, the partial ratios can be determined accurately and simply.

基于媒介齿轮的修正型渐开线包络环面蜗杆传动啮合性能分析

环面蜗杆传动因其多齿啮合特性而具有承载能力强等优势,但其约束数相应增加,对制造误差及装配误差更为敏感。为降低重载环面蜗杆传动的误差敏感性,提出了一种修正型渐开线齿轮包络环面蜗杆传动。构建渐开线齿轮与媒介齿轮及环面蜗杆三者之间的啮合几何学模型,建立了传动副空间点接触局部共轭接触分析方法;通过数值分析及有限元仿真分析,揭示了修正型渐开线齿轮包络环面蜗杆传动啮合特性的变化规律。结果表明,该新型环面蜗杆传动具有较低的误差敏感性,同时保持了高载荷下的承载能力。针对某人机交互7000 m自动化钻机重载机器人回转关节,研制了修正型渐开线包络环面蜗杆传动减速器样机,并进行了相关性能试验,验证了理论分析的准确性。

一种蜗杆传动多目标优化设计方法

蜗杆传动的传统设计方法主要是设计者借鉴已有的设计实例和经验,首先试选基本参数,再通过校核确定该参数是否满足使用要求。若不满足要求,则重新选择参数进行校核,若满足要求则作为最终的设计方案。由于不同设计者选择的参数一般不同,就会导致同一设计要求出现不同设计方案的现象,且方案一般不是最佳。多目标优化设计方法在排除传统设计方法人为主观因素的基础上,以与蜗杆制造成本和传动性能紧密相关的蜗轮齿冠体积、蜗杆传动中心距、滑动速度等目标为优化对象,建立优化目标函数,确定设计约束条件,利用有关软件优化工具箱寻找最优解进行优化。结果表明,多目标优化设计与常规设计相比,在传动效率小幅提升的前提下,多目标优化设计的蜗轮齿冠体积大幅下降65.42%,传动中心距缩小24.8%,优化设计效果显著,优化后机构综合性能更强。

兰州不同城镇功能区地下水氟赋存特征及影响因素

高氟地下水对生态环境及人类健康存在潜在威胁。城镇化地区受地质背景与人类活动双重影响,地下水中氟的来源及其分布较为复杂,探讨地下水中氟的赋存特征对于保障地下水供水安全具有重要意义。以西北干旱区最大的工业城市兰州为例,采用数理统计、离子比、饱和指数分析等方法,研究了兰州不同城镇功能区高氟地下水的赋存环境特征及主要水文地球化学过程,阐明了人为活动对氟化物迁移富集的影响。结果表明:(1)研究区地下水中F-的质量浓度介于0~4.8mg/L之间,超出地下水质量Ⅲ类标准(1.0mg/L)的高氟水共计13组,超标率为20.3%。(2)受人类活动强度与不同人为源输入影响,不同城镇功能区地下水中氟的赋存特征差异明显,其中西固工业区地下水中氟含量最高,高氟地下水样品占47.4%;城关老城区和断陷盆地新城区地下水中的氟含量相对较低,高氟地下水占比依次为7.1%和9.7%。(3)研究区高氟地下水以SO_(4)•Cl—Na和Cl•SO_(4)—Na型水为主,表现出贫钙富钠弱碱性特点。(4)含氟矿物的溶解、方解石与白云石的沉淀/溶解、黏土矿物表面钙与钠之间的阳离子交换、强烈的蒸发浓缩作用和盐效应是导致研究区地下水中氟化物富集的主要水文地球化学过程。研究表明城镇化、工业化导致天然高氟水进一步劣变恶化,工业废水的泄漏是西固工业区地下水氟浓度升高的重要驱动力。结果可为高氟背景区人为干扰下的氟化物迁移富集研究提供借鉴。

高阶变性Pascal蜗线齿轮生成机制分析

为满足多样性变速传动的设计要求,文章在研究Pascal蜗线非圆节曲线的基础上,通过引入高阶和变性原理,建立了高阶变性Pascal蜗线型非圆齿轮节曲线数学模型及其凹凸性判别公式。为分析高阶变性Pascal蜗线型非圆齿轮传动特性,利用MATLAB编写可视化设计分析平台,对影响高阶变性Pascal蜗线型非圆齿轮形状和传动特性的因素进行分析,为后续高阶变性Pascal蜗线型非圆齿轮的设计及应用提供了便捷的设计参考;将Pascal蜗线非圆齿轮驱动的曲柄滑块式压力机与对心曲柄滑块式压力机进行对比分析,验证了Pascal蜗线型非圆齿轮的优势和在实际应用中的可行性。

余弦滚子包络环面蜗杆传动啮合性能分析

在圆锥滚子包络环面蜗杆结构的基础上,改变圆锥滚子的母线形状,得到了余弦滚子包络环面蜗杆副。根据啮合理论原理建立了该蜗杆副的数学模型,对该蜗杆副的各啮合性能公式进行了推导,运用Matlab软件对比了余弦滚子蜗杆副和圆锥滚子蜗杆副的啮合性能,并分析了滚子小端半径和喉径系数对该蜗杆副啮合性能的影响,为后续该蜗杆副的优化设计提供参考。结果表明,与圆锥滚子蜗杆副相比,余弦滚子包络环面蜗杆传动润滑性能更优良。

砂土地基中钻进比对螺旋桩安装性能和抗拔承载性能的影响

螺旋桩在输电线路杆塔和光伏支架等工程基础中获得了推广应用,然而沉桩速率对螺旋桩沉桩效应和承载力特性的影响机制尚不明确。通过开展砂土地基中螺旋桩沉桩与抗拔承载性能模型试验,分析了螺旋桩钻进比与扭矩、下压力之间的关系,建立了考虑承载力-扭矩-下压力相互影响的极限抗拔承载性能相关系数K'_(t)的计算方法。与既有文献试验结果及理论计算方法进行了对比分析,验证了所建立的计算方法的可靠性。研究结果表明:钻进比与螺旋桩的沉桩扭矩和下压力呈线性关系,钻进比对沉桩扭矩的影响幅度大于下压力;降低沉桩过程中钻进比可有效提高螺旋桩的抗拔承载力,钻进比为0.6工况下的抗拔极限承载力可达到钻进比为2工况下的2.9倍;所建立的砂土地基螺旋桩抗拔极限承载力-扭矩-下压力相关系数计算方法,计算误差小于30%,具有较好的准确性和适用性。

滚子包络环面蜗杆传动副接触特性分析

建立滚子包络环面蜗杆传动副的数学模型和三维精确实体模型,在传动比和中心距确定的情况下,分析不同蜗杆喉部最小直径、滚子直径对传动副的齿面接触特性,探讨中心距误差、蜗杆轴向误差、蜗轮轴向误差和轴交角误差4类装配误差对传动副齿面啮合侧隙的影响规律。结果表明,蜗杆喉部最小直径、滚子直径的变化会影响齿面等效应力,最大等效应力随蜗杆喉部最小直径的变化呈“V”字形;中心距误差、蜗杆轴向误差会导致传动副齿面法向出现啮合间隙或过盈情况。蜗轮轴向误差、轴交角误差对传动副的齿面啮合区影响不大,但会出现一侧过盈增加、一侧过盈减少的现象,因此应将装配误差控制在一定范围内。

基于三状态PWM的电动汽车电机驱动系统多模式调制策略研究

在电动汽车电驱动系统中,逆变器中的高频开关动作是产生开关损耗影响逆变器效率的主要因素,特别是为适应驱动电机高速化的趋势,不得不采用较高的开关频率,从而在低速时产生不必要的开关损耗,使逆变器效率偏低。因此,该文提出一种基于三状态脉冲宽度调制(TSPWM)的多模式调制策略来减少逆变器的开关损耗,提高全工况范围的逆变器效率。根据工况动态改变调制模式:在不同转速下采取变载频分段异步TSPWM;根据电机的相电流幅值动态地改变TSPWM不连续调制的钳位模式,使电流幅值较大的相保持在钳位状态以减小损耗。为了解决不同模式切换时相位突变导致电流或转矩冲击的问题,提出一种基于载波周期角度计算的电压矢量相位补偿算法,通过精确分析调制模式改变时刻对电压矢量角的影响,计算出切换后的补偿角度对空间电压矢量角进行补偿,从而实现不同模式的平滑切换。最后,通过算法仿真和电机实验验证了所提策略的有效性。结果表明,采用基于TSPWM的多模式调制策略的电机驱动系统,其逆变器效率得到了显著提升,且具有较小的共模电压。

蜗杆传动蜗杆轴向力判定新方法教学实践

为实现机械设计基础课程的教学目标,激发学生学习兴趣,降低学习难度,创新教学方法,以有效解决蜗杆轴向力方向判定的问题,在蜗杆受力分析的基础上,由圆柱齿轮切向力方向判定出发,结合基于SolidWorks Motion软件的蜗杆旋转运动仿真,根据轮齿运动时序状态分析,确定轮齿的感觉运动方向,得出蜗杆轴向力与其感觉运动方向轴向分量相反的结论,最终提出了基于感觉运动的蜗杆轴向力方向判定方法,并通过了基于“左右手定则”的对比实例验证。将该方法应用到工业设计专业2017级、汽车服务工程专业2020级的教学当中,学生平均成绩相对于采用传统方法教学的行政班,优秀率提高,不及格人数减少,齿轮受力分析题的成绩有所提高,课程实践取得了良好的教学效果,研究为机械设计基础教学方法的创新提供了一定的参考。

四驱电动汽车变附着路面行驶操稳性控制研究

针对四轮驱动电动汽车行驶时路面峰值附着系数和附着利用率变化的问题,提出利用直接横摆力矩控制提高操纵稳定性的控制策略。该策略采用分层控制,上层控制器负责目标车速的追踪、滑移率调整力矩的计算、以及根据行驶危险程度实现对质心侧偏角和横摆角速度的协调控制,下层控制器包括以轮胎利用率最优为目标的分配算法及集成滑移率控制的分配算法,根据滑移率大小实时切换。Carsim-Simulink联合仿真结果表明,在对开路面行驶时,相比于转矩平均分配控制策略,该控制策略能够使车辆具有良好操稳性的同时保持各车轮处于最佳滑移率区间内,有效改善了车辆性能。

基于能量损耗比的驱动轮减振结构ANSYS一阶优化分析

针对应用于履带式工程车辆驱动轮的“阻尼层+过渡层”复合减振结构,通过建立能量损耗比模型,分析了其应力、应变特性。此外,在四层管状过渡阻尼减振结构厚度值恒定的情况下,基于ANSYS一阶优化方法,探究并优化了不同设计变量(基层、约束层、过渡层、阻尼层的厚度值和过渡层、阻尼层材料的弹性模量以及损耗因子)对结构优化目标函数能量损耗比的影响规律。研究结果表明,相比于优化前结构的能耗比参数,优化后结构的耗能值增加了56.8%,增长值为0.1654。所提分析方法可为中国高端大型履带式工程车辆的减振设计以及绿色化提供参考,同时对于遗传算法优化在各种车辆结构设计中的运用具有一定的借鉴价值。

多模数ZI蜗杆斜齿轮传动设计与有限元分析及其应力预测

为解决传统渐开线蜗杆斜齿轮副在开式传动或传动比过大时斜齿轮容易发生齿根断裂的情况,提出一种新型的基于不等模数不等压力角设计的渐开线蜗杆副,使斜齿轮的模数与压力角同时提高,大幅提高斜齿轮的齿根强度。通过对此种蜗杆副的传动特性的分析,得到特殊的啮合角与中心距计算方式。另外,通过对同传动比、同蜗杆情况下基于不等模数设计的ZI蜗杆斜齿轮副和传统ZI蜗杆斜齿轮副的建模与有限元分析,得出在较大模数比情况下的斜齿轮齿根强度约为传统斜齿轮齿根强度的2.956倍,增大了渐开线蜗杆的应用范围。后续使用灰色预测,对比出误差平方和(Sum of Squared Errors,SSE)最小模型,予以验证预测的准确性,另外进行蜗杆施加不同转矩下的斜齿轮啮合齿受拉力处最大应力σ_(1max)的数据预测,为相应的工程分析与必要的校核设计给出了依据。